CN110583868A - Method for preparing silage - Google Patents
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- CN110583868A CN110583868A CN201910991137.0A CN201910991137A CN110583868A CN 110583868 A CN110583868 A CN 110583868A CN 201910991137 A CN201910991137 A CN 201910991137A CN 110583868 A CN110583868 A CN 110583868A
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- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
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- A23K30/10—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder
- A23K30/15—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging
- A23K30/18—Processes specially adapted for preservation of materials in order to produce animal feeding-stuffs of green fodder using chemicals or microorganisms for ensilaging using microorganisms or enzymes
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Abstract
The invention discloses a preparation method of silage, which comprises the following preparation steps: (1) after the corn is picked, harvesting the whole corn straw, removing roots, cleaning, cutting into small sections of straws with the length of 2-5 cm, and adjusting the water content of the small sections of straws to 65% -75%; (2) preparing an additive I, wherein the additive I comprises calcium powder, corn flour, bean pulp, wheat bran, fennel oil, fresh broad-leaf Lepidium Merrill leaf, ferrous fumarate and fresh abrus cantoniensis; mixing the additive I and the small sections of straws uniformly to obtain a mixture A; (3) preparing an additive II which is a compound extract of the umbilicaria esculenta, the rapeseed and the purslane, and adding the additive II into the mixture A to be uniformly stirred to obtain a mixture B; (4) and putting the mixture B into a silage bag, sealing, vacuumizing the bag, storing indoors and keeping out of the sun for more than 60 days to obtain silage. The silage prepared by the method has the advantages of good silage effect, high feed nutrition level, high safety and wide market prospect.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of feed processing, and particularly relates to a preparation method of silage.
Background
The silage takes green straws of crops as feed raw materials, and is processed by the application of silage technology to prepare feed food with strong palatability for livestock and poultry, and the original nutrient substance characteristics of the green straws are fully utilized to be processed into the green feed with high fresh-keeping performance. So that the livestock and poultry have sufficient food sources when the forage grass resources are few.
Ensiling is a method for storing feed for a long time by converting soluble carbohydrates into organic acids mainly comprising lactic acid by lactic acid bacteria attached to the surfaces of crops under anaerobic conditions, reducing the pH value of the feed and inhibiting the growth and reproduction of other spoilage microorganisms. Many crop materials can be used to prepare silage, such as pasture grass, alfalfa, barley, corn, wheat, sorghum, and the like. Wherein, the pasture, alfalfa and corn are widely applied to the dairy cow feeding industry at present due to the high nutritive value and the high fiber content. The process of ensiling comprises the following steps: harvesting crops in a proper period, crushing, storing in a cellar, compacting, sealing, storing and opening the cellar for use. These processes can be divided into four phases: aerobic stage, fermentation stage, storage stage and cellar opening stage. In the aerobic stage, plant cells mainly utilize trace oxygen left in gaps of crops and carbon sources such as glucose, fructose and the like to continue respiration, some aerobic microorganisms attached to the crops can grow, lactic acid bacteria attached to the surfaces of the corns can be subjected to mixed acid fermentation in the period, and the pH value of the feed is slightly reduced; the fermentation stage begins when the interior of the silage word becomes strictly anaerobic and generally lasts for several days to several weeks, different kinds of facultative anaerobes and anaerobes compete for limited nutrient components in the silage word, and in good silage word, lactic acid bacteria should dominate the fermentation process, rapidly produce acid, manufacture a low-pH environment and store the feed; the storage phase usually lasts for several months and the feed is preserved with little change in the low pH and oxygen-free environment.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention provides a novel silage preparation method, which comprises the following preparation steps:
(1) after the corn is picked, harvesting the whole corn straw, removing roots, cleaning, cutting into small sections of straws with the length of 2-5 cm, and adjusting the water content of the small sections of straws to 65% -75%;
(2) preparing an additive I, wherein the additive I comprises calcium powder, corn flour, bean pulp, wheat bran, fennel oil, fresh broad-leaf Lepidium Merrill leaf, ferrous fumarate and fresh abrus cantoniensis; mixing and uniformly stirring the additive I and the small sections of straws to obtain a mixture A;
(3) preparing an additive II which is a compound extract of the umbilicaria esculenta, the rapeseed and the purslane, and adding the additive II into the mixture A and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture B;
(4) and (3) putting the mixture B into a silage bag, sealing, vacuumizing the silage bag, storing the silage bag indoors and in a dark place for more than 60 days to obtain the silage.
Further, the additive I comprises the following components in parts by weight: 1-4 parts of calcium powder, 50-60 parts of corn flour, 10-16 parts of bean pulp, 10-16 parts of wheat bran, 1-3 parts of fennel oil, 8-12 parts of fresh broad-leaf Lepidium Merrill leaf, 1-3 parts of ferrous fumarate and 15-20 parts of fresh abrus cantoniensis hance.
Further, the mixing mass ratio of the additive I to the small sections of straws is that the small sections of straws: and (3) the additive I is 100: 10-14.
