CN110622645A

CN110622645A - Soil improvement method

Info

Publication number: CN110622645A
Application number: CN201911011956.0A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 任忠秀; 于家伊
Original assignee: BEIJING JIABOWEN BIOSCIENCE Co Ltd
Current assignee: BEIJING JIABOWEN BIOSCIENCE Co Ltd
Priority date: 2019-10-23
Filing date: 2019-10-23
Publication date: 2019-12-31
Anticipated expiration: 2039-10-23
Also published as: CN110622645B

Abstract

The invention belongs to the field of soil improvement, and particularly relates to a soil improvement method, which comprises the following steps: in the early stage of crop cultivation, organic matter biological strengthening humification improvement treatment is carried out on soil; in the middle and later period of crop cultivation, organic matter balance mineralization improvement treatment is carried out on soil. The soil improvement method provided by the invention can promote organic matters to enter the soil to form humus in the early stage of crop cultivation, and can store redundant nutrients; in the middle and later periods of crop cultivation, under the guarantee of proper time and correct method, the balance mineralization of soil organic matters is promoted, nutrients are released again, and the balance requirement of nutrient supply and demand in the whole process of plant growth is ensured. The soil improvement method provided by the invention can improve the soil granular structure and the soil flora structure while effectively improving the soil fertility, reduce the fertilizer consumption and achieve the aim of high-yield and high-quality agricultural production.

Description

Soil improvement method

Technical Field

The invention belongs to the field of soil improvement, and particularly relates to a soil improvement method.

Background

Soil organic matters are used as the foundation of soil fertility and are the basis of the soil fertility, and the organic matters are converted into nutrients and humus in the soil through mineralization and humation so as to exert the 'true' fertility. It is known that mineralization and humification of organic matter in soil occur simultaneously, i.e. relatively opposite and interconnected, i.e. independent and penetrating processes, and there is no strict limit between them and they are transformed with the change of conditions; the mineralization process is a prerequisite of the humification process, and the humification process is a partial result of the mineralization process, and meanwhile, the humus which is a product of the humification process is not invariable and can release nutrients for plants to absorb and utilize through the mineralization process.

Although the mineralization process of the organic matters provides nutrients required for growth and development for plants and soil microorganisms, if the mineralization process is too strong, the organic matters are decomposed too fast, a large amount of inorganic nutrients released by decomposition cannot be absorbed and utilized by the plants in time, and then can run off along with water, so that humus is difficult to form, and meanwhile, the humus formed by humification can also be decomposed, so that more nutrients are lost, the soil structure is damaged, and the soil fertility is reduced; if the humification of the organic matter is too strong, the available nutrients for the plant growth are insufficient, on the contrary, a large amount of humus is formed, the organic matter is accumulated to form a large amount of peat, and the peat cannot be absorbed and utilized by the plant despite of a large amount of nutrients.

At present, in soil improvement, methods for exogenously improving soil organic matters mostly adopt organic fertilizers, green manure or straw returning and the like, and the methods only guarantee stable sources of the soil organic matters, and because scientific allocation is not performed on organic matter type selection, influence differences of organic matters of different sources on soil organic matter change and how to effectively directionally regulate and control action processes of mineralization and humification of the exogenously-obtained organic matters in soil are not fully considered, the using effect of the existing soil improvement technology is poor, and therefore, on the premise of adding appropriate types of organic matters to the soil, the control of the balance relation between the humification and the mineralization of the organic matters in the soil through a biological means is an important premise of ensuring the realization of a soil improvement target.

Disclosure of Invention

In view of the above, the present invention provides a soil improvement method, which can improve the soil granular structure and the soil flora structure while effectively improving the soil fertility, and reduce the fertilizer consumption, thereby achieving the purpose of high-yield and high-quality agricultural production.

The invention provides a soil improvement method, which comprises the following steps:

a) after the fruit of the perennial crops are harvested, soil with the perennial crops is prepared; then, carrying out organic matter biological strengthening humification improvement treatment on the soil; then soil moisture conservation is carried out; the perennial crops grow and grow fruits again, and finally, before the fruits are harvested, organic matter balance mineralization improvement treatment is carried out on the soil;

or the like, or, alternatively,

b) soil preparation is carried out on the soil of the crops to be planted; then, carrying out organic matter biological strengthening humification improvement treatment on the soil; then soil moisture conservation is carried out; thereafter planting a perennial crop in the soil; the perennial crops grow and grow fruits, and finally, before the fruits are harvested, organic matter balance mineralization improvement treatment is carried out on the soil;

or the like, or, alternatively,

c) soil preparation is carried out on the soil of the crops to be planted; then, carrying out organic matter biological strengthening humification improvement treatment on the soil; then soil moisture conservation is carried out; thereafter planting a year or half year crop in the soil; the annual or semiannual crops grow and mature, and finally, the soil is subjected to organic matter balance mineralization improvement treatment before the annual or semiannual crops are harvested.

