CN110582286A - 基质结合囊泡(mbv)的眼部应用 - Google Patents
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- CN110582286A CN110582286A CN201880029684.4A CN201880029684A CN110582286A CN 110582286 A CN110582286 A CN 110582286A CN 201880029684 A CN201880029684 A CN 201880029684A CN 110582286 A CN110582286 A CN 110582286A
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Abstract
本文公开了用于增加需要其的受试者的视网膜神经节细胞存活的方法。这些方法包括选择需要增加视网膜神经节细胞存活的受试者,并对受试者施用治疗有效量的源自胞外基质的分离的纳米囊泡(MBV)。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本申请要求于2017年5月5日提交的美国临时申请号62/502,271的权益,该申请通过引用并入本文。
技术领域
这涉及眼科领域,特别是涉及基质结合纳米囊泡(MBV)增加视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)存活的用途和与RGC存活降低相关的眼科疾病的治疗。
政府支持致谢
本发明在美国Army/MRMC授予的授权号W81XWH-15-1-0026的政府支持下完成。政府对本申请享有一定权利。
背景技术
对导致RGC死亡的眼损伤和神经退行性疾病之后的靶向神经修复的治疗存在大量未满足的需求。世界上有约2.85亿人遭受因眼部疾病或创伤所致的不同程度的永久性视力丧失(WHO,"Visual impairmentand blindness.",可在who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/en/处在线获得,2014年8月)。仅在美国,每年发生250万例眼损伤,其中50,000例导致永久失明(Owens and Mutter,Statistical Brief#112.Healthcare Costand Utilization Project(HCUP)Statistical Briefs.Rockville(MD)2006)。RGC轴突再生失败仍然是眼部修复的障碍,这可归因于各种因损伤引起的抑制轴突再生的因素。这些因素包括固有轴突生长能力差(Goldberg et al.,神经元33(5):689-702,2002),神经营养支持丧失(Mansour-Robaey et al.,Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A91(5):1632-1636,1994),胶质细胞表达的抑制分子(McKeon et al.,J Neurosci 19(24):10778-10788,1999)或在细胞损伤期间释放的抑制分子(McKeon et al.,J Neurosci 11(11):3398-3411,1991),以及炎性免疫应答(Darlington et al.,J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 67(6):590-599m2008)。在啮齿目动物模型中,通过分子或遗传操纵靶向这些因素中的一个或多个的多因素方法可改善神经元的存活和再生。然而,使用目前可用的方式,成功再生的神经元的数量很少(Tropea et al.,J Neurosci 23(18):7034-7044,2003),目标神经支配力(targetreinnervation)差,并且功能恢复很少甚至没有。因此,仍需要再生轴突的方法,诸如在视网膜神经节中。
使用胞外基质(ECM)技术的再生医学策略已在临床前和临床上成功地促进了肌肉和结缔组织的组织修复。ECM是独特的蛋白和多糖微环境,其定义细胞和组织的特性和功能。ECM技术使用异种ECM生物支架,其通过对健康组织去细胞来衍生。尽管确切的机理尚未清楚,ECM生物支架能增加巨噬细胞中的抗炎性M2-样信号传导,并指导适当位置的细胞募集和分化,以减少瘢痕形成和增加默认情况下身体不能修复的组织中的适当位置的组织修复。最近,在所测试的所有实验和商品ECM生物支架中均发现了基质结合囊泡(MBV),并且初步数据显示MBV能概括母体ECM的许多积极作用。本文公开了MBV的新用途。
发明内容
本文公开了用于增加需要其的受试者的视网膜神经节细胞存活的方法。这些方法包括选择需要增加视网膜神经节细胞存活的受试者,和对受试者的眼局部施用治疗有效量的源自胞外基质的分离的纳米囊泡,其中纳米囊泡在受试者的巨噬细胞上维持F4/80和CD-11b的表达,其中纳米囊泡包含赖氨酰氧化酶,并且其中纳米囊泡:a)不表达CD63或CD81,或b)是CD63loCD81lo。
本文公开了包含治疗有效量的源自胞外基质的分离的纳米囊泡的组合物用于增加视网膜神经节细胞存活的用途,其中纳米囊泡在受试者的巨噬细胞上维持F4/80和CD-11b的表达,其中纳米囊泡包含赖氨酰氧化酶,并且其中纳米囊泡:a)不表达CD63或CD81,或b)是CD63loCD。在一些实施方案中,这些组合物用于治疗患有青光眼的受试者。在其它实施方案中,这些组合物用于治疗患有因损伤或遗传病所致的视网膜神经节细胞变性的受试者。在更多实施方案中,这些组合物用于治疗受试者,所述受试者患有非压力相关型青光眼性视神经病变(pressure-independent glaucomatous optic neuropathy)、缺血性视神经病变、炎性视神经病变、压迫性视神经病变或创伤性视神经病变。在其它实施方案中,这些组合物用于治疗受试者,所述受试者患有动脉炎性缺血性视神经病变(arteriticischemic optic neuropathy)、与巨细胞动脉炎相关的动脉炎性缺血性视神经病变、非动脉炎性缺血性视神经病变、浸润性视神经病变、与结节病相关的浸润性视神经病变、感染性视神经病变、与梅毒相关的感染性视神经病变、与莱姆病相关的感染性视神经病变、与弓形虫病相关的感染性视神经病变、与带状疱疹相关的感染性视神经病变、脱髓鞘病所致的视神经炎、辐射后视神经病变、肠病性肢端皮炎、遗传性视神经病变、与显性视神经病变相关的遗传性视神经病变、压迫性视神经病变、与眼眶炎性假瘤相关的压迫性视神经病变、与甲状腺眼病相关的压迫性视神经病变、自身免疫性视神经病变或与狼疮相关的自身免疫性视神经病变。
通过参考附图进行的以下详细描述,本发明的前述和其它目的、特征和优点将变得更加明显。
附图说明
图1A-1B.MBV增加了RGC神经突生长。(A)UBM-ECM或MBV(5-80μg/ml)未改变RGC活力。数据归一化为无治疗对照。(B)用5-20μg/ml的MBV治疗时,总RGC神经突生长增加,并且用剂量为50-80μg/ml的MBV时,总RGC神经突生长减少。误差线表示SEM,n=3。与培养基相比的*p<0.01;与培养基相比的**p<0.001。
图2A-2H.MBV抑制小神经胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的促炎性细胞因子分泌。(A-C)在未诱发的(unprimed)小神经胶质细胞中,LPS/IFNγ增加了促炎性细胞因子。在诱发的(primed)小神经胶质细胞中,培养基中的IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α分泌保持升高,但所有三种细胞因子的分泌均因UBM-ECM和MBV而显著减少。(D-F)类似于小神经胶质细胞,LPS/IFNγ增加了星形胶质细胞的促炎性细胞因子分泌,并且这些增加因UBM-ECM和MBV而减少。(G-H)表格显示了未诱发和诱发的小神经胶质细胞(G)和星形胶质细胞(H)的实际细胞因子浓度。误差线代表SEM,数据代表来自三个独立实验的样品(一式三份)。组间单向ANOVA,*p<0.05。