Further, the preparation method of the additive II comprises the following steps:
1) mixing herba Saussureae Involueratae, semen Brassicae campestris and fresh herba Portulacae leaf, chopping, placing the chopped material in a sealed container, sealing the container, introducing nitrogen gas until the pressure in the container is not less than 3 atm, and maintaining the pressure for more than 10 min;
2) deflating the sealed container after pressure maintaining, vacuumizing until the pressure in the container is less than or equal to 0.2 atmospheric pressure, maintaining the pressure for more than 30min, taking out the chopped objects after the pressure maintaining is finished, soaking the chopped objects in an extracting solution for extraction, keeping the temperature of the solution at 50-60 ℃, wherein the extracting solution is an aqueous solution of malic acid, performing solid-liquid separation after the extraction is finished to obtain a solid phase C and a liquid phase, and performing reduced pressure concentration on the liquid phase to obtain a liquid phase D;
3) and soaking the solid phase C in a cellulase solution for enzymolysis, keeping the temperature of the solution constant at 28-30 ℃, filtering after treatment, soaking the solid phase in an ethanol solution again for extraction, performing solid-liquid separation after extraction, concentrating the liquid phase under reduced pressure until the weight is constant to obtain an extract, and mixing the extract with the liquid phase D to obtain the additive II.
Further, the mixing mass ratio of the umbilicaria esculenta, the dried rapeseed oil seeds and the fresh purslane leaves is that the umbilicaria esculenta: dried vegetable oil seeds: fresh purslane leaves are 10: 6-12: 2-5.
Further, in the extracting solution, the concentration of malic acid is 20-50 g/L, the balance is water, the mass of the extracting solution is 5-6 times of the total mass of the chopped materials soaked in the extracting solution, and the liquid phase is subjected to reduced pressure concentration to 1/5-1/4 of the original volume, so that the liquid phase D is obtained.
Further, the mass percentage of the cellulase in the cellulase solution is 2% -3%, and the mass of the cellulase solution is 5-6 times of that of the solid phase C soaked in the cellulase solution.
Further, the mass ratio of the additive II added into the mixture A is as follows: mixture A: and (3) the additive II is 100: 4-7.
According to the technical scheme, the invention has the beneficial effects that: the silage prepared by the method has the advantages of good silage effect, high feed nutrition level, high safety and wide market prospect. Tests show that the additive I is favorable for improving the silage quality of the feed, and the additive II is favorable for improving the aerobic stability of the feed.
Detailed Description
The following is a detailed description with reference to examples:
example 1
A novel silage preparation method comprises the following preparation steps:
(1) planting Guiding No. 1 corn, harvesting a whole corn straw plant after the corn is picked, removing roots, cleaning, cutting into small sections of straws with the length of 2-5 cm, and adjusting the water content of the small sections of straws to 65% -75%;
(2) preparing an additive I, wherein the additive I comprises the following components in parts by weight: 1 part of calcium powder, 50 parts of corn flour, 10 parts of bean pulp, 10 parts of wheat bran, 1 part of fennel oil, 8 parts of fresh broad-leaf stringy stonecrop leaf, 1 part of ferrous fumarate and 15 parts of fresh abrus herb; mixing the additive I and the small sections of straws in a mixing mass ratio of the small sections of straws: mixing and stirring the additive I in a ratio of 100:10 uniformly to obtain a mixture A;
(3) preparing an additive II which is a compound extract of the umbilicaria esculenta, rape oil seeds and purslane, adding the additive II into the mixture A, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture B, wherein the mass ratio of the mixture B to the mixture A is as follows: additive II is 100: 4;
(4) and (3) putting the mixture B into a silage bag, sealing, vacuumizing the bag, storing indoors, keeping out of the sun, and storing for 60 days to obtain the silage.
The preparation method of the additive II in this example comprises the following steps:
1) the edible fungus, the dried vegetable oil seeds and the fresh purslane leaves are mixed according to the mass ratio of the edible fungus: dried vegetable oil seeds: mixing fresh purslane leaves at a ratio of 10:6:2, chopping, placing the chopped materials in a sealed container, sealing the container, filling nitrogen until the internal pressure of the container is more than or equal to 3 atmospheric pressures, and maintaining the pressure for 10 min;
2) deflating the sealed container after pressure maintaining, vacuumizing until the pressure in the container is less than or equal to 0.2 atmospheric pressure, maintaining the pressure for 30min, taking out the chopped objects after the pressure maintaining is finished, soaking the chopped objects into an extracting solution for extraction, keeping the temperature of the solution at 50-60 ℃, wherein the extracting solution is an aqueous solution of malic acid with the concentration of 20g/L, the mass of the extracting solution is 5 times of the total mass of the chopped objects soaked in the extracting solution, performing solid-liquid separation after 30min of extraction to obtain a solid phase C and a liquid phase, and performing reduced pressure concentration on the liquid phase to 1/5 of the original volume to obtain a liquid phase D;
3) and soaking the solid phase C in a cellulase solution with the mass percentage of cellulase of 2% for enzymolysis, wherein the mass of the cellulase solution is 5 times of that of the solid phase C soaked in the solution, the solution is kept at the constant temperature of 28-30 ℃, the solution is soaked for 5 hours and then filtered, the solid phase is soaked in an ethanol solution again for leaching for 30min, solid-liquid separation is carried out after the leaching is finished, the liquid phase is decompressed and concentrated to the constant weight to obtain a leaching product, and the leaching product and the liquid phase D are mixed to obtain the additive II.