Preferably, in the step a), the step b) and the step c), the step of performing organic matter biological strengthening humification improvement treatment on the soil specifically comprises the following steps: applying a modifying agent to a soil plough layer after soil preparation, and uniformly mixing the modifying agent with soil of the plough layer, wherein the modifying agent comprises slow-acting organic matters, quick-acting organic matters and base fertilizers;

in the step a) and the step b), the step of carrying out organic matter balance mineralization improvement treatment on the soil specifically comprises the following steps: irrigating roots of perennial crops planted in soil by using a microbial liquid 80-90 days before fruit harvest, wherein the microbial liquid contains trace elements, bacillus natto and saccharomycetes;

in the step c), the step of performing organic matter balance mineralization improvement treatment on the soil specifically comprises the following steps: irrigating roots of annual or semiannual crops planted in soil by using a microbial liquid 50-60 days before the crops are harvested, wherein the microbial liquid contains trace elements, bacillus natto and saccharomycetes.

Preferably, in the step a), the step b) and the step c), the slow release organic matter is prepared by the following steps: fermenting landscaping waste by microorganisms to obtain slow-release organic matters;

the quick-acting organic matter is prepared by the following steps: fermenting kitchen waste by microorganisms to obtain a biological humic acid product; and then compounding the biological humic acid product with yeast, actinomycetes and polyglutamic acid to obtain the quick-acting organic matter.

Preferably, in the step a), the step b) and the step c), the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the slow-release organic matter is (45-55): 1, the organic matter content is more than or equal to 80 wt%; the total humic acid content of the quick-acting organic matters is 38-42 wt%, the free humic acid content is 35-40 wt%, the water-soluble humic acid content is 14-16 wt%, the content of the easily-oxidized organic matters is 20-30 wt%, the content of free amino acids is 5-10 wt%, the content of polyglutamic acid is more than 0.5 wt%, and the number of effective viable bacteria is more than or equal to 0.5 hundred million/g.

Preferably, in the step a), the step b) and the step c), the mass ratio of the slow-acting organic matter to the quick-acting organic matter is (1.5-3): 1; the application amount of the slow-release organic matters is 500-3000 kg/mu.

Preferably, in the step a), the step b) and the step c), the moisture content of the soil is 60-70%; the soil moisture conservation time is more than or equal to 15 days.

Preferably, in the step a), the step b) and the step c), the effective viable count of the bacillus natto in the microbial liquid is more than or equal to 0.5 hundred million/g, and the effective viable count of the saccharomycetes is more than or equal to 0.5 hundred million/g.

Preferably, in the step a), the step B) and the step c), the trace elements contained in the microbial liquid comprise one or more of water-soluble Ca, water-soluble Mg, water-soluble Zn, water-soluble Mn, water-soluble B and water-soluble Fe; the content of the total trace elements in the microbial liquid is more than or equal to 5 g/L.

Preferably, in the step a), the step b) and the step c), the root irrigation is performed 3-5 times, the using amount of the microbial liquid for root irrigation every time is 25-50 kg/mu, and the time interval between two adjacent root irrigation is 10-20 days.

Preferably, in steps a) and b), the soil preparation is carried out in autumn;

in the step c), the soil preparation is carried out 20-30 days before the planting of the annual or semiannual crops;

in the steps a), b) and c), the plowing depth of the land preparation is more than or equal to 30 centimeters.

Compared with the prior art, the invention provides a soil improvement method, which comprises the following steps: a) after the fruit of the perennial crops are harvested, soil with the perennial crops is prepared; then, carrying out organic matter biological strengthening humification improvement treatment on the soil; then soil moisture conservation is carried out; the perennial crops grow and grow fruits again, and finally, before the fruits are harvested, organic matter balance mineralization improvement treatment is carried out on the soil; or, b) soil preparation of the crops to be planted; then, carrying out organic matter biological strengthening humification improvement treatment on the soil; then soil moisture conservation is carried out; thereafter planting a perennial crop in the soil; the perennial crops grow and grow fruits, and finally, before the fruits are harvested, organic matter balance mineralization improvement treatment is carried out on the soil; or, c) soil preparation of the crops to be planted; then, carrying out organic matter biological strengthening humification improvement treatment on the soil; then soil moisture conservation is carried out; thereafter planting a year or half year crop in the soil; the annual or semiannual crops grow and mature, and finally, the soil is subjected to organic matter balance mineralization improvement treatment before the annual or semiannual crops are harvested. According to the soil improvement method provided by the invention, at the early stage of crop cultivation, through scientific matching use of different types of organic matters and necessary agricultural safeguard measures, the organic matters enter the soil and then undergo biological enhanced humification to form humus, and redundant nutrients are stored, so that the problem of nutrient waste caused by the fact that the crops cannot absorb nutrients in time after the nutrients are released due to the strong mineralization after a large amount of organic matters are added into the soil at one time is effectively solved; in the middle and later periods of crop cultivation, under the guarantee of proper time and correct method, the balance mineralization of soil organic matters is promoted, nutrients are released again, the balance requirement of nutrient supply and demand in the whole process of plant growth is guaranteed, and the problem of nutrient waste caused by the fact that the nutrients are difficult to release for plants to utilize after a large amount of humus is accumulated into mud is effectively solved. The soil improvement method provided by the invention can improve the soil granular structure and the soil flora structure while effectively improving the soil fertility, reduce the fertilizer consumption and achieve the aim of high-yield and high-quality agricultural production.