图3.MBV增加了来自促炎性星形胶质细胞的条件培养基中的RGC存活。用来自星形胶质细胞的培养基治疗RGC,所述星形胶质细胞用通过诱发或未诱发的小神经胶质细胞调节的上清液培养。3天后,用LPS/IFNγ-未诱发的培养基和培养基-诱发的培养基治疗的RGC显示了100%RGC死亡。用诱发的MBV或诱发的UBM-ECM培养基治疗的RGC显示增加了存活。数据归一化为非条件培养基。误差线代表SEM,实验代表从3个独立实验分析的n>300个神经元。#p<0.01,与非条件培养基相比。
图4.MBV体内毒性。在第0、2和7日将MBV以5、10和20ug/ml经玻璃体内注射到健康的未损伤大鼠眼。与未注射对照相比,PBS或5ug/ml的MBV不影响RGC活力,然而10和20ug/ml的MBV减少了中央视网膜的RGC活力,但未减少周边视网膜的RGC活力。N=5只动物/组,每个视网膜分析12个位置。*p<0.05,与未注射对照相比。数据显示可使用5ug/ml的MBV浓度而不会影响体内的中央或周边视网膜的RGC活力。
图5A-5C.MBV促进了IOP损伤后的RGC存活增加。(A)显示了在未损伤对照眼(对照)中,在未治疗的IOP升高(IOP),PBS治疗的IOP升高和MBV治疗(IOP+MBV)后,中央和周边视网膜中用RBPMS和Brn3A共同标记的RGC细胞体的代表性图像。(B-C)与未治疗和PBS治疗的眼相比,定量分析显示MBV在中央视网膜(B)和周边视网膜(C)中均增加了RGC活力。误差线代表SEM,n=5只动物/组,每个视网膜12张视网膜图像,每组总计60幅图像。显著性通过单向ANOVA用图基事后检验法(Post-hoc Tukey’s test)在组间测定;与培养基相比,#p<0.05,##p<0.01;组间,*p<0.05。
图6A-6C.MBV抑制了RGC轴突变性。(A)显示了在未损伤对照眼(对照)、未治疗的IOP眼(IOP)、PBS治疗的IOP眼和MBV治疗的IOP眼中的中央和周边视网膜中用CtxB标记的RGC轴突的代表性图像。(B)显示了未损伤对照眼(对照)、未治疗的IOP眼(IOP)、PBS治疗的IOP眼和MBV治疗的IOP眼的视神经中用CtxB标记的RGC轴突的代表性图像。(C)CtxB表达的定量分析显示MBV减少了RGC轴突损失。误差线代表SEM,n=5只动物/组,每个视神经15幅图像,每组总计75幅图像。显著性通过单向ANOVA以图基事后检验法在组间测定;与培养基相比,#p<0.05,##p<0.01;组间,*p<0.05。
图7A-7B.MBV减少了视神经中IOP-诱导的胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)表达。(A)显示了在未损伤对照眼(对照)、未治疗的IOP眼(IOP)、PBS治疗的IOP眼和MBV治疗的IOP眼的视神经中的GFAP表达的代表性图像。(B)GFAP免疫反应性的定量分析,显示玻璃体内MBV注射减少了视神经中的GFAP表达。误差线代表SEM,n=5只动物/组,每个视神经15幅图像,每组分析总计75幅图像。显著性通过单向ANOVA以图基事后检验法在组间测定;与培养基相比,#p<0.001;组间,*p<0.001。
图8A-8B.MBV增加了视神经中的GAP-43表达。(A)显示在未损伤对照眼(对照)、未治疗的IOP眼(IOP)、PBS治疗的IOP眼和MBV治疗的IOP眼的视神经中的GAP-43表达的代表性图像。(B)GAP-43免疫反应性的定量分析,显示玻璃体内MBV注射增加了视神经中的GAP-43表达。误差线代表SEM,实验代表n=5只动物/组,每只动物的每个视神经15幅图像,每组分析总计75幅图像。显著性通过单向ANOVA以图基事后检验法在组间测定;与培养基相比,#p<0.05;组间,*p<0.05。
图9A-9D.缺血性损伤之后的MBV注射增加了明视负波反应(Photopic negativeresponse,PhNR)幅度并缩短了潜伏期。(A)未损伤视网膜(蓝线)或IOP-损伤的视网膜(红线)在IOP升高后14天的视网膜电图(ERG)反应的比较。(B)未损伤视网膜(蓝线)或在IOP受伤后用MBV治疗的眼的视网膜(红线)在IOP升高后14天的ERG反应的比较。(C)定量地,使用或不使用PBS注射的IOP升高与未损伤对照相比减少了明视负波反应(PhNR)幅度。与未治疗组相比,MBV治疗增加了PhNR幅度,并且未受伤组和MBV治疗组之间的PhNR幅度没有差别。(D)与用MBV治疗的IOP升高相比,IOP升高减少了PhNR潜伏期并且被显著增加。C,D.误差线代表SEM,n=5只动物/组,每只动物3个ERG记录。显著性通过单向ANOVA以图基事后检验法在组间测定;与培养基相比,#p<0.05;组间,*p<0.05。
序列表
所附序列表中列出的核酸和氨基酸序列使用如37C.F.R.1.822中定义的核苷酸碱基的标准字母缩写以及氨基酸的三字母代码显示。仅显示每个核酸序列的一条链,但应理解当提及所展示的链时,其互补链也包括在内。序列表以ASCII文本文件提交[2018年5月4日,1,121字节],其通过引用并入本文。
发明详细
由胞外基质(ECM)构成的生物支架已被开发用作手术网状材料,并且用于包括以下的临床应用中:腹疝修复术(Alicuban et al.,Hernia.2014;18(5):705-712),肌肉骨骼重建术(Mase et al.,Orthopedics.2010;33(7):511),食管重建术(Badylak et al.,Tissue Eng Part A.2011;17(11-12):1643-50),硬脑膜置换术(Bejjani et al.,JNeurosurg.2007;106(6):1028-1033),腱修复术(Longo et al.,Stem Cells Int.2012;2012:517165),乳房重建术(Salzber,Ann Plast Surg.2006;57(1):1-5),以及其它(Badylak et al.,Acta Biomater.2009;5(1):1-13)。
基质结合纳米囊泡(MBV)嵌入在ECM的纤维网络中。这些纳米粒子保护其转载物(cargo)免于在ECM-支架生产过程中降解和变性。外泌体是先前几乎只在体液和细胞培养上清液中发现的微囊泡。已证明MBV和外泌体是不同的。MBV与其他微囊泡不同,例如,MBV耐受去污剂和/或酶消化,包含不同的微小RNA簇,并且富含miR-145。MBV不具备在诸如外泌体的其他微囊泡中发现的特征表面蛋白。如本文所公开的,MBV影响细胞存活并且调节愈合反应以保存或恢复神经功能。公开了MBV差异化地调节RGC存活、轴突生长和组织重塑。
术语
提供以下术语和方法的解释以更好地描述本公开和指导本领域技术人员实践本公开。除非上下文另有明确说明,否则单数形式“一/一个/一种(a/an)”和“所述/该(the)”表示一个(种)或多于一个(种)。例如,术语“包含一个细胞”包括单个或多个细胞,并且被认为等同于短语“包含至少一个细胞”。除非上下文另有明确说明,术语“或”表示所述可替代要素中的单个要素或者两个或更多个要素的组合。如本文所用的,“包括”表示“包含”。因此,“包括A或B”表示“包含A、B、或A和B”而不排除其他要素。本文中提到的登录号的日期为最早至少在2015年9月16日可得的序列。本文中引用的所有参考文献、专利申请和公布以及登录号均通过引用并入。为了方便审阅本公开的多个实施方案,提供以下对特定术语的解释。