Example 2
A novel silage preparation method comprises the following preparation steps:
(1) planting Guiding No. 1 corn, harvesting a whole corn straw plant after the corn is picked, removing roots, cleaning, cutting into small sections of straws with the length of 2-5 cm, and adjusting the water content of the small sections of straws to 65% -75%;
(2) preparing an additive I, wherein the additive I comprises the following components in parts by weight: 2 parts of calcium powder, 53 parts of corn flour, 12 parts of bean pulp, 12 parts of wheat bran, 2 parts of fennel oil, 9 parts of fresh broad-leaf stringy stonecrop leaf, 2 parts of ferrous fumarate and 17 parts of fresh abrus herb; mixing the additive I and the small sections of straws in a mixing mass ratio of the small sections of straws: mixing and stirring the additive I in a ratio of 100:12 uniformly to obtain a mixture A;
(3) preparing an additive II which is a compound extract of the umbilicaria esculenta, rape oil seeds and purslane, adding the additive II into the mixture A, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture B, wherein the mass ratio of the mixture B to the mixture A is as follows: additive II is 100: 5;
(4) and (3) putting the mixture B into a silage bag, sealing, vacuumizing the bag, storing indoors, keeping out of the sun, and storing for 60 days to obtain the silage.
The preparation method of the additive II in this example comprises the following steps:
1) the edible fungus, the dried vegetable oil seeds and the fresh purslane leaves are mixed according to the mass ratio of the edible fungus: dried vegetable oil seeds: mixing fresh purslane leaves at a ratio of 10:8:3, chopping, placing the chopped materials in a sealed container, sealing the container, filling nitrogen until the internal pressure of the container is more than or equal to 3 atmospheric pressures, and maintaining the pressure for 10 min;
2) deflating the sealed container after pressure maintaining, vacuumizing until the pressure in the container is less than or equal to 0.2 atmospheric pressure, maintaining the pressure for 30min, taking out the chopped objects after the pressure maintaining is finished, soaking the chopped objects into an extracting solution for extraction, keeping the temperature of the solution at 50-60 ℃, wherein the extracting solution is an aqueous solution of malic acid with the concentration of 30g/L, the mass of the extracting solution is 5 times of the total mass of the chopped objects soaked in the extracting solution, performing solid-liquid separation after 30min of extraction to obtain a solid phase C and a liquid phase, and performing reduced pressure concentration on the liquid phase to 1/5 of the original volume to obtain a liquid phase D;
3) and soaking the solid phase C in a cellulase solution with the mass percentage of cellulase of 2% for enzymolysis, wherein the mass of the cellulase solution is 5 times of that of the solid phase C soaked in the solution, the solution is kept at the constant temperature of 28-30 ℃, the solution is soaked for 5 hours and then filtered, the solid phase is soaked in an ethanol solution again for leaching for 30min, solid-liquid separation is carried out after the leaching is finished, the liquid phase is decompressed and concentrated to the constant weight to obtain a leaching product, and the leaching product and the liquid phase D are mixed to obtain the additive II.
Example 3
A novel silage preparation method comprises the following preparation steps:
(1) planting Guiding No. 1 corn, harvesting a whole corn straw plant after the corn is picked, removing roots, cleaning, cutting into small sections of straws with the length of 2-5 cm, and adjusting the water content of the small sections of straws to 65% -75%;
(2) preparing an additive I, wherein the additive I comprises the following components in parts by weight: 3 parts of calcium powder, 57 parts of corn flour, 14 parts of bean pulp, 14 parts of wheat bran, 2 parts of fennel oil, 10 parts of fresh broad-leaf stringy stonecrop leaf, 2 parts of ferrous fumarate and 18 parts of fresh abrus herb; mixing the additive I and the small sections of straws in a mixing mass ratio of the small sections of straws: mixing and stirring the additive I in a ratio of 100:13 uniformly to obtain a mixture A;
(3) preparing an additive II which is a compound extract of the umbilicaria esculenta, rape oil seeds and purslane, adding the additive II into the mixture A, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture B, wherein the mass ratio of the mixture B to the mixture A is as follows: additive II is 100: 6;
(4) and (3) putting the mixture B into a silage bag, sealing, vacuumizing the bag, storing indoors, keeping out of the sun, and storing for 60 days to obtain the silage.
The preparation method of the additive II in this example comprises the following steps:
1) the edible fungus, the dried vegetable oil seeds and the fresh purslane leaves are mixed according to the mass ratio of the edible fungus: dried vegetable oil seeds: mixing fresh purslane leaves at a ratio of 10:10:4, chopping, placing the chopped materials in a sealed container, sealing the container, filling nitrogen until the internal pressure of the container is more than or equal to 3 atmospheric pressures, and maintaining the pressure for 10 min;
2) deflating the sealed container after pressure maintaining, vacuumizing until the pressure in the container is less than or equal to 0.2 atmospheric pressure, maintaining the pressure for 30min, taking out the chopped objects after the pressure maintaining is finished, soaking the chopped objects into an extracting solution for extraction, keeping the temperature of the solution at 50-60 ℃, wherein the extracting solution is an aqueous solution of malic acid with the concentration of 40g/L, the mass of the extracting solution is 5 times of the total mass of the chopped objects soaked in the extracting solution, performing solid-liquid separation after 30min of extraction to obtain a solid phase C and a liquid phase, and performing reduced pressure concentration on the liquid phase to 1/5 of the original volume to obtain a liquid phase D;
3) and soaking the solid phase C in a cellulase solution with the mass percentage of cellulase being 3%, performing enzymolysis treatment, wherein the mass of the cellulase solution is 5 times of that of the solid phase C soaked in the solution, keeping the temperature of the solution constant at 28-30 ℃, soaking for 5h, filtering, soaking the solid phase in an ethanol solution again, leaching for 30min, performing solid-liquid separation after leaching, concentrating the liquid phase under reduced pressure to constant weight to obtain a leaching product, and mixing the leaching product with the liquid phase D to obtain the additive II.