Drawings

In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings used in the description of the embodiments or the prior art will be briefly described below, it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only embodiments of the present invention, and for those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained according to the provided drawings without creative efforts.

FIG. 1 is a bar graph illustrating the effect of different soil treatments provided by the present invention on the diversity of soil microbial species;

FIG. 2 is a graph comparing the abundance of T5-treated and CK-treated soil-borne differential bacteria.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

or the like, or, alternatively,

In the soil improvement method provided by the present invention, soil preparation is first performed on soil. Wherein, the land preparation time is as follows: for soil planted with perennial crops, soil preparation is carried out after the fruits of the perennial crops are harvested, and the soil preparation time is preferably autumn, and more preferably 10 to 11 ten days; for the soil to be planted with crops, if the soil is used for planting perennial crops, the soil preparation time is preferably autumn, and more preferably 10 to 11 ten days; if the method is used for planting annual or semiannual crops, the land preparation time is preferably 20-30 days before the annual or semiannual crops are planted. In the invention, the plowing depth of the prepared land is preferably more than or equal to 30 centimeters, and specifically can be 30 centimeters, 35 centimeters, 40 centimeters, 45 centimeters or 50 centimeters.

In the soil improvement method provided by the invention, after soil preparation is completed, organic matter biological strengthening humification improvement treatment is carried out on soil, and the method specifically comprises the following steps: and applying a modifying agent to the soil plough layer after soil preparation, and uniformly mixing the modifying agent with the soil of the plough layer, wherein the modifying agent comprises slow-acting organic matters, quick-acting organic matters and base fertilizers. Wherein the slow-release organic matter is preferably a product obtained by fermenting landscaping waste by microorganisms; the quick-acting organic matter is preferably a compound of a biological humic acid product obtained by fermenting kitchen waste with microorganisms, yeast, actinomycetes and polyglutamic acid.

In the soil improvement method provided by the invention, the slow release organic matter is preferably prepared according to the following steps: the landscaping waste is subjected to microbial fermentation to obtain slow-release organic matters. In the invention, the specific preparation process of the slow-release organic matter can refer to a basic organic fertilizer product disclosed in Chinese patent application with application number of 201811615639.5 and entitled "a method for treating landscaping solid organic waste by adopting biomass carbonization and two-stage fermentation combined process".

In the soil improvement method provided by the invention, the quick-acting organic matter is preferably prepared according to the following steps: fermenting kitchen waste by microorganisms to obtain a biological humic acid product; and then compounding the biological humic acid product with yeast, actinomycetes and polyglutamic acid to obtain the quick-acting organic matter. In one embodiment provided by the invention, the quick-acting organic matter is prepared by compounding a biological humic acid product, a yeast liquid, an actinomycete liquid and polyglutamic acid, wherein the effective viable count of the yeast liquid is preferably more than or equal to 30 hundred million/g, and the using amount of the yeast liquid is preferably 0.5-2 wt% of the biological humic acid product, and specifically can be 1 wt%; the effective viable count of the actinomycete liquid is preferably more than or equal to 30 hundred million/g, and the dosage of the actinomycete liquid is preferably 0.5-2 wt% of the quality of the biological humic acid product, and can be 1 wt%; the dosage of the polyglutamic acid is preferably 3-8 wt% of the quality of the biological humic acid product, and specifically can be 5 wt%. In the invention, the specific preparation process of the quick-acting organic matter can refer to a biochemical humic acid product disclosed in Chinese patent application with application number of 201010269356.7 and entitled "technology and process for preparing biochemical humic acid by adopting kitchen waste".

In the soil improvement method provided by the invention, the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the slow-release organic matter is preferably (45-55): 1, specifically 45:1, 46:1, 47:1, 48:1, 49:1, 50:1, 51:1, 52:1, 53:1, 54:1 or 55: 1; the organic matter content of the slow-release organic matter is preferably more than or equal to 80 wt%, and specifically can be 80 wt%, 85 wt%, 90 wt% or 95 wt%; the total humic acid content of the quick-acting organic matters is preferably 38-42 wt%, and specifically can be 38 wt%, 39 wt%, 40 wt%, 41 wt% or 42 wt%; the content of free humic acid in the quick-acting organic matter is preferably 35-40 wt%, and specifically can be 35 wt%, 36 wt%, 37 wt%, 38 wt%, 39 wt% or 40 wt%; the content of water-soluble humic acid (such as biological fulvic acid) of the quick-acting organic matter is preferably 14-16 wt%, and specifically can be 14 wt%, 15 wt% or 16 wt%; the content of the easily-oxidized organic matters in the quick-acting organic matters is preferably 20-30 wt%, and specifically can be 20 wt%, 25 wt% or 30 wt%; the content of free amino acid in the quick-acting organic matter is preferably 5-10 wt%, and specifically can be 5 wt% or 10 wt%; the content of free amino acid in the quick-acting organic matter is preferably more than 0.5 wt%; the effective viable count of the quick-acting organic matters (mainly yeast and actinomycetes) is preferably more than or equal to 0.5 hundred million/g, and specifically can be 0.5 hundred million/g, 1 hundred million/g, 1.5 hundred million/g or 2 hundred million/g; the mass ratio of the slow-acting organic matters to the quick-acting organic matters is preferably (1.5-3): 1, specifically 1.5:1, 2:1, 2.5:1 or 3: 1. In the invention, the application amount of the slow-release organic matters in the soil plough layer is preferably 500-3000 kg/mu, and specifically 500 kg/mu, 1000 kg/mu, 1500 kg/mu, 2000 kg/mu, 2500 kg/mu or 3000 kg/mu. In the invention, for the soil planted with perennial crops, the application amount of the slow release organic matters in the soil plough layer is preferably 1500-3000 kg/mu, and more preferably 2000 kg/mu; for the soil to be planted with crops, if the slow-release organic matter is used for planting perennial crops, the application amount of the slow-release organic matter in a soil plough layer is preferably 1500-3000 kg/mu, and more preferably 2000 kg/mu; when the slow-release organic matter is used for planting annual or semiannual crops, the application amount of the slow-release organic matter in a soil plough layer is preferably 500-1500 kg/mu, and more preferably 1000 kg/mu.