动物:活的多细胞脊椎动物生物体,包括例如哺乳动物和鸟类的类别。术语哺乳动物包括人和非人哺乳动物。类似地,术语“受试者”包括人类和兽类受试者。
生物可相容:当植入到哺乳动物受试者体内时不会引起受试者的不良反应的任何材料。当将生物可相容材料引入到个体中时,其能够实施其预期功能,对该个体无害或无损伤,并且也不会引起受试者对该材料的免疫排斥。
富集:混合物中感兴趣的组分(诸如纳米囊泡)在富集过程之后与富集过程之前相比该组分的量与该混合物中其它不需要组分的量之比增加的过程。
胞外基质(ECM):包围和支撑组织中细胞的结构性和功能性生物分子和/或生物大分子的复杂混合物,包括但不限于结构蛋白、专门蛋白(specialized protein)、蛋白聚糖、糖胺聚糖和生长因子,并且,除非另外说明,否则其是无细胞的。ECM制剂可被认为是“去细胞的”或“无细胞的”,表示已通过本文所述和本领域中已知的方法将细胞从源组织中移除。“ECM衍生的材料”,诸如“ECM衍生的纳米囊泡”、“基质结合纳米囊泡”、“MBV”或“源自ECM的纳米囊泡”,是指从天然ECM或从其中通过培养的细胞产生ECM的体外来源制成的纳米囊泡。ECM衍生的纳米囊泡如下定义。
青光眼:特征在于视网膜神经节细胞死亡、视神经头凹陷(excavation of theoptic nerve head)和视野逐渐丧失的眼部疾病。众所周知,异常高的眼内压对眼睛有害,并且是青光眼的主要风险因素之一。在青光眼患者中,高眼内压能够导致视网膜退行性改变。“高眼压症”是指在具有异常高眼内压但在视野或视神经头中没有任何缺陷表现的个体中的临床情况。具有高眼压症的个体有转化为青光眼的风险,并且该风险与较高的眼内压测量结果相关。
青光眼可被分为开角型和闭角型,并且进一步分为急性型和慢性型。也有正常张力的青光眼。青光眼可为原发性或继发性青光眼。所有青光眼案例中超过80%为慢性开角型青光眼(COAG),也称为原发开角型青光眼。任何这些形式的青光眼可使用本文所公开的方法治疗。
“原发闭角型青光眼”是由虹膜、小梁网和周围角膜之间接触继而阻碍了房水从眼中流出而引起的。虹膜和小梁网(TM)之间的这种接触可逐渐损害小梁网的功能,直到其跟不上房水产生,并且压力升高。在过半病例中,虹膜与TM之间的长期接触导致粘连形成(实际上为“瘢痕”)。这些导致房水流出的永久性阻碍。在一些情况中,压力可能在眼中迅速累积,导致疼痛和红肿(有症状的或所谓的“急性”房角关闭)。在这种情况中,视力可变得模糊不清,并且可能在亮光周围看到光晕。伴随症状可包括头痛和呕吐。可从身体迹象和症状做出诊断:瞳孔中度扩张和对光无反应、角膜水肿(混浊)、视力减退、红肿和疼痛。然而,大部分病例是无症状的。在极为严重的视力丧失之前,这些病例仅能通过通常由眼科护理专业人士的检查来鉴定。
“原发开角型青光眼”在视神经损伤导致视野逐渐丧失时发生。并非所有患有原发开角型青光眼的人都有升高到正常之外的眼压。压力增加是由于房水流出通道的阻塞引起的。由于堵塞了微小通路,压力在眼中累积并引起觉察不到的非常缓慢的视力丧失。首先影响外围视力,但如果不治疗的话最终将丧失全部视力。可通过寻找视神经的杯状凹陷(cupping)和测量视野来做出诊断。前列腺素激动剂通过开启葡萄膜巩膜通路起作用。
其它类型的青光眼为发育性青光眼和继发性青光眼,其可在葡萄膜炎、虹膜睫状体炎眼内出血、创伤或眼内肿瘤之后发生。任何类型的青光眼可使用本文所公开的方法治疗。
在青光眼中发生视网膜神经节细胞死亡。本文公开了增加视网膜神经节细胞存活的方法。
眼内施用:将药剂直接施用到眼,例如,通过递送到玻璃体或前房。间接眼内递送(例如经由扩散通过角膜)不直接施用到眼。
眼内压:充满眼球的液体(即房水)的压力,其通过眼内房水生产速度与通过前房角朝向巩膜静脉窦(Schlemm's canal)离开眼部时房水流出阻力之间的相互作用决定。在人眼中,房水形成速度为2.54/分钟,而在兔眼中约为3至4μL/分钟。根据广泛接受的共识,人眼中的正常IOP测量值在10-20mmHg之间,平均15.5mmHg。
玻璃体内施用:将药剂施用到玻璃体腔中。玻璃体腔是以晶状体及其悬浮系统(晶状体悬韧带)作为其前边界并且以视网膜及其涂层作为外围边界的占据了眼球大部分体积的空间。玻璃体内施用可通过注射、泵送或通过植入物来实施。
分离的:“分离的”生物组分(诸如,核酸、蛋白细胞或纳米囊泡)已与该组分所天然存在的生物体或ECM的细胞中的其他生物组分基本分离或从其中纯化出来。已被“分离的”核酸和蛋白质包括通过标准纯化方法纯化的核酸和蛋白质。已分离的纳米囊泡从ECM的纤维材料中移除。该术语还包括通过在宿主细胞中重组表达制成的核酸和蛋白质以及化学合成的核酸。
赖氨酰氧化酶(Lox):一种铜依赖型酶,其催化胶原和弹性蛋白前体中赖氨酸残基形成醛。这些醛是高反应性的,并且与其他赖氨酰氧化酶-衍生的醛残基或与未修饰的赖氨酸残基经历自发的化学反应。在体内,这导致胶原与弹性蛋白的交联,所述交联在胶原蛋白纤维的稳定和成熟弹性蛋白的完整性和弹性方面发挥作用。在胶原(源于三个赖氨酸残基的吡啶啉)中和弹性蛋白(源于四个赖氨酸残基的锁链素)中形成不同结构的复杂交联。已从多种生物体克隆了编码Lox酶的基因(Hamalainen et al.,Genomics 11:508,1991;Trackman et al.,Biochemistry 29:4863,1990;通过引用并入本文)。已显示人赖氨酰氧化酶序列的残基153-417和残基201-417对催化功能来说很重要。有四种Lox-样同种型,称为LoxL1、LoxL2、LoxL3和LoxL4。
巨噬细胞:一种白细胞类型,其吞噬和降解细胞碎片、外来物质、微生物和癌细胞。除了它们在吞噬中的作用之外,这些细胞在发育、组织维持和修复以及在先天性和适应性免疫中也有重要作用,因为它们募集和影响包括免疫细胞(诸如淋巴细胞)在内的其他细胞。巨噬细胞可以多种表型存在,包括被称为M1和M2的表型。主要实现促炎性功能的巨噬细胞被称为M1巨噬细胞(CD86+/CD68+),而减少炎症并且促进和调节组织修复的巨噬细胞被称为M2巨噬细胞(CD206+/CD68+)。识别巨噬细胞的不同表型的标记物因物种而变。应注意巨噬细胞表型通过M1和M2的极值之间的图谱表示。F4/80(由粘附G蛋白偶联受体E1(ADGRE1)基因编码)是巨噬细胞标记物,参见登录号NP_001243181.1,2018年4月6日;和NP_001965,2018年3月5日,二者均通过引用并入本文。
微小RNA:长度为约17至约25个核苷酸碱基的小非编码RNA,其通常通过抑制目标mRNA翻译来转录后调节基因表达。miRNA能用作负调节物,使得更大量的特异性miRNA与较低水平的靶基因表达相关。有三种形式的miRNA,初级miRNA(pri-miRNAs)、未成熟miRNA(pre-miRNA)和成熟miRNA。初级miRNA(pri-miRNA)被表达为约数百碱基到逾1kb的茎环结构转录物。pri-miRNA转录物在细胞核中被名为Drosha的核糖核酸酶II核酸内切酶切割,该酶在茎环底部附近切割茎部的两条链。Drosha以交错切口切割RNA双链,留下5’磷酸和在3’端的2核苷酸突出端。该切割产物,即未成熟miRNA(pre-miRNA)是具有以折返方式形成的发夹结构的约60至约110个核苷酸。Ran-GTP和输出蛋白-5将pre-miRNA从细胞核运输到细胞质。Pre-miRNA在细胞质中被名为Dicer的另一种核糖核酸酶II核酸内切酶进一步处理。Dicer识别5'磷酸和3'突出端,并在茎环接合处将环切割下来以形成miRNA双链。miRNA双链结合到RNA-诱导的沉默复合物(RISC),其中反义链优先降解,并且有义链成熟miRNA将RISC导向其目标位点。成熟miRNA是miRNA的生物活性形式,并且长度为约17至约25个核苷酸。