Example 4
A novel silage preparation method comprises the following preparation steps:
(1) planting Guiding No. 1 corn, harvesting a whole corn straw plant after the corn is picked, removing roots, cleaning, cutting into small sections of straws with the length of 2-5 cm, and adjusting the water content of the small sections of straws to 65% -75%;
(2) preparing an additive I, wherein the additive I comprises the following components in parts by weight: 4 parts of calcium powder, 60 parts of corn flour, 16 parts of bean pulp, 16 parts of wheat bran, 3 parts of fennel oil, 12 parts of fresh broad-leaf stringy stonecrop leaf, 3 parts of ferrous fumarate and 20 parts of fresh abrus herb; mixing the additive I and the small sections of straws in a mixing mass ratio of the small sections of straws: mixing and stirring the additive I in a ratio of 100:14 to obtain a mixture A;
(3) preparing an additive II which is a compound extract of the umbilicaria esculenta, rape oil seeds and purslane, adding the additive II into the mixture A, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture B, wherein the mass ratio of the mixture B to the mixture A is as follows: additive II is 100: 7;
(4) and (3) putting the mixture B into a silage bag, sealing, vacuumizing the bag, storing indoors, keeping out of the sun, and storing for 60 days to obtain the silage.
The preparation method of the additive II in this example comprises the following steps:
1) the edible fungus, the dried vegetable oil seeds and the fresh purslane leaves are mixed according to the mass ratio of the edible fungus: dried vegetable oil seeds: mixing fresh purslane leaves at a ratio of 10:12:5, chopping, placing the chopped materials in a sealed container, sealing the container, filling nitrogen until the internal pressure of the container is more than or equal to 3 atmospheric pressures, and maintaining the pressure for 10 min;
2) deflating the sealed container after pressure maintaining, vacuumizing until the pressure in the container is less than or equal to 0.2 atmospheric pressure, maintaining the pressure for 30min, taking out the chopped objects after the pressure maintaining is finished, soaking the chopped objects into an extracting solution for extraction, keeping the temperature of the solution at 50-60 ℃, wherein the extracting solution is an aqueous solution of malic acid with the concentration of 50g/L, the mass of the extracting solution is 5 times of the total mass of the chopped objects soaked in the extracting solution, performing solid-liquid separation after 30min of extraction to obtain a solid phase C and a liquid phase, and performing reduced pressure concentration on the liquid phase to 1/5 of the original volume to obtain a liquid phase D;
3) and soaking the solid phase C in a cellulase solution with the mass percentage of cellulase being 3%, performing enzymolysis treatment, wherein the mass of the cellulase solution is 5 times of that of the solid phase C soaked in the solution, keeping the temperature of the solution constant at 28-30 ℃, soaking for 5h, filtering, soaking the solid phase in an ethanol solution again, leaching for 30min, performing solid-liquid separation after leaching, concentrating the liquid phase under reduced pressure to constant weight to obtain a leaching product, and mixing the leaching product with the liquid phase D to obtain the additive II.
Comparative example 1
A novel silage preparation method comprises the following preparation steps:
(1) planting Guiding No. 1 corn, harvesting a whole corn straw plant after the corn is picked, removing roots, cleaning, cutting into small sections of straws with the length of 2-5 cm, and adjusting the water content of the small sections of straws to 65% -75%;
(2) preparing an additive II which is a composite extract of the umbilicaria esculenta, rapeseed oil and purslane, adding the additive II into the small sections of straws, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture, wherein the mass ratio of the additive II to the small sections of straws is: additive II is 100: 6;
(3) and putting the mixture into a silage bag, sealing, vacuumizing the bag, storing indoors, keeping out of the sun, and storing for 60 days to obtain the silage of the comparative example.
The preparation method of the additive II in the comparative example comprises the following steps:
1) the edible fungus, the dried vegetable oil seeds and the fresh purslane leaves are mixed according to the mass ratio of the edible fungus: dried vegetable oil seeds: mixing fresh purslane leaves at a ratio of 10:10:4, chopping, placing the chopped materials in a sealed container, sealing the container, filling nitrogen until the internal pressure of the container is more than or equal to 3 atmospheric pressures, and maintaining the pressure for 10 min;
2) deflating the sealed container after pressure maintaining, vacuumizing until the pressure in the container is less than or equal to 0.2 atmospheric pressure, maintaining the pressure for 30min, taking out the chopped objects after the pressure maintaining is finished, soaking the chopped objects into an extracting solution for extraction, keeping the temperature of the solution at 50-60 ℃, wherein the extracting solution is an aqueous solution of malic acid with the concentration of 40g/L, the mass of the extracting solution is 5 times of the total mass of the chopped objects soaked in the extracting solution, performing solid-liquid separation after 30min of extraction to obtain a solid phase C and a liquid phase, and performing reduced pressure concentration on the liquid phase to 1/5 of the original volume to obtain a liquid phase D;
3) and soaking the solid phase C in a cellulase solution with the mass percentage of cellulase being 3%, performing enzymolysis treatment, wherein the mass of the cellulase solution is 5 times of that of the solid phase C soaked in the solution, keeping the temperature of the solution constant at 28-30 ℃, soaking for 5h, filtering, soaking the solid phase in an ethanol solution again, leaching for 30min, performing solid-liquid separation after leaching, concentrating the liquid phase under reduced pressure to constant weight to obtain a leaching product, and mixing the leaching product with the liquid phase D to obtain the additive II.