In the soil improvement method provided by the invention, the base fertilizer comprises, but is not limited to, 15-15-15 of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer. The application amount of the base fertilizer in the soil plough layer is not particularly limited, and those skilled in the art can add the base fertilizer in a proper amount according to actual conditions. In one embodiment provided by the invention, the application amount of the base fertilizer in the soil plough layer is preferably 30-90 kg/mu, and specifically can be 60 kg/mu.

In the soil improvement method provided by the invention, soil moisture is preserved after the soil is subjected to organic matter biological enhanced humification improvement treatment. Wherein the humidity of the soil moisture conservation is preferably 60-70%, and specifically can be 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69% or 70%; the soil moisture preservation time is preferably more than or equal to 15 days, and specifically can be 15 days, 16 days, 17 days, 18 days, 19 days or 20 days. In the invention, a relative anaerobic soil environment is created through soil moisture preservation.

In the soil improvement method provided by the invention, for the soil in which crops are to be planted, planting of the crops is performed after soil moisture conservation is completed. Wherein, if perennial crops are planted, the planting time of the crops is preferably spring, more preferably before and after Qingming; if a year or a half year crop is planted, the time for planting the crop is preferably 20 to 30 days after the conditioner is applied to the soil plough layer.

In the soil improvement method provided by the invention, after the operation is finished, the conventional field management is carried out, and the crops are waited for to be fruited or mature. Finally, carrying out organic matter balance mineralization improvement treatment on the soil near the harvest of crops, wherein the steps specifically comprise: the microbial liquid containing trace elements, bacillus natto and saccharomycetes is used for irrigating roots of crops planted in soil. Wherein the effective viable count of the bacillus natto in the microbial liquid is preferably more than or equal to 0.5 hundred million/g, and more preferably more than or equal to 0.6 hundred million/g; the effective viable count of the microzyme in the microbial liquid is preferably more than or equal to 0.5 hundred million/g, and more preferably more than or equal to 0.6 hundred million/g; the micro elements in the microbial liquid preferably comprise one or more of water-soluble Ca, water-soluble Mg, water-soluble Zn, water-soluble Mn, water-soluble B and water-soluble Fe, and the content of the total micro elements in the microbial liquid is preferably more than or equal to 5 g/L. In the invention, for the soil planted with perennial crops, the root irrigation time is 80-90 days before fruit harvest, specifically 80 days, 85 days or 90 days; for the soil planted with annual or semiannual crops, the root irrigation time is 50-60 days before the crops are harvested, and specifically can be 50 days, 55 days or 60 days. In the invention, the root irrigation frequency is preferably 3-5 times; the dosage of the microbial liquid for root irrigation at each time is preferably 25-50 kg/mu, and specifically can be 25 kg/mu, 30 kg/mu, 35 kg/mu, 40 kg/mu, 45 kg/mu or 50 kg/mu; the time interval between two adjacent root irrigation is preferably 10-20 d, and specifically may be 10d, 11d, 12d, 13d, 14d, 15d, 16d, 17d, 18d, 19d or 20 d. In the invention, when the root irrigation is carried out for a plurality of times, the time interval between the root irrigation and the fruit harvesting or the crop harvesting defined above refers to the time interval between the first root irrigation and the fruit harvesting or the crop harvesting, namely for the soil planted with the perennial crops, the time for the first root irrigation is 80-90 days before the fruit harvesting; for soil planted with annual or semi-annual crops, the first root irrigation time is 50-60 days before crop harvest.

According to the soil improvement method provided by the invention, at the early stage of crop cultivation, through scientific matching use of different types of organic matters and necessary agricultural safeguard measures, the organic matters enter the soil and then undergo biological enhanced humification to form humus, and redundant nutrients are stored, so that the problem of nutrient waste caused by the fact that the crops cannot absorb nutrients in time after the nutrients are released due to the strong mineralization after a large amount of organic matters are added into the soil at one time is effectively solved; in the middle and later periods of crop cultivation, under the guarantee of proper time and correct method, the root irrigation treatment is carried out by adopting the biotechnology, so that the balance mineralization of soil organic matters is promoted, the nutrients are released again, the balance requirement of nutrient supply and demand in the whole process of plant growth is ensured, and the problem of nutrient waste caused by the fact that the nutrients are difficult to release for the plants to utilize after a large amount of humus is accumulated into mud is effectively solved. The soil improvement method provided by the invention can improve the soil granular structure and the soil flora structure while effectively improving the soil fertility, reduce the fertilizer consumption and achieve the aim of high-yield and high-quality agricultural production.