纳米囊泡:一种胞外囊泡,其是直径为约10至约1000nm的纳米粒子。纳米囊泡是脂质膜结合粒子,其携带生物活性信号分子(例如,微小RNA,蛋白质)及其它分子。通常,纳米囊泡被脂质双层限制,并且生物分子被包封在和/或可嵌入到双层中。因此,纳米囊泡包括被质膜围绕的空腔。不同类型的囊泡可根据直径、亚细胞来源、密度、形状、沉降速度、脂质组成、蛋白标记物、核酸含量和来源(诸如来自胞外基质或分泌的)来区分。纳米囊泡可通过其来源(诸如来源于ECM的基质结合纳米囊泡(见上文))、蛋白质含量和/或miR含量来鉴定。
“外泌体”是由细胞分泌的、直径在10至150nm范围内的膜性囊泡。通常,晚期胞内体或多泡体包含腔内囊泡,所述腔内囊泡通过囊泡从限制性内吞体膜向内萌芽并切开形成这些闭合囊泡而形成。随后在与质膜融合的胞吐过程中,这些腔内囊泡从多泡体空腔释放到胞外环境中,通常释放到体液中,诸如血液、脑脊液或唾液。当膜片段内陷并被内吞时,在细胞内产生外泌体。被破碎成较小囊泡并最终从细胞中排出的内化片段包含蛋白质和RNA分子,诸如mRNA和miRNA。源于血浆的外泌体显著缺乏核糖体RNA。源于胞外基质的外泌体包括特定的miRNA和蛋白组分,并且已显示几乎存在于所有体液中,诸如血液、尿液、唾液、精液和脑脊液。外泌体可表达CD11c和CD63,因此可以是CD11c+和CD63+。外泌体在其表面上不具有高水平的赖氨酰氧化酶。
“源自ECM的纳米囊泡”、“基质结合纳米囊泡”、“MBV”或“ECM衍生的纳米囊泡”全都是指存在于胞外基质中的、尺寸在10nm-1000nm范围内的相同的膜结合粒子,其包含影响细胞行为的生物活性信号分子,诸如蛋白质、脂质、核酸、生长因子和细胞因子。这些术语可互换,并且是指相同的囊泡。这些MBV嵌入到ECM中并与其结合,并且不仅附着到表面。这些MBV可耐受严苛的分离条件,诸如冷冻-解冻以及用酶(胃蛋白酶、弹性蛋白酶、透明质酸酶、蛋白酶K和胶原酶)消化和用去污剂消化。通常,这些MBV富集了miR-145和任选地miR-181、miR-143和miR-125等。这些MBV不表达CD63或CD81或几乎不表达可检测水平的这些标记物(CD63loCD81lo)。MBV在其表面上包含赖氨酰氧化酶(Lox)。ECM可为来自组织的ECM,可从培养物中的细胞生产,或者可从商业来源购买。MBV不同于外泌体。
可药用载体:可用于本发明中的可药用载体是常规的。Remington’sPharmaceutical Sciences,by E.W.Martin,Mack Publishing Co.,Easton,PA,15thEdition(1975)描述了适合用于本文所公开的融合蛋白的药物递送的组合物和制剂。
大体上,载体的特质将取决于所要采用的特定施用方式。例如,肠胃外制剂通常包括包含药学和生理学可接受的液体(诸如水、生理盐水、平衡盐溶液、葡萄糖水溶液、甘油等)作为载体的注射液。对于固体组合物(例如,粉末、丸粒、片剂或胶囊形式),常规无毒固体载体可包含,例如,药品级甘露醇、乳糖、淀粉或硬脂酸镁。除了生物中性载体之外,要被施用的药物组合物可包含少量无毒辅助物质,诸如湿润或乳化剂、防腐剂和pH缓冲剂等,例如醋酸钠和去水山梨糖醇单月桂酸酯。
药物剂:当适当地施用给受试者或细胞时能引发所需的治疗或预防作用的化合物或组合物。“温育”包括药物与细胞相互作用足够的时间。“接触”包括将固体或液体形式的药剂(诸如外泌体、miRNA或编码miRNA的核酸)与细胞温育。
光毒性:由光引发的细胞损害。
多核苷酸:任何长度的核酸序列(诸如,线性序列)。因此,多核苷酸包括寡核苷酸,并且还包括在染色体中发现的基因序列。“寡核苷酸”是通过天然磷酸二酯键接合的多个接合的核苷酸。寡核苷酸是长度在6-300个核苷酸之间的多核苷酸。寡核苷酸类似物是指功能上类似于寡核苷酸但具有非天然部分的分子部分(moieties)。例如,寡核苷酸类似物可包含非天然部分,诸如改变的糖部分或糖间键,诸如硫代磷酸酯寡脱氧核糖核酸。天然多核苷酸的功能类似物可结合到RNA或DNA,并且包含肽核酸(PNA)分子。
纯化:术语“纯化”不需要绝对的纯度;相反,其旨在作为相对术语。因此,例如,纯化的核酸分子制剂是其中所指的核酸比其在细胞内的天然环境中的核酸更纯的核酸分子制剂。例如,对核酸制剂进行纯化以使得核酸占制剂总蛋白含量的至少50%。类似地,纯化的外泌体制剂是其中外泌体比在包含存在微囊泡和外泌体的细胞的环境中更纯的外泌体制剂。纯化的核酸或外泌体群体的纯度分别大于约90%、91%、92%、93%、94%、95%、96%、97%、98%、99%或100%或者不含其它核酸或细胞组分。
预防或治疗疾病:“预防”疾病是指抑制例如被认为具有疾病(诸如青光眼)倾向的人的疾病发展。具有已知倾向的人的实例是具有家族病史或者已暴露于使受试者倾向于患病的因素的一些人。“治疗”是指在疾病或病理学状况已开始发展之后减轻其迹象或症状的治疗性干预措施。
视网膜:眼睛的光(光子)敏感部分,其包含对光的光感受器(视锥细胞和视杆细胞)。视杆细胞和视锥细胞通过使用光敏感颜料来实施光感知。光敏感颜料由名为视蛋白的蛋白质和名为视黄醛(其是维生素A的变体)的发色物质形成。视杆细胞包含视紫红质(rhodopsin),而视锥细胞包含视青紫质(iodopsin)。视杆细胞和视锥细胞通过连续神经元传输信号,神经元触发视网膜的输出细胞和神经节细胞中的神经放电。视觉信号通过视神经传递到外侧膝状体,视觉信号从此处被传递到视觉皮层(枕叶)并被记录为视觉刺激。
受试者:人和非-人动物,包括所有脊椎动物,诸如哺乳动物和非-哺乳动物,诸如非-人灵长类动物、小鼠、兔、绵羊、犬、猫、马、牛、鸡、两栖动物和爬行动物。在所述方法的许多实施方案中,受试者是人。
治疗有效量:足以在被治疗的受试者中实现所需作用的特定物质(诸如MBV)的量。当施用给受试者时,通常将使用实现目标组织浓度(例如,在骨中)的剂量,该剂量已显示具有理想的体外效果。
移植:将生物可相容物质(诸如MBV)置于需要其的受试者中。
治疗(treating,treatment and therapy):减轻或改善损伤、病理学或病状的任何成功或成功标记,包括任何客观或主观的参数,诸如症状减轻、缓解或消除或者使患者的病状更可忍受,减缓退化或衰退的速度,使退化的终点不那么衰弱,改善受试者身心健康或改善视力。治疗可通过客观或主观的参数来评估;包括身体检查、神经学检查或精神病学评价的结果。
除非另有说明,否则本文中使用的所有科技术语具有与本公开所属领域的普通技术人员通常所理解的相同含义。除非上下文另外明确指出,否则单数术语“一/一个/一种(a/an)”和“所述/该(the)”包括复数。类似地,除非上下文另外明确指出,否则单词“或”旨在包括“和”。因此,“包含A或B”是指包括A或B或A和B。进一步应理解,对于核酸或多肽给出的所有碱基大小或氨基酸大小以及所有分子量或分子量值是近似的,仅供说明。尽管类似于或等同于本文描述那些的方法和材料可以用于本公开的实践或测试中,但是下面描述了合适的方法和材料。本文提及的所有出版物、专利申请、专利和其他参考文献通过引用整体并入本文。在发生冲突的情况下,以本说明书(包括术语解释)为准。另外,材料、方法和实例仅是说明性的,并不意图是限制性的。
源自胞外基质(ECM)的纳米囊泡
源自ECM的纳米囊泡(也称为基质结合纳米囊泡,MBV)在PCT公开号WO 2017/151862中公开,其通过引用并入本文。公开了纳米囊泡嵌入到胞外基质中。这些MBV可被分离并且是生物活性的。因此,这些MBV单独或与另一种ECM结合可用于治疗目的。这些MBV单独或与另一种ECM结合可用于生物支架中。