Comparative example 2
A novel silage preparation method comprises the following preparation steps:
(1) planting Guiding No. 1 corn, harvesting a whole corn straw plant after the corn is picked, removing roots, cleaning, cutting into small sections of straws with the length of 2-5 cm, and adjusting the water content of the small sections of straws to 65% -75%;
(2) preparing an additive I, wherein the additive I comprises the following components in parts by weight: 3 parts of calcium powder, 57 parts of corn flour, 14 parts of bean pulp, 14 parts of wheat bran, 2 parts of fennel oil, 10 parts of fresh broad-leaf stringy stonecrop leaf, 2 parts of ferrous fumarate and 18 parts of fresh abrus herb; mixing the additive I and the small sections of straws in a mixing mass ratio of the small sections of straws: mixing and stirring the additive I in a ratio of 100:13 uniformly to obtain a mixture A;
(3) and (3) filling the mixture A into a silage bag, sealing, vacuumizing the silage bag, storing indoors, keeping out of the sun, and storing for 60 days to obtain the silage of the comparative example.
Comparative example 3
A novel silage preparation method comprises the following preparation steps:
(1) planting Guiding No. 1 corn, harvesting a whole corn straw plant after the corn is picked, removing roots, cleaning, cutting into small sections of straws with the length of 2-5 cm, and adjusting the water content of the small sections of straws to 65% -75%;
(2) preparing an additive I, wherein the additive I comprises the following components in parts by weight: 3 parts of calcium powder, 57 parts of corn flour, 14 parts of bean pulp, 14 parts of wheat bran, 2 parts of fennel oil and 2 parts of ferrous fumarate; mixing the additive I and the small sections of straws in a mixing mass ratio of the small sections of straws: mixing and stirring the additive I in a ratio of 100:13 uniformly to obtain a mixture A;
(3) preparing an additive II which is a compound extract of the umbilicaria esculenta, rape oil seeds and purslane, adding the additive II into the mixture A, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture B, wherein the mass ratio of the mixture B to the mixture A is as follows: additive II is 100: 6;
(4) and (3) putting the mixture B into a silage bag, sealing, vacuumizing the bag, storing indoors, keeping out of the sun, and storing for 60 days to obtain the silage.
The preparation of additive II in this comparative example is exactly the same as in example 3.
Comparative example 4
A novel silage preparation method comprises the following preparation steps:
(1) planting Guiding No. 1 corn, harvesting a whole corn straw plant after the corn is picked, removing roots, cleaning, cutting into small sections of straws with the length of 2-5 cm, and adjusting the water content of the small sections of straws to 65% -75%;
(2) preparing an additive I, wherein the additive I comprises the following components in parts by weight: 3 parts of calcium powder, 57 parts of corn flour, 14 parts of bean pulp, 14 parts of wheat bran, 2 parts of fennel oil, 2 parts of ferrous fumarate and 28 parts of fresh abrus cantoniensis hance; mixing the additive I and the small sections of straws in a mixing mass ratio of the small sections of straws: mixing and stirring the additive I in a ratio of 100:13 uniformly to obtain a mixture A;
(3) preparing an additive II which is a compound extract of the umbilicaria esculenta, rape oil seeds and purslane, adding the additive II into the mixture A, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture B, wherein the mass ratio of the mixture B to the mixture A is as follows: additive II is 100: 6;
(4) and (3) putting the mixture B into a silage bag, sealing, vacuumizing the bag, storing indoors, keeping out of the sun, and storing for 60 days to obtain the silage.
The preparation of additive II in this comparative example is exactly the same as in example 3.
Comparative example 5
A novel silage preparation method comprises the following preparation steps:
(1) planting Guiding No. 1 corn, harvesting a whole corn straw plant after the corn is picked, removing roots, cleaning, cutting into small sections of straws with the length of 2-5 cm, and adjusting the water content of the small sections of straws to 65% -75%;
(2) preparing an additive I, wherein the additive I comprises the following components in parts by weight: 3 parts of calcium powder, 57 parts of corn flour, 14 parts of bean pulp, 14 parts of wheat bran, 2 parts of fennel oil, 28 parts of fresh broad-leaf Lepidium Merrill leaf and 2 parts of ferrous fumarate; mixing the additive I and the small sections of straws in a mixing mass ratio of the small sections of straws: mixing and stirring the additive I in a ratio of 100:13 uniformly to obtain a mixture A;
(3) preparing an additive II which is a compound extract of the umbilicaria esculenta, rape oil seeds and purslane, adding the additive II into the mixture A, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture B, wherein the mass ratio of the mixture B to the mixture A is as follows: additive II is 100: 6;
(4) and (3) putting the mixture B into a silage bag, sealing, vacuumizing the bag, storing indoors, keeping out of the sun, and storing for 60 days to obtain the silage.