For the sake of clarity, the following examples are given in detail.

Examples

1) Design of experiments

The method is carried out in an apple orchard of 15 years old in Yangxiacity Yangxin Shandong province in 2017, 25 months and 2018, 25 months and 10 months, the planting density of the fruit trees is 4 meters multiplied by 5 meters, 33 plants are planted per mu, the average value of the organic matter background of the orchard soil is 1.2 wt%, and the pH value is 5.3.

Setting 5 zones in the orchard, namely 5 times of repetition, 2 mu of land in each zone, 6 treatments in each zone, and 220m of treatment in each zone²(11 fruit trees), performing comprehensive soil preparation (plowing depth of 30 cm) in 2017, 10 months and 25 days, and then performing the following treatments on the organic matters of the soil plough layerThe content is increased from 1.2 wt% to about 2.5 wt%.

Treatment 1 (T1): 4.2 tons of decomposed sheep manure organic fertilizer and 60kg of base fertilizer are used per mu;

treatment 2 (T2): 2.8 tons of slow-release organic matters and 60kg of base fertilizer are used per mu;

treatment 3 (T3): 3.5 tons of quick-acting organic matters and 60kg of base fertilizer are used per mu;

treatment 4 (T4): 2 tons of slow-acting organic matter, 1 ton of quick-acting organic matter and 60kg of base fertilizer are used per mu;

treatment 5 (T5): 2 tons of slow-acting organic matters, 1 ton of quick-acting organic matters and 60kg of base fertilizers are used per mu, and the organic matter balanced mineralized microbial liquid is used for irrigating roots 90 days before harvesting, namely every 20 days in 7, 25 and 7 months in 2018, the roots are irrigated for 4 times, and the using amount of the microbial liquid for irrigating the roots every time is 30 kg/mu;

control (CK): 80kg of base fertilizer;

and after fertilization is carried out according to the soil treatment scheme, watering is carried out in time, the humidity of the soil is maintained for 15 days at 60-70%, and a relatively anaerobic soil environment is built.

2) Fertilizer and bacterial liquid information

Base fertilizer: 15-15-15 parts of nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium ternary compound fertilizer, and the manufacturer comprises: jinzheng Daozen group of ecological engineering, Inc.

Decomposed sheep manure organic fertilizer: organic matter is more than or equal to 45 wt%, total nutrient is more than or equal to 5 wt%, and pH is as follows: 7.4, 25-30 wt% of water, and the manufacturer: tobacco terrace green source organic fertilizer limited.

Slow-release organic matter: the slow-release organic matter C/N is prepared by fermenting landscaping wastes through microorganisms, and the C/N ratio of slow-release organic matter is (45-55): 1, organic matter content 80 wt%; the specific preparation process of the slow-release organic matter used in the embodiment can refer to a basic organic fertilizer product disclosed in the Chinese patent application with the application number of 201811615639.5 and the invention name of "a method for treating landscaping solid organic waste by adopting a biomass carbonization and two-stage fermentation combined process".

Quick-acting organic matters: the kitchen waste is subjected to microbial fermentation to obtain a biological humic acid product, and then the biological humic acid product is compounded with yeast, actinomycetes and polyglutamic acid to obtain the compound humic acid fertilizer, wherein the total humic acid content of the quick-acting organic matters is 38-42 wt%, the free humic acid content is 35-40 wt%, the water-soluble humic acid content is 14-16 wt%, the content of easily-oxidized organic matters is 20-30 wt%, the content of free amino acids is 5-10 wt% (wherein the content of the polyglutamic acid is more than 0.5 wt%), and the effective viable count (mainly comprising the yeast and the actinomycetes) is 0.5 hundred million; the specific preparation process of the quick-acting organic matter used in this embodiment can refer to the biochemical humic acid product disclosed in the chinese patent application with the application number of 201010269356.7 and the invention name of "technology and process for preparing biochemical humic acid by using kitchen waste".

Organic matter balance mineralization microbial liquid: mixing and diluting microbial liquid containing medium trace elements, bacillus natto and yeast with water according to the mass ratio of 1: 4; the components of the microbial liquid before dilution are as follows: the effective viable count of Bacillus natto is about 3 hundred million/g, the effective viable count of yeast is about 3 hundred million/g, and the content of trace elements (calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, boron) is 20 g/L.

3) Measurement index

3.1) determination of soil mineralization rate:

respectively collecting 10 mixed samples in each area before and after one year of implementation, wherein the sampling depth is 0-20 cm, the sampling depth is used for measuring the content of the organic matters in the soil, and the mineralization rate of the organic matters in the soil under field conditions is calculated according to the reduction amount of the organic matters in the soil as the mineralization amount of the organic matters in the soil.