胞外基质是哺乳动物组织中包围和支撑细胞的结构性和功能性生物分子和/或生物大分子的复杂混合物,包括但不限于结构蛋白、专门蛋白、蛋白聚糖、糖胺聚糖和生长因子,并且,除非另有说明,否则其是无细胞的。通常,所公开的MBV嵌入到任何类型的胞外基质(ECM)中,并且可从该位置分离。因此,MBV不是可拆卸地存在于ECM的表面上,并且不是外泌体。
在例如但不限于以下文献中公开了胞外基质:美国专利号4,902,508;4,956,178;5,281,422;5,352,463;5,372,821;5,554,389;5,573,784;5,645,860;5,771,969;5,753,267;5,762,966;5,866,414;6,099,567;6,485,723;6,576,265;6,579,538;6,696,270;6,783,776;6,793,939;6,849,273;6,852,339;6,861,074;6,887,495;6,890,562;6,890,563;6,890,564;和6,893,666;其中每一篇均通过引用以其整体并入)。然而,可从任何组织或从其体外来源(其中ECM通过培养的细胞产生并且包含天然ECM的一种或多种聚合组分(成分))来生产ECM。ECM制剂可被认为是“去细胞的”或“无细胞的”,这表示已将细胞从源组织或培养物中移除。
在一些实施方案中,ECM从脊椎动物分离,例如,从哺乳类脊椎动物包括但不限于人、猴子、猪、牛、绵羊等。ECM可来源于任何器官或组织,包括但不限于膀胱、肠、肝脏、心脏、食管、脾脏、胃和真皮。在特定的非限制性实例中,胞外基质分离自食管组织、膀胱、小肠粘膜下层、真皮、脐带、心包、心脏组织或骨骼肌。ECM可包含从器官获得的任何部分或组织,包括,例如但不限于,粘膜下层、上皮基底膜、固有膜等。在一个非限制性实施方案中,ECM从膀胱分离。
ECM可包含或不包含基底膜。在另一个非限制性实施方案中,ECM包含至少一部分基底膜。ECM材料可保留或不保留构成原始组织的一些细胞元件,诸如毛细血管内皮细胞或纤维细胞。在一些实施方案中,ECM包含基底膜表面和非-基底膜表面。
在一个非限制性实施方案中,ECM从猪膀胱收集(也称为膀胱基质或UBM)。简言之,ECM通过如下方式制成:从哺乳动物(诸如猪)取出膀胱组织,并切除残余的外部结缔组织,包括脂肪组织。通过用自来水反复清洗去除所有残余尿液。通过首先将组织在去上皮溶液(例如但不限于,高渗盐水(例如,1.0N盐水))浸泡10分钟到4小时的时间而使组织分层。暴露于高渗盐水溶液将上皮细胞从下面的基底膜上去除。任选地,可向盐水溶液中添加钙螯合剂。初始分层程序之后留下的组织包括上皮基底膜和位于上皮基底膜管腔外的组织层。相对脆弱的上皮基底膜常会被管腔表面上的任何机械磨蚀破坏和去除。该组织随后接受进一步处理以去除大部分管腔外组织但保持上皮基底膜和固有膜。通过机械磨蚀或通过酶处理(例如,使用胰蛋白酶或胶原酶)然后水化并磨蚀的组合来从剩余的去上皮组织去除外浆膜、外膜、肌层粘膜、粘膜下层和大部分肌层粘膜。通过用例如但不限于Adson-Brown镊子和Metzenbaum剪刀去除肠系膜组织并且使用纵向擦拭运动以包裹在湿纱布中的手术刀手柄或其他刚性物体擦除肌膜和粘膜下层来实现这些组织的机械去除。还可以考虑涉及切割刀片、激光和其他组织分离方法的自动化机器人程序。在去除这些组织后,所得的ECM主要由上皮基底膜和下固有膜组成。
在另一个实施方案中,使用以手术刀柄和湿纱布进行的纵向擦拭运动,通过摩擦猪膀胱组织以去除包括浆膜和肌膜的外层来制备ECM。在组织片段外翻之后,通过相同的擦拭动作将粘膜的腔部分与下面的组织分层。小心以防止粘膜下层穿孔。在去除了这些组织之后,得到的ECM主要由粘膜下层组成(参见美国专利号9,277,999的图2,其通过引用并入本文)。
ECM也可以制成粉末。这样的粉末可根据Gilbert et al.,Biomaterials 26(2005)1431-1435中的方法制备,该文献在此通过引用以其整体并入。例如,可将UBM片冻干,然后切碎成小片以浸入液氮中。然后可将速冻材料粉碎以便使颗粒小到足以放入旋转刀磨机中,在这里ECM被粉末化。类似地,通过在ECM组织中沉淀NaCl,材料将破裂成大小均匀的颗粒,所述颗粒可被速冻、冻干和粉末化。
在一个非限制性实施方案中,ECM来源于小肠粘膜下层或SIS。市售制剂包括但不限于SurgisisTM、Surgisis-ESTM、StratasisTM和Stratasis-ESTM(Cook Urological Inc.;Indianapolis,Ind.)以及GraftPatchTM(Organogenesis Inc.;Canton Mass.)。在另一个非限制性实施方案中,ECM来源于真皮。市售制剂包括但不限于PelvicolTM(在欧洲作为PermacolTM出售;Bard,Covington,Ga.)、RepliformTM(Microvasive;Boston,Mass.)和AllodermTM(LifeCell;Branchburg,N.J.)。在另一个实施方案中,ECM来源于膀胱。市售制剂包括但不限于UBM(AcellCorporation;Jessup,Md.)。
可使用下面公开的方法从胞外基质衍生(释放)MBV。在一些实施方案中,用诸如胃蛋白酶、胶原酶、弹性蛋白酶、透明质酸酶或蛋白酶K的酶消化ECM,并分离MBV。在其它实施方案中,通过以下方式从ECM分离和释放MBV:通过用溶液改变pH,所述溶液诸如甘氨酸HCL、柠檬酸、氢氧化铵;使用螯合剂,诸如但不限于EDTA、EGTA;通过使用盐(诸如但不限于,氯化钾(KCl)、氯化钠、氯化镁、碘化钠、硫氰酸钠)的离子强度和/或促溶效应(chaotropiceffect);或通过将ECM暴露于像盐酸胍或脲之类的变性条件。
在特定实例中,在用酶消化ECM之后制成MBV,所述酶诸如胃蛋白酶、弹性蛋白酶、透明质酸酶、蛋白酶K、盐溶液或胶原酶。ECM可被冷冻-解冻或经历机械降解。
在一些实施方案中,在MBV上不能检测到CD63和/或CD81的表达。因此,MBV不表达CD63和/或CD81。在特定实例中,在纳米囊泡上不能检测到CD63和CD81。在其它实施方案中,MBV几乎不具有可检出水平的CD63和CD81,诸如可通过蛋白印迹法检出的水平。这些MBV是CD63loCD81lo。本领域技术人员能使用例如特异性结合CD63和CD81的抗体来识别为CD63loCD81lo的MBVs。可使用诸如荧光激活细胞分选(FACS)和荧光标记抗体的方法来确定低水平的这些标志物,以测定低量和高量CD63和CD81的阈值。所公开的MBV不同于诸如外泌体的纳米囊泡,外泌体因其存在于生物流体中而可能暂时附着到ECM的表面。
MBV包括赖氨酰氧化酶氧化酶(Lox)。通常,来源于ECM的纳米囊泡的Lox含量高于外泌体。Lox在MBV的表面上表达。可使用纳米-LC MS/MS蛋白质组学分析以检测Lox蛋白。可如前所述进行Lox的定量(Hill RC,et al.,MolCell Proteomics.2015;14(4):961-73)。
在某些实施方案中,MBV包含一种或多种miRNA。在特定的非限制性实例中,MBV包含miR-143、miR-145和miR-181中的一种、两种或全部三种。MiR-143、miR-145和miR-181是本领域已知的。
miR-145核酸序列以MiRbase登录号MI0000461提供,其通过引用并入本文。miR-145核酸序列是
CACCUUGUCCUCACGGUCCAGUUUUCCCAGGAAUCCCUUAGAUGCUAAGAUGGGGAUUCCUGGAAAUACUGUUCUUGAGGUCAUGGUU(SEQ ID NO:1)。miR-181核酸序列以miRbase登录号MI0000269提供,其通过引用并入本文。miR-181核酸序列是:
AGAAGGGCUAUCAGGCCAGCCUUCAGAGGACUCCAAGGAACAUUCAACGCUGUCGGUGAGUUUGGGAUUUGAAAAAACCACUGACCGUUGACUGUACCUUGGGGUCCUUA(SEQ ID NO:2)。miR-143核酸序列以NCBI登录号NR_029684.1(2018年3月30日),其通过引用并入本文。编码miR-143核酸序列的DNA是:gcgcagcgcc ctgtctccca gcctgaggtg cagtgctgca tctctggtca gttgggagtctgagatgaag cactgtagct caggaagaga gaagttgttc tgcagc(SEQ ID NO:3)。
在施用后,MBV在受试者的巨噬细胞上保持F4/80(巨噬细胞标记物)和CD-11b的表达。用纳米囊泡处理的巨噬细胞主要为F4/80+Fizz1+显示M2表型。
本文所公开的MBV可配制为用于药物递送的组合物,以及可用于生物支架和器件中。MBV在PCT公开号WO 2017/151862中公开,其通过引用并入本文。
从ECM分离MBV
为制备MBV,可从感兴趣的任何细胞制备ECM,或者可利用来自商业来源的ECM,见上文。可从与被治疗的受试者相同或不同的物种制备MBV。在一些实施方案中,这些方法包括用酶消化ECM以制备消化的ECM。在特定实施方案中,用以下中的一种或多种酶消化ECM:胃蛋白酶、弹性蛋白酶、透明质酸酶、胶原酶、金属蛋白酶和/或蛋白酶K。在特定的非限制性实例中,仅用弹性蛋白酶和/或金属蛋白酶消化ECM。在另一个非限制性实例中,不用胶原酶和/或胰蛋白酶和/或蛋白酶K消化ECM。在其它实施方案中,用去污剂处理ECM。在其它实施方案中,该方法不包括使用酶。在特定的非限制性实例中,该方法利用促溶剂(chaotropicagent)或离子强度以分离MBV,诸如盐,诸如氯化钾。在其它实施方式中,可在分离MBV之前操纵ECM以增加MBV含量。
在一些实施方案中,ECM用酶消化。可以用酶消化ECM约12至约48小时,例如约12至约36小时。ECM可以用酶消化约12、约24、约36或约48小时。在一个特定的非限制性实例中,ECM在室温下用酶消化。但是,消化可在约4℃或约4℃至25℃之间的任何温度下进行。通常,在足以去除胶原纤维的任何温度和任何时间长度下将ECM用酶消化。消化过程可以根据组织来源而变化。任选地,在用酶消化之前或之后,通过冷冻和解冻来加工ECM。ECM可以用去污剂处理,包括离子和/或非离子去污剂。
然后处理消化的ECM,例如通过离心,以分离无纤维的上清液。在一些实施方案中,将消化的ECM例如以约300g至约1000g进行第一步离心。因此,消化的ECM可以约400g至约750g,例如约400g、约450g、约500g或约600g离心。离心可发生约10至约15分钟,例如约10至约12分钟,例如约10、约11、约12、约14、约14或约15分钟。收集包括消化的ECM的上清液。
MBV包括Lox。在一些实施方案中,用于分离此类MBV的方法包括用弹性蛋白酶和/或金属蛋白酶消化胞外基质以产生消化的胞外基质,将消化的胞外基质离心以去除胶原纤维残余物并因此产生无纤维的上清液,将无纤维的上清液离心以分离固体物质,并将固体物质悬浮在载体中。
在一些实施方案中,也可以将消化的ECM以约2000g至约3000g进行第二步离心。因此,可以将消化的ECM以约2500g至约3000g,例如以约2000g,2500g,2750g或3000g离心。离心可发生约20至约30分钟,如约20至约25分钟,例如约20、约21、约22、约23、约24、约25、约26、约27、约28、约29或约30分钟。收集包括消化的ECM的上清液。
在另外的实施方案中,可以将消化的ECM以约10000至约15000g进行第三步的离心。因此,可以将消化的ECM以约10000g至约12500g,例如约10000g,11000g或12000g离心。离心可发生约25至约40分钟,例如约25至约30分钟,例如约25、约26、约27、约28、约29、约30、约31、约32、约33、约34、约35、约36、约37、约38、约39或约40分钟。收集包括消化的ECM的上清液。
可以单独使用这些离心步骤中的一个、两个或全部三个。在一些实施方式中,利用了全部三个离心步骤。可以重复离心步骤,例如2、3、4或5次。在一个实施方式中,所有三个离心步骤都重复三次。
在一些实施方案中,将消化的ECM以约500g离心约10分钟,以约2500g离心约20分钟,和/或以约10000g离心约30分钟。这些步骤(例如所有三个步骤)重复2、3、4或5次,例如3次。因此,在一个非限制性实例中,将消化的ECM以约500g离心约10分钟,以约2500g离心约20分钟,并以约10000g离心约30分钟。将这三个步骤重复三遍。因此,产生了无纤维的上清液。
然后将无纤维的上清液离心以分离MBV。在一些实施方案中,将无纤维的上清液以约100000g至约150000g离心。因此,将无纤维的上清液以约100000g至约125000g,例如约100000g、约105000g、约110000g、约115000g或约120000g离心。离心可以进行约60至约90分钟,例如约70至约80分钟,例如约60、约65、约70、约75、约80、约85或约90分钟。在一个非限制性实例中,将无纤维的上清液以约100000g离心约70分钟。收集固体物质,即MBV。然后,这些MBV可以再悬浮于任何感兴趣的载体中,例如但不限于缓冲液。
在进一步的实施方案中,不用酶消化ECM。在这些方法中,ECM悬浮于等渗盐溶液中,例如磷酸盐缓冲水中。然后将盐添加到悬浮液中,以使盐的最终浓度大于约0.1M。浓度可以例如为至多约3M,例如,约0.1M盐至约3M,或约0.1M到约2M。盐可以是例如约0.1M、0.15M、0.2M、0.3M、0.4M、0.7M、0.6M、0.7M、0.8M、0.9M、1.0M、1.1M、1.2M、1.3M、1.4M、1.5M、1.6M、1.7M、1.8M、1.9M或2M。在一些非限制性实例中,盐是氯化钾、氯化钠或氯化镁。在其他实施方案中,盐是氯化钠、氯化镁、碘化钠、硫氰酸钠、钠盐、锂盐、铯盐或钙盐。
在一些实施方案中,将ECM在盐溶液中悬浮约10分钟至约2小时,例如约15分钟至约1小时,约30分钟至约1小时,或约45分钟至约1小时。可以将ECM在盐溶液中悬浮约15、20、25、30、35、40、45、50、55、60、65、70、75、80、85、90、95、100、105、110、115或120分钟。ECM可以在4℃至约50℃的温度下悬浮于盐溶液中,所述温度例如但不限于约4℃至约25℃或约4℃至约37℃。在特定的非限制性实例中,ECM在约4℃下悬浮于盐溶液中。在其他具体的非限制性实例中,ECM在约22℃或约25℃(室温)下悬浮于盐溶液中。在另外的非限制性实例中,ECM在约37℃下悬浮于盐溶液中。
在一些实施方案中,该方法包括以大于约0.4M的盐浓度温育胞外基质;离心消化的胞外基质以去除胶原纤维残余物,并分离上清液;离心上清液以分离固体物质;并将固体物质悬浮于载体中,从而从胞外基质中分离出MBV。
在盐溶液中温育后,将ECM离心去除胶原纤维。在一些实施方案中,还可以将消化的ECM以约2000g至约5000g离心。因此,可以将消化的ECM以约2500g至约4500g,例如以约2500g、约3000g、3500、约4000g或约4500g离心。在一个特定的非限制性实例中,离心速度为约3500g。离心可进行约20至约40分钟,例如约25至约35分钟,例如约20、约21、约22、约23、约24、约25、约26、约27、约28、约29、约30分钟、约31、约32、约33、约34或约35分钟。然后收集上清液。