The preparation of additive II in this comparative example is exactly the same as in example 3.
Comparative example 6
A novel silage preparation method comprises the following preparation steps:
(1) planting Guiding No. 1 corn, harvesting a whole corn straw plant after the corn is picked, removing roots, cleaning, cutting into small sections of straws with the length of 2-5 cm, and adjusting the water content of the small sections of straws to 65% -75%;
(2) preparing an additive I, wherein the additive I comprises the following components in parts by weight: 3 parts of calcium powder, 57 parts of corn flour, 14 parts of bean pulp, 14 parts of wheat bran, 2 parts of fennel oil, 10 parts of fresh broad-leaf stringy stonecrop leaf, 2 parts of ferrous fumarate and 18 parts of fresh abrus herb; mixing the additive I and the small sections of straws in a mixing mass ratio of the small sections of straws: mixing and stirring the additive I in a ratio of 100:13 uniformly to obtain a mixture A;
(3) preparing an additive II, wherein the additive II is a rock ear extract, adding the additive II into the mixture A, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture B, wherein the mass ratio of the mixture B to the mixture A is as follows: additive II is 100: 6;
(4) and (3) putting the mixture B into a silage bag, sealing, vacuumizing the bag, storing indoors, keeping out of the sun, and storing for 60 days to obtain the silage.
The preparation method of the additive II in the comparative example comprises the following steps:
1) cutting herba Umbillcariae Esculentae, placing the cut material in a sealed container, sealing the container, introducing nitrogen gas until the pressure in the container is not less than 3 atm, and maintaining the pressure for 10 min;
2) deflating the sealed container after pressure maintaining, vacuumizing until the pressure in the container is less than or equal to 0.2 atmospheric pressure, maintaining the pressure for 30min, taking out the chopped objects after the pressure maintaining is finished, soaking the chopped objects into an extracting solution for extraction, keeping the temperature of the solution at 50-60 ℃, wherein the extracting solution is an aqueous solution of malic acid with the concentration of 40g/L, the mass of the extracting solution is 5 times of the total mass of the chopped objects soaked in the extracting solution, performing solid-liquid separation after 30min of extraction to obtain a solid phase C and a liquid phase, and performing reduced pressure concentration on the liquid phase to 1/5 of the original volume to obtain a liquid phase D;
3) and soaking the solid phase C in a cellulase solution with the mass percentage of cellulase being 3%, performing enzymolysis treatment, wherein the mass of the cellulase solution is 5 times of that of the solid phase C soaked in the solution, keeping the temperature of the solution constant at 28-30 ℃, soaking for 5h, filtering, soaking the solid phase in an ethanol solution again, leaching for 30min, performing solid-liquid separation after leaching, concentrating the liquid phase under reduced pressure to constant weight to obtain a leaching product, and mixing the leaching product with the liquid phase D to obtain the additive II.
Comparative example 7
A novel silage preparation method comprises the following preparation steps:
(1) planting Guiding No. 1 corn, harvesting a whole corn straw plant after the corn is picked, removing roots, cleaning, cutting into small sections of straws with the length of 2-5 cm, and adjusting the water content of the small sections of straws to 65% -75%;
(2) preparing an additive I, wherein the additive I comprises the following components in parts by weight: 3 parts of calcium powder, 57 parts of corn flour, 14 parts of bean pulp, 14 parts of wheat bran, 2 parts of fennel oil, 10 parts of fresh broad-leaf stringy stonecrop leaf, 2 parts of ferrous fumarate and 18 parts of fresh abrus herb; mixing the additive I and the small sections of straws in a mixing mass ratio of the small sections of straws: mixing and stirring the additive I in a ratio of 100:13 uniformly to obtain a mixture A;
(3) preparing an additive II which is a rapeseed extract, adding the additive II into the mixture A, and stirring uniformly to obtain a mixture B, wherein the mass ratio of the mixture B to the mixture A is as follows: additive II is 100: 6;
(4) and (3) putting the mixture B into a silage bag, sealing, vacuumizing the bag, storing indoors, keeping out of the sun, and storing for 60 days to obtain the silage.
The preparation method of the additive II in the comparative example comprises the following steps:
1) placing the dried vegetable oil seeds in a sealed container, sealing the container, introducing nitrogen until the internal pressure of the container is more than or equal to 3 atmospheric pressures, and maintaining the pressure for 10 min;
2) deflating the sealed container after pressure maintaining, vacuumizing until the pressure in the container is less than or equal to 0.2 atmospheric pressure, maintaining the pressure for 30min, taking out the chopped objects after the pressure maintaining is finished, soaking the chopped objects into an extracting solution for extraction, keeping the temperature of the solution at 50-60 ℃, wherein the extracting solution is an aqueous solution of malic acid with the concentration of 40g/L, the mass of the extracting solution is 5 times of the total mass of the chopped objects soaked in the extracting solution, performing solid-liquid separation after 30min of extraction to obtain a solid phase C and a liquid phase, and performing reduced pressure concentration on the liquid phase to 1/5 of the original volume to obtain a liquid phase D;
3) and soaking the solid phase C in a cellulase solution with the mass percentage of cellulase being 3%, performing enzymolysis treatment, wherein the mass of the cellulase solution is 5 times of that of the solid phase C soaked in the solution, keeping the temperature of the solution constant at 28-30 ℃, soaking for 5h, filtering, soaking the solid phase in an ethanol solution again, leaching for 30min, performing solid-liquid separation after leaching, concentrating the liquid phase under reduced pressure to constant weight to obtain a leaching product, and mixing the leaching product with the liquid phase D to obtain the additive II.