3.2) the decomposition rate (indirectly representing the mineralization rate of the soil organic matters) and the humification rate of the soil organic matters are measured:

and after 10 and 25 days in 2017, measuring the content of the soil organic matters in the following 1 month, 6 months, 8 months, 10 months, 11 months and 12 months respectively, and measuring the field decomposition rate and the humification coefficient of the soil organic matters in one year.

The decomposition rate of the soil organic matter is [1- (the soil organic carbon content-the blank soil organic carbon content)/(the initial soil organic carbon content-the initial blank soil organic carbon content) measured each time ] x 100%

The humification coefficient of soil organic matter is (the organic carbon content of soil-the organic carbon content of blank soil)/(the organic carbon content of initial soil-the organic carbon content of initial blank soil measured each time)

3.3) determination of basic physical and chemical indexes of soil:

the method for measuring and sampling the pH, the volume weight and the CEC of the soil is the same as the method for measuring and sampling the mineralization rate of the soil.

3.4) determination of apple yield and quality:

the yield of each treatment is based on the actual yield of each fruit tree in the harvest.

The quality determination sampling method comprises the following steps: during fruit harvesting, randomly selecting 5 fruit trees with the same tree vigor for each treatment, selecting 10-15 fruits with the total weight of large, medium, small, sunny and shady fruits from all harvested fruits of each fruit tree to form an average sample, wherein the total weight is not less than 2kg, and the average sample is used for measuring nutritional indexes such as apple sugar degree, Vc and the like.

4) Results and analysis

4.1) the soil organic matter mineralization rate is analyzed, and the results are shown in Table 1:

TABLE 1 annual mineralization rate analysis of soil organic matter

Therefore, the annual average mineralization rate of the organic matters in the local soil is 3.26 percent, and the level of the average mineralization rate of the common soil is in accordance with 2-4 percent, so that the relation between the mineralization rate of the organic matters and the humification rate is well mastered, and the method is the most effective means for improving the soil and improving the soil fertility.

4.2) comparing the soil organic matter improving effect of different soil treatment years, the results are shown in Table 2:

TABLE 2 comparison of organic matter increasing effect of soil for different treatment years (unit: g/kg)

From the above table, it can be seen that the soil organic matter is promoted to the same level through 5 different modes, that is, the soil organic matter content is about 2.5%, the organic matter with the same quantity and different properties is humified and mineralized in one year, and the quantity of the organic matter remained in the soil is completely different, wherein the soil organic matter promoting effect of the treatment 2 is most obvious, and is improved by 1.16 percentage points, because the organic matter increased by the treatment 2 mode is the organic matter with higher lignin content and is difficult to decompose, and the annual average mineralization rate is relatively low. The soil organic matter improving effect is the most undesirable treatment 3, the annual average organic matter is improved by 0.225 percent, and the treatment 1 is the second treatment, which is the result caused by the fact that the organic matter type increased by the treatment 1 and the treatment 3 is the organic matter which is easy to decompose and has stronger mineralization after being applied to the soil. The lifting effect of the treatment 4 and the treatment 5 on the soil organic matters is in a medium level, namely 0.789 and 0.656 percentage points respectively, which shows that compared with the treatment 1, the treatment 2 and the treatment 5, the humification and mineralization processes of the soil organic matters are relatively balanced and controlled, so that the humification and mineralization of the organic matters are relatively balanced.

4.3) comparing the decomposition rates of the organic matters in the soil treated differently, and the results are shown in Table 3:

TABLE 3 comparison of annual cumulative decomposition rates of organic matter in different treated soils

The above table shows that organic matters with the same quantity in 5 different treatment modes have different degradation rates and humification coefficients, the soil organic matter degradation rate (mineralization rate) of treatment 1 and treatment 3 is far greater than the humification rate, the two treatments are not difficult to see, particularly treatment 3, stronger degradation occurs in the first 30 days after the organic matters are applied to the soil, and the degradation rate accounts for about 50% of the annual degradation rate, because water-soluble micromolecule compounds and amino acids with higher content in middle-aged products fermented by kitchen wastes activate soil microorganisms rapidly after the organic matters are applied to the soil, so that the soil microorganisms are 'gathered and attacked' to accelerate the degradation of the organic matters. The humification rate of the organic matters in the soil treated by the method 2 is far higher than the degradation rate (mineralization rate), and the humification coefficient is as high as 0.83, because most of the organic matters in the garden greening waste compost with high lignin content are cellulose and lignin which are difficult to decompose, and the degradation rate is low because the organic matters hardly arouse the interest of microorganisms after being applied to the soil.