在另外的实施方案中,然后可以将上清液以约100000至约150000g进行第三步离心。因此,可以将消化的ECM以约100000g至约125000g,例如约100000g、110000g或120000g离心。离心可发生约30分钟至约2.5小时,例如约1小时至约3小时,例如约30分钟,约45分钟,约60分钟,约90分钟或约120分钟(2小时)。收集固体物质并将其悬浮在溶液中,例如缓冲盐水中,从而分离MBV。
在其他实施方案中,将ECM悬浮在等渗缓冲盐溶液中,例如但不限于磷酸盐缓冲盐水。可以使用离心或其他方法去除大颗粒(见下文)。然后利用超滤从ECM中分离MBV,即约10nm至约10000nm之间,例如约10nm至约1000nm之间,例如约10nm至约300nm之间的颗粒。
在特定的非限制性实例中,等渗缓冲盐溶液的总盐浓度为约0.164mM,并且pH为约7.2至约7.4。在一些实施方案中,等渗缓冲盐溶液包括0.002M KCl至约0.164M KCL,例如约0.0027M KCl(磷酸盐缓冲盐水中的KCL浓度)。然后通过超速离心处理悬浮液。
在等渗的缓冲盐溶液中温育后,将ECM离心以去除胶原纤维。在一些实施方案中,还可以将消化的ECM以约2000g至约5000g离心。因此,可以将消化的ECM以约2500g至约4500g,例如以约2500g、约3000g、3500、约4000g或约4500g离心。在一个特定的非限制性实例中,离心速度为约3500g。该离心可进行约20至约40分钟,例如约25至约35分钟,例如约20、约21、约22、约23、约24、约25、约26、约27、约28、约29、约30分钟、约31、约32、约33、约34或约35分钟。
可以使用微滤和离心并结合两者以从悬浮液中除去大分子量物质。在一个实施方案中,使用微滤除去大尺寸分子材料,例如大于200nm。在另一个实施方案中,使用离心除去大尺寸材料。在第三个实施方案中,使用微滤和超速离心除去大分子量材料。从悬浮的ECM中除去大分子量的材料,例如大于约10000nm,大于约1000nm,大于约500nm,或大于约300nm的材料。
然后将用于微滤的流出物或上清液进行超滤。因此,收集并利用包括小于约10000nm,小于约1000nm,小于约500nm,或小于约300nm的颗粒的流出物。然后用截留分子量为3000至100000的膜对流出物进行超滤。在实例中使用了100000MWCO。
增加视网膜神经节细胞存活的方法
本文公开了用于在需要其的受试者中增加视网膜神经节细胞存活的方法。受试者可以是兽医学受试者或人类。受试者可以是哺乳动物。受试者可以是禽类或家养宠物,例如猫、狗或兔子。受试者可以是非人类、灵长类动物或牲畜(包括猪、反刍动物、马和家禽)。方法包括选择需要治疗以增加视网膜神经节细胞存活的受试者,以及向受试者施用治疗有效量的MBV。MBV可以源自与需要增加视网膜神经节细胞存活的受试者相同或不同的物种。
在一些实施方案中,受试者患有青光眼。受试者可以患有开角型青光眼、闭角型青光眼或血压正常的青光眼。青光眼可以是原发性青光眼或继发性青光眼。可以选择这些受试者中的任何一个进行治疗。眼内压(IOP)是眼内的流体压力,可以以毫米汞柱(mmHg)或千帕斯卡(kPa)为单位进行测量。通常认为正常的眼内压在10mmHg和20mmHg之间。眼内压的平均值为15.5mmHg,波动约为2.75-3.50mmHg。眼内压升高(高于21mmHg或2.8kPa)是青光眼最重要也是唯一可改变的危险因素。在一些实施方案中,选择具有升高的眼内压的受试者。在其他实施方案中,选择眼内压低于升高的眼内压但具有青光眼损害迹象的受试者。例如,受试者可以具有视盘的杯状凹陷以及已增加(increased)或不断增加的(increasing)杯盘比(例如,大于0.3、0.5或0.7)。在其他实施方案中,在青光眼性视神经损伤的存在下,受试者的IOP可能略有升高(例如杯盘比的进展)。
青光眼的检测可以包括眼内压的测量,例如使用眼压计、前房角检查或前房角镜检查,以及检查视神经以鉴定损伤、杯盘比的变化、边缘外观以及检测血管变化。可以执行视野测试。视网膜神经纤维层可以通过成像技术进行评估,例如光学相干断层扫描、扫描激光偏振法和/或扫描激光眼底镜(海德堡视网膜断层扫描)。其他测试包括眼压测定、眼底镜检查、视野检查、前房角镜检查、测厚法和神经纤维分析。可以执行这些方法以便选择根据本文公开的方法治疗的受试者。
在其他实施方案中,受试者患有损伤所致的视网膜神经节细胞变性。在进一步的实施方式中,受试者患有遗传病所致的视网膜神经节细胞变性。在一些非限制性实例中,受试者患有非压力相关型青光眼性视神经病变、缺血性视神经病变、炎性视神经病变、压迫性视神经病变、创伤性视神经病变。在其它非限制性实例中,受试者患有动脉炎性缺血性视神经病变、与巨细胞动脉炎相关的动脉炎性缺血性视神经病变、非动脉炎性缺血性视神经病变、浸润性视神经病变、与结节病相关的浸润性视神经病变、感染性视神经病变、与梅毒相关的感染性视神经病变、与莱姆病相关的感染性视神经病变、与弓形虫病相关的感染性视神经病变、与带状疱疹相关的感染性视神经病变、脱髓鞘病所致的视神经炎、辐射后视神经病变、肠病性肢端皮炎、遗传性视神经病变、与显性视神经病变相关的遗传性视神经病变、压迫性视神经病变、与眼眶炎性假瘤相关的压迫性视神经病变、与甲状腺眼病相关的压迫性视神经病变、自身免疫性视神经病变或与狼疮相关的自身免疫性视神经病变。
受试者可具有眼部光毒性,特别是光性视网膜病变,也称为光性黄斑病变。在一些实施方案中,光性视网膜病是由暴露于阳光引起的。在其他实施方案中,光性视网膜病是由暴露于人造光引起的。该受试者可能处于光性视网膜病变(也称为光性黄斑病变)的风险中。例如,受试者可经历过眼部激光手术,或者可以是焊工。
受试者可能因外伤(例如暴露于爆炸装置)而导致视网膜变性。受试者可以经历过视网膜激光手术。在进一步的实施方案中,受试者患有其中发生神经元(即非光感受器)变性的疾病。这些包括但不限于青光眼、视网膜动脉闭塞和视网膜静脉闭塞。
在一些实施方案中,施用可以是全身性的。示例性的施用途径包括但不限于静脉内/腹膜内或皮下施用。
在一些实施方案中,施用可以是眼局部的,例如使用玻璃体内或视网膜下施用。也可以施用到眼的前房。在其他实施方案中,可以向眼的玻璃体施用。在一些实施方案中,使用玻璃体内注射、泵或植入物来完成眼的玻璃体施用。
剂量治疗可以是单剂量方案或多剂量方案,以最终递送上述指定的量。剂量可以是间断的。此外,可以适当地给予受试者多个剂量。
单个剂量通常不少于对受试者产生可测量效果所需的剂量,并且可以基于主题组合物或其副产物的吸收、分布、代谢和排泄(“ADME”)的药代动力学和药理学并由此基于组合物在受试者中的处置(disposition)来确定。这包括考虑施用途径和剂量,其可以针对局部和全身(例如静脉内)应用进行调整。剂量和/或剂量方案的有效量可以容易地从临床前测定、从安全性和升级(escalation)及剂量范围试验、个体临床医生-患者关系以及体外和体内测定中凭经验确定。通常,这些测定将评估视网膜神经节细胞或影响这些细胞变性的生物成分(细胞因子、特异性炎性细胞、小胶质细胞等)的表达。
可以将治疗有效量的MBV悬浮于可药用载体中,例如,悬浮于pH约为3.0至8.0的等渗缓冲液中,优选地,pH约为3.5至7.4、3.5至6.0或3.5到约5.0。有用的缓冲剂包括柠檬酸钠-柠檬酸和磷酸钠-磷酸缓冲液,以及乙酸钠/乙酸缓冲液。可以向组合物中添加其他药剂,例如防腐剂和抗菌剂。这些组合物可以例如通过玻璃体内或视网膜下局部施用于眼。
局部施用方式包括例如眼内、眶内、结膜下、眼球筋膜下、视网膜下或经巩膜途径。也可施用到眼的前房。在一个实施方案中,与全身施用(例如静脉内)相比,当局部施用(例如玻璃体内)时,显著更少量的组分(与全身途径相比)可以发挥作用。
可直接视网膜下注射到黄斑中,例如黄斑下注射。示例性方法包括眼内注射(例如眼球后、视网膜下、黄斑下、玻璃体内和脉络膜内(intrachoridal)),离子电渗法,滴眼液,和眼内植入(例如玻璃体内、眼球筋膜下(sub-Tenons)和结膜下)。
在一些实施方案中,通过玻璃体内注射施用治疗有效量的MBV。以下简要概述可以说明玻璃体内注射的一般方法。该示例仅旨在说明该方法的某些特征,而绝不意味着是限制性的。玻璃体内注射的程序在本领域中是已知的(参见,例如,Peyman,et al.(2009)Retina29(7):875-912and Fagan and Al-Qureshi,.(2013)Clin.Experiment.Ophthalmol.41(5):500-7)。眼内施用的其他方法是本领域已知的,并且包括视网膜下施用。
简言之,玻璃体内注射的受试者可以通过瞳孔扩张、眼睛灭菌和麻醉剂施用来为该过程做准备。本领域已知的任何合适的散瞳剂都可以用于瞳孔扩张。在治疗前可确认瞳孔充分扩张。灭菌可以通过实施眼部灭菌处理剂(例如含碘化物的溶液,诸如聚维酮-碘来实现。类似的解决方案也可以用于清洁眼睑、睫毛和任何其他附近的组织(例如皮肤)。可以以任何合适的浓度使用任何合适的麻醉剂,例如利多卡因或丙卡因。可以通过本领域已知的任何方法来施用麻醉剂,包括但不限于局部滴剂/凝胶剂或胶冻剂,以及结膜下施用麻醉剂。
在注射之前,可以使用灭菌的眼睑窥器(eyelid speculum)从该区域清除睫毛。注射部位可以用注射器标记。可以基于患者的晶状体选择注射部位。例如,在假晶状体或无晶状体患者中,注射部位可以距眼眶(limus)3-3.5mm,在有晶状体患者中距角膜缘(limbus)3.5-4mm。患者可以看向与注射部位相反的方向。在注射过程中,可以垂直于巩膜插入针,并指向眼的中心。可以插入针头,使其末端在玻璃体而不是视网膜下腔内。可以使用本领域已知的任何合适的注射体积。注射后,可用消毒剂(如抗生素)治疗眼睛。还可以冲洗眼睛以去除多余的消毒剂。
治疗有效量的MBV的玻璃体内注射(或通过任何其他施用途径施用)可以进行一次,或者可以重复进行,例如1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9或10次。可以每半周(biweekly)、每周、每隔一周、每月或每2、3、4、5或6个月进行施用。
可以将包括治疗有效量的MBV的药物组合物配制成适用于单独施用精确剂量的单位剂型。所施用的活性化合物的量将取决于所治疗的受试者、患病的严重程度和施用方式,并且最好由处方医生决定。在这些范围内,待施用的制剂将包含一定量的一种或多种活性成分,所述活性成分的量是在所治疗的受试者中实现期望效果的有效量。在一些实施方案中,当施用于受试者的眼时,所公开的方法增加了视网膜神经节细胞的存活。
可以以相同的组合物或不同的组合物向受试者施用其他治疗剂。这些治疗剂包括但不限于降低眼内压的药剂。药剂可以是:a)前列腺素类似物,b)β-肾上腺素能封闭剂,c)α-肾上腺素能激动剂,或d)胆碱能激动剂。示例性的药剂包括拉坦前列素、bimatorpost、曲伏前列素、噻吗洛尔、倍他洛尔、溴莫尼定、匹鲁卡品、多佐胺、布林佐胺和乙酰唑胺。在一些具体的非限制性实例中,药剂是a)拉坦前列素,b)噻吗洛尔,c)溴莫尼定,或d)匹鲁卡品。可以给受试者施用Rho激酶抑制剂,例如但不限于瑞舒地尔或耐他地尔。
可以施用于受试者的其他药剂包括抗菌和抗真菌抗生素以及非甾体抗炎剂以减少感染和炎症的风险。可以通过任何途径施用其他药剂。其他药剂可以单独配制,或与MBV配制在同一组合物中。
使用的药剂包括:氨基糖苷类(例如,阿米卡星、安普霉素、阿贝卡星、班贝霉素、丁胺菌素、地贝卡星、双氢链霉素、福提霉素、庆大霉素、异帕米星、卡那霉素、小诺米星、新霉素、十一烯酸新霉素、奈替米星、巴龙霉素、核糖霉素、西索米星、大观霉素、链霉素、妥布霉素、丙基大观霉素),酰胺醇类(例如,叠氮氯霉素、氯霉素、氟苯尼考、甲砜霉素)、安沙霉素类(例如,利福米特、利福平、利福霉素sv、利福喷汀、利福昔明),β-内酰胺(例如,碳头孢烯类(例如,氯碳头孢),碳青霉烯类(例如,比阿培南、亚胺培南、美罗培南、帕尼培南)、头孢菌素类(例如,头孢克洛、头孢羟氨苄、头孢羟唑、头孢曲嗪、头孢西酮、头孢唑林、头孢卡品酯(cefcapene pivoxil)、头孢克定、头孢地尼、头孢妥仑、头孢吡肟、头孢他美、头孢克肟、头孢甲肟、头孢地嗪、头孢尼西、头孢哌酮、头孢雷特、头孢噻肟、头孢替安、头孢唑兰、头孢咪唑、头孢匹胺、头孢匹罗、头孢泊肟酯、头孢罗齐、头孢沙定、头孢磺定、头孢他啶、头孢特仑、头孢替唑、头孢布烯、头孢唑肟、头孢曲松、头孢呋辛、头孢唑南、头孢乙腈钠、头孢氨苄、头孢来星、头孢噻啶、头孢菌素、头孢噻吩、头孢匹林钠、头孢拉定、pivcefalexin)、头霉素类(例如,头孢拉宗、头孢美唑(cefinetazole)、头孢米诺、头孢替坦、头孢西丁)、单环内酰胺类(例如,氨曲南、卡芦莫南、替吉莫南)、氧头孢烯、氟氧头孢、拉氧头孢)、青霉素类(例如,美西林、阿姆地诺西林双酯、阿莫西林、氨苄青霉素、阿帕西林、阿扑西林、叠氮西林、阿洛西林、巴氨西林、苄基青霉酸、苄基青霉素钠、羧苄青霉素、卡茚西林、氯甲西林、氯唑西林、环己西林、双氯青霉素、依匹西林、芬贝西林、氟氯青霉素、海他西林、仑氨西林、美坦西林、甲氧西林钠、美洛西林、萘夫西林钠、苯唑西林、培那西林、氢碘酸喷沙西林、氨苄青霉素G、苄星青霉素g、二甲苯胺青霉素g、青霉素G钙、海巴明青霉素G、青霉素G钾、青霉素G普鲁卡因、青霉素N、青霉素O、青霉素V、苄星青霉素V、海巴明青霉素V、青哌环素、苯氧乙基青霉素钾、哌拉西林、匹氨西林、丙匹西林、奎纳西林、磺苄西林、舒他西林、酞氨西林、提莫西林、替卡西林)及其他(例如,利替培南),林可酰胺类(例如,克林霉素、林可霉素),大环内酯类(例如,阿奇霉素、碳霉素、克拉霉素、地红霉素、红霉素、醋硬脂红霉素、依托红霉素、葡庚糖酸红霉素、乳糖酸红霉素、丙酸红霉素、硬脂酸红霉素、交沙霉素、柱晶白霉素(leucomycins)、麦迪霉素、米奥卡霉素、竹桃霉素、普利霉素、罗他霉素、罗沙米星、罗红霉素、螺旋霉素、醋竹桃霉素(troleandomycin))、多肽类(例如,安福霉素、杆菌肽、卷曲霉素、粘菌素、恩拉霉素、恩维霉素、夫沙芬净、短杆菌肽s、短杆菌肽、米卡霉素、多粘菌素、普那霉素、瑞斯托菌素、替考拉宁、硫链丝菌素、结核放线菌素、短杆菌酪肽(tyrocidine)、短杆菌素、万古霉素、紫霉素、维及霉素、杆菌肽锌)、四环素类(例如,阿哌环素、金霉素、氯莫环素、地美环素、多西环素、胍甲环素、赖甲环素、甲氯环素、美他环素、米诺环素、氧四环素、青哌环素、匹哌环素、氢吡四环素(rolitetracycline)、山环素、四环素)及其他(例如,环丝氨酸、莫匹罗星、马铃薯球蛋白(tuberin))。使用药剂还包括合成抗菌素,诸如2,4-二氨基嘧啶类(例如,溴莫普林、四氧普林、甲氧苄啶)、硝基呋喃类(例如,呋喃它酮、呋喃氯铵、硝呋拉定、硝呋太尔、硝呋复林、硝呋吡醇、硝呋拉嗪、硝呋妥因醇、硝呋妥因)、喹诺酮类及类似物(例如,西诺沙星、环丙沙星、克林沙星、双氟哌酸、依诺沙星、氟罗沙星、氟甲喹、格雷沙星、洛美沙星、米罗沙星、那氟沙星、萘啶酸、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、恶喹酸、帕珠沙星、培氟沙星、吡哌酸、吡咯米酸、罗索沙星、芦氟沙星、司帕沙星、替马沙星、妥舒沙星、曲伐沙星)、磺胺类(例如,磺胺乙酰甲氧吡嗪、苄磺胺、氯胺-b、氯胺-t、二氯胺t、磺胺米隆(mafenide)、4’-(甲基氨基磺酰基)对氨基苯磺酰苯胺(4’-(methylsulfamoyl)sulfanilanilide)、诺丙磺胺、酞磺醋胺、酞磺噻唑、柳氮磺嘧啶、琥珀磺胺噻唑、磺胺苯酰、磺胺醋酰、磺胺氯哒