Comparative example 8
A novel silage preparation method comprises the following preparation steps:
(1) planting Guiding No. 1 corn, harvesting a whole corn straw plant after the corn is picked, removing roots, cleaning, cutting into small sections of straws with the length of 2-5 cm, and adjusting the water content of the small sections of straws to 65% -75%;
(2) preparing an additive I, wherein the additive I comprises the following components in parts by weight: 3 parts of calcium powder, 57 parts of corn flour, 14 parts of bean pulp, 14 parts of wheat bran, 2 parts of fennel oil, 10 parts of fresh broad-leaf stringy stonecrop leaf, 2 parts of ferrous fumarate and 18 parts of fresh abrus herb; mixing the additive I and the small sections of straws in a mixing mass ratio of the small sections of straws: mixing and stirring the additive I in a ratio of 100:13 uniformly to obtain a mixture A;
(3) preparing an additive II, wherein the additive II is a purslane extract, adding the additive II into the mixture A, and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture B, wherein the mass ratio of the mixture A: additive II is 100: 6;
(4) and (3) putting the mixture B into a silage bag, sealing, vacuumizing the bag, storing indoors, keeping out of the sun, and storing for 60 days to obtain the silage.
The preparation method of the additive II in the comparative example comprises the following steps:
1) cutting fresh herba Portulacae leaf, placing the cut material in a sealed container, sealing the container, introducing nitrogen gas until the pressure in the container is not less than 3 atm, and maintaining the pressure for 10 min;
2) deflating the sealed container after pressure maintaining, vacuumizing until the pressure in the container is less than or equal to 0.2 atmospheric pressure, maintaining the pressure for 30min, taking out the chopped objects after the pressure maintaining is finished, soaking the chopped objects into an extracting solution for extraction, keeping the temperature of the solution at 50-60 ℃, wherein the extracting solution is an aqueous solution of malic acid with the concentration of 40g/L, the mass of the extracting solution is 5 times of the total mass of the chopped objects soaked in the extracting solution, performing solid-liquid separation after 30min of extraction to obtain a solid phase C and a liquid phase, and performing reduced pressure concentration on the liquid phase to 1/5 of the original volume to obtain a liquid phase D;
3) and soaking the solid phase C in a cellulase solution with the mass percentage of cellulase being 3%, performing enzymolysis treatment, wherein the mass of the cellulase solution is 5 times of that of the solid phase C soaked in the solution, keeping the temperature of the solution constant at 28-30 ℃, soaking for 5h, filtering, soaking the solid phase in an ethanol solution again, leaching for 30min, performing solid-liquid separation after leaching, concentrating the liquid phase under reduced pressure to constant weight to obtain a leaching product, and mixing the leaching product with the liquid phase D to obtain the additive II.
Example 5
Silage prepared according to the methods of examples 1-4 and comparative examples 1-8 was tested for pH, aerobic stability, and soluble carbohydrates using the leach solution method: taking 25g of silage, adding 225mL of secondary distilled water, leaching for 24h at 5 ℃, then filtering to remove solid phase, storing the liquid at-20 ℃ for 3h, and then measuring the pH value of the leaching solution by using a pen-type acidimeter, namely the pH value of the silage. The aerobic stability test method comprises the following steps: placing the silage which is just fermented and is not unsealed in an insulating and heat-insulating bottle body, inserting a thermometer in the center of the silage, observing temperature change, monitoring room temperature, and obtaining the time interval from the time when the sample contacts air to the time when the temperature of the sample is 2 ℃ higher than the room temperature, namely the time for aerobic stabilization to last. The soluble carbohydrate determination method adopts an anthrone sulfate method, and refers to the influence of pectin residue addition on corn straw silage (Hubei agricultural science 2019) of Wanghao and the like. The results are shown in Table 1.
The pH value is an important index for evaluating the fermentation quality of the silage, and generally, the quality of the silage is better when the pH value is less than 4. As can be seen from Table 1, the silage prepared by the method has a pH value of less than 4, and the fermentation quality is good. As can be seen from the comparison of example 3 and comparative example 1, the additive I provided by the invention has a large influence on the ensiling of corn straws, and the phenomenon is that the pH value of a fermentation product cannot reach good quality without adding the additive I, which indicates that the ensiling effect is poor and the organic acid content is insufficient. Compared with the comparative examples 3 and 3-5, the promotion effect of the additive I on the corn straw ensiling process is mainly realized through broad leaf striga asiatica leaves and abrus cantoniensis hance, and other additive components are mainly added into the feed as nutrient components, so that the influence on the fermentation effect is small. The broad-leaf striga asiatica leaves and the abrus cantoniensis hance have synergistic effect, and the promotion effect is not obvious when a certain component is added independently. Comparative example 3 and comparative example 2 it is seen that additive ii when added to feed silage, mainly affects the aerobic stability of the feed. The higher aerobic stability of the silage is beneficial to reducing the probability of secondary fermentation and reducing the feed loss and the risk of the livestock suffering from diseases due to the intake of mildewed feed.