Compared with the treatment 5, the treatment 4 has the advantages that the same type of organic matters are put into the soil in the early stage, the relatively consistent organic matter degradation trend is shown in the first 8 months, and the degradation rate of the organic matters in the soil is relatively balanced integrally after the soil is subjected to organic matter biological reinforced humification improvement treatment, and finally the organic matters are gradually changed into humus and tend to be stable. And the difference is that the treatment 5 carries out organic matter balance mineralization improvement treatment on the soil in the 9 th month (7 months and 25 days), namely the degradation of soil organic matters and humus is excited again after the microbial agent is used, the degradation rate of the soil organic matters after the 10 th month is obviously higher than that of the treatment 4, and finally the annual degradation rate of the soil organic matters is 52 percent and the humification rate is 48 percent, so that the mineralization and humification effects of the soil organic matters are uniformly regulated and controlled. By the regulation and control mechanism, the degradation rate of organic matters is effectively regulated and controlled by the enhanced humification technology at the early stage with stronger mineralization function, more humus is formed, the nutrients are easy to be reserved, the soil is improved, and the mineralization rates of the organic matters and the humus are regulated and controlled by the balanced mineralization technology when the middle and later growth periods of the fruit trees enter the second growth peak period of the whole year, so that balanced nutrient supply can be provided for the whole growth period of the fruit trees.

4.4) Effect of different soil treatments on the basic physicochemical properties of the soil, the results are shown in Table 4:

TABLE 4 Effect of different treatments on the basic physicochemical Properties of the soil

The soil hardening and the poor structure are caused by the low organic matter content of the local soil, and the volume weight of the soil is higher and is 1.28g/cm on average according to the comparison treatment in the table³After a large amount of fertilizer is used for one year without any soil improvement treatment, the soil structure becomes more compact, and the volume weight of the soil is 1.30g/cm³. The soil is loosened by treating 1-5 degrees, the volume weight of the soil is improved, wherein the improvement effect of treating 5 is the best, which completely accords with the technical principle of organic matter biological reinforced humation soil improvement in the patent of the invention, and abundant microzyme carried in the medium-maturing product fermented by kitchen waste generates alcohol by anaerobic respiration in a anaerobic environment, releases a large amount of carbon dioxide and promotes the soil structure to be loosened.

The soil acidification of the blank control without any soil treatment tends to be more severe due to severe local soil acidification caused by perennial chemical agriculture, with an average pH of 5.52. The pH value of the soil is reduced at the early stage of the treatment 3 because the pH value of the middle-aged product fermented by the kitchen waste is low, the pH value at the later stage is improved, and the pH value of the soil is obviously increased by the treatment 1 because the fermented sheep manure organic fertilizer is high in alkalinity. Compared with the control, the soil acidification problem is improved to different degrees finally by 5 treatments, and the effects of the treatment 4 and the treatment 5 are the best, which is the result of double-effect regulation of biological reactions generated during the improvement of soil organic matters, the balanced regulation of mineralization of the organic matters and humification, and a soil acid-base buffer system constructed after the improvement of the soil.

The soil fertility preserving capability of local soil is poor, the CEC content is low, the average CEC content is 8.68cmol (+)/kg, the CEC content of the soil is respectively improved to different degrees by 1-5 treatments, particularly the treatment effect of 5 treatments is optimal, the CEC of the soil is 13.76cmol (+)/kg, which shows that the treated soil has stronger fertility preserving and fertilizing capabilities and higher content of available nutrients, and is related to the improvement of soil organic matter content, the improvement of soil acidification current situation and the improvement of soil aggregate structure.

4.5) Effect of different soil treatments on the soil flora Structure

The soil microbial community structure is researched through bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and the OUT number is a classification unit formed by clustering sequences according to the 97% similarity standard by bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing and is also generally used for representing the species of microorganisms. As shown in fig. 1, the OUT numbers of the 5 different treated soils were all higher than the control group, with T5 having the highest OUT number, the average number being 1321, and 243 more species of microorganisms than the control group's soil pond OUT number 1078, indicating that soil improvement, particularly the improvement method of treatment 5, significantly increased the species diversity of soil microorganisms.

And (4) comparing the absolute abundance differences of the soil microorganisms of the treatment 5 and the control treatment in pairs on the phylum, class, order, family, genus and level of the soil microorganisms by adopting a MetaStats statistical analysis method. The results are shown in Table 5:

TABLE 5 analysis and comparison of differences in the structure of the soil flora treated with T5 and the control

Level of	T5--CK
		Phylum door	23
Class	70
		Order of Order	84
Family of Family Familiy	155
		Genus Genus	216

As can be seen from Table 5, there was a difference in the absolute abundance of microorganisms belonging to 23 phyla, class 70, order 84, family 155 and genus 216 between the two treatments, indicating that soil improvement by way of treatment 5 significantly affected the soil microbial flora structure.

The LEfSe assay was further used to compare microbial species analyzed for significant differences in abundance between T5 and CK soil, as shown in fig. 2, which lists top 15 species with significant differences in microbial abundance between the two treatments, and the length of the bar graph represents the magnitude of the effect of the significantly different species. As can be seen from fig. 2:

compared with the control soil, the microorganism species with obvious difference in T5 soil are ranked in the top ten according to the significant degree of difference from large to small: bacillus (Bacillus), Bacillus (Bacillus) 2, Acidobacterium (Acidobacterium), Proteobacteria (Betaproteobacteria), Micrococcales (Micrococcales), Xanthomonas (Xanthomonadales), Rhizobiales (Rhizobiales), Proteobacteria (Deltaproteobacteria), Micrococcaceae (Micrococcaceae) 9, and Proteobacteria (Gemmatimonades) 10. From the above analysis results, it can be known that all the acid bacillus, pseudomonas and bacillus with obvious advantages in the soil treated by T5 are beneficial flora, wherein the acid bacillus is a kind of bacteria closely related to plant secondary metabolism, and many growth-promoting bacteria and stress-resistant bacteria belong to pseudomonas and bacillus, which indicates that soil improvement obviously increases beneficial soil microorganisms.