TABLE 1
| Test group | pH value | Aerobic stability |
| Example 1 | 3.44 | 126h17min |
| Example 2 | 3.38 | 126h53min |
| Example 3 | 3.31 | 127h32min |
| Example 4 | 3.35 | 127h03min |
| Comparative example 1 | 4.72 | 111h14min |
| Comparative example 2 | 3.76 | 18h55min |
| Comparative example 3 | 4.68 | 97h45min |
| Comparative example 4 | 4.42 | 102h36min |
| Comparative example 5 | 4.38 | 106h29min |
| Comparative example 6 | 3.94 | 67h51min |
| Comparative example 7 | 4.06 | 26h16min |
| Comparative example 8 | 3.89 | 39h28min |
The technical solutions provided by the present invention are described in detail above, and for those skilled in the art, the ideas according to the embodiments of the present invention may be changed in the specific implementation manners and the application ranges, and in summary, the content of the present description should not be construed as limiting the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. The preparation method of the novel silage is characterized by comprising the following preparation steps:
(1) after the corn is picked, harvesting the whole corn straw, removing roots, cleaning, cutting into small sections of straws with the length of 2-5 cm, and adjusting the water content of the small sections of straws to 65% -75%;
(2) preparing an additive I, wherein the additive I comprises calcium powder, corn flour, bean pulp, wheat bran, fennel oil, fresh broad-leaf Lepidium Merrill leaf, ferrous fumarate and fresh abrus cantoniensis; mixing and uniformly stirring the additive I and the small sections of straws to obtain a mixture A;
(3) preparing an additive II which is a compound extract of the umbilicaria esculenta, the rapeseed and the purslane, and adding the additive II into the mixture A and uniformly stirring to obtain a mixture B;
(4) and (3) putting the mixture B into a silage bag, sealing, vacuumizing the silage bag, storing the silage bag indoors and in a dark place for more than 60 days to obtain the silage.
2. The method for preparing the novel silage as claimed in claim 1, wherein the additive I comprises the following components in parts by weight: 1-4 parts of calcium powder, 50-60 parts of corn flour, 10-16 parts of bean pulp, 10-16 parts of wheat bran, 1-3 parts of fennel oil, 8-12 parts of fresh broad-leaf Lepidium Merrill leaf, 1-3 parts of ferrous fumarate and 15-20 parts of fresh abrus cantoniensis hance.
3. The manufacturing method of the novel silage as claimed in claim 1, wherein the mixing mass ratio of the additive I and the small segments of straw is small segments of straw: and (3) the additive I is 100: 10-14.
4. The method for preparing the novel silage as claimed in claim 1, wherein the method for preparing the additive II comprises:
1) mixing herba Saussureae Involueratae, semen Brassicae campestris and fresh herba Portulacae leaf, chopping, placing the chopped material in a sealed container, sealing the container, introducing nitrogen gas until the pressure in the container is not less than 3 atm, and maintaining the pressure for more than 10 min;
2) deflating the sealed container after pressure maintaining, vacuumizing until the pressure in the container is less than or equal to 0.2 atmospheric pressure, maintaining the pressure for more than 30min, taking out the chopped objects after the pressure maintaining is finished, soaking the chopped objects in an extracting solution for extraction, keeping the temperature of the solution at 50-60 ℃, wherein the extracting solution is an aqueous solution of malic acid, performing solid-liquid separation after the extraction is finished to obtain a solid phase C and a liquid phase, and performing reduced pressure concentration on the liquid phase to obtain a liquid phase D;
3) and soaking the solid phase C in a cellulase solution for enzymolysis, keeping the temperature of the solution constant at 28-30 ℃, filtering after treatment, soaking the solid phase in an ethanol solution again for extraction, performing solid-liquid separation after extraction, concentrating the liquid phase under reduced pressure until the weight is constant to obtain an extract, and mixing the extract with the liquid phase D to obtain the additive II.
5. The method for preparing the novel silage as claimed in claim 4, wherein the mix mass ratio of the umbilicaria esculenta, the rape oil seeds and the fresh purslane leaves is that the ratio of umbilicaria esculenta to fresh purslane leaves is that: dried vegetable oil seeds: fresh purslane leaves are 10: 6-12: 2-5.
6. The method for preparing a novel silage as claimed in claim 4, wherein the concentration of malic acid in the extract is 20-50 g/L, the rest is water, the mass of the extract is 5-6 times of the total mass of the chopped matter soaked in the extract, and the liquid phase is concentrated under reduced pressure to 1/5-1/4 of the original volume to obtain the liquid phase D.
7. The method for preparing a novel silage as claimed in claim 4, wherein the cellulase in the cellulase solution is 2-3% by mass, and the mass of the solid phase C soaked in the cellulase solution is 5-6 times of the mass of the solid phase C.
8. The method for preparing silage according to claim 4, wherein additive II is added into mixture A in a mass ratio of: mixture A: and (3) the additive II is 100: 4-7.
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