Compared with T5 soil, the microbial species with obvious difference in CK soil are from large to small according to the degree of difference significance, and the top ten ranks are as follows: enterobacteriaceae (enterobacteriaceae), actinomycetes (actinobacilla), enterobacteriales (enterobacteriaceae), 3 (enterobacteriaceae), 4 (actinomycetes), actinomycetes (actinobacilla), 5 (klebsella), streptosporales (streptosporaceae), 7 (streptosporiceae), 8 (including klebsiella and enterobacteriaceae) (enterobacterian), 9 (actinomadura) and 10 (nonmura) are greatly different. The soil difference bacteria treated by CK and T5 have obvious increase from phylum level to genus level, while Enterobacter (Enterobacter) is the most common gram-negative bacteria and is aerobic bacteria with higher content in feces, and common escherichia coli, Enterobacter (Enterobacter), citric acid bacillus and Klebsiella (Klebsiella) belong to pathogenic bacteria, and the bacteria have dominant advantages in soil to cause soil diseases. Therefore, the soil improvement obviously reduces the abundance of harmful microorganisms in the soil, so that the soil microecological flora structure is more balanced and healthy.

4.6) impact of different soil treatments on apple yield and quality, the results are shown in Table 5:

TABLE 6 Effect of different treatments on the yield and quality of native apples

Compared with the contrast, on the premise of reducing the dosage of base fertilizer by 25%, the yield of the 1-step treatment in 5 treatments is not obviously changed, and the quality of the apples is improved to a certain extent. The yield of the treatment 2 is reduced by 5 percent, and the quality of the fruit is not obviously changed. The yield of the treatment 3 and the treatment 4 is improved slightly, the yield is improved by less than 10 percent, and the quality of the fruit is also improved. The yield of the treatment 5 is ideal, the yield is improved by nearly 20%, the quality of the apples is obviously improved, the sugar degree is improved by 3.5 ℃, the nutrient contents of mineral elements such as calcium, potassium, Vc, amino acid and the like are greatly improved, and the production aims of reducing the fertilizer by more than 20%, and realizing high yield and high quality are fulfilled.

The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. A method of soil improvement comprising the steps of:

or the like, or, alternatively,

2. The soil improvement method according to claim 1, wherein the step of performing organic matter bio-enhanced humification improvement treatment on the soil in the steps a), b) and c) specifically comprises: applying a modifying agent to a soil plough layer after soil preparation, and uniformly mixing the modifying agent with soil of the plough layer, wherein the modifying agent comprises slow-acting organic matters, quick-acting organic matters and base fertilizers;

3. The soil improvement method according to claim 2, wherein in the steps a), b) and c), the slow release organic matter is prepared by the following steps: fermenting landscaping waste by microorganisms to obtain slow-release organic matters;

4. The soil improvement method of claim 2, wherein in the steps a), b) and c), the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the slow release organic matter is (45-55): 1, the organic matter content is more than or equal to 80 wt%; the total humic acid content of the quick-acting organic matters is 38-42 wt%, the free humic acid content is 35-40 wt%, the water-soluble humic acid content is 14-16 wt%, the content of the easily-oxidized organic matters is 20-30 wt%, the content of free amino acids is 5-10 wt%, the content of polyglutamic acid is more than 0.5 wt%, and the number of effective viable bacteria is more than or equal to 0.5 hundred million/g.

5. The soil improvement method according to claim 2, wherein the mass ratio of the slow-acting organic matter to the fast-acting organic matter in the steps a), b) and c) is (1.5-3): 1; the application amount of the slow-release organic matters is 500-3000 kg/mu.

6. The soil improvement method according to claim 1, wherein in the steps a), b) and c), the moisture of the soil moisture is 60-70%; the soil moisture conservation time is more than or equal to 15 days.

7. The soil improvement method according to claim 2, wherein in the step a), the step b) and the step c), the number of the effective viable bacteria of the bacillus natto and the number of the effective viable bacteria of the yeast in the microbial liquid are respectively more than or equal to 0.5 hundred million/g and more than or equal to 0.5 hundred million/g.

8. The soil improvement method according to claim 2, wherein in the steps a), B) and c), the trace elements contained in the microbial liquid include one or more of water-soluble Ca, water-soluble Mg, water-soluble Zn, water-soluble Mn, water-soluble B and water-soluble Fe; the content of the total trace elements in the microbial liquid is more than or equal to 5 g/L.

9. The soil improvement method according to claim 2, wherein in the step a), the step b) and the step c), the root irrigation is performed 3-5 times, the amount of the microbial liquid for each root irrigation is 25-50 kg/mu, and the time interval between two adjacent root irrigation is 10-20 days.

10. A soil improvement method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in steps a) and b), said soil preparation is carried out in autumn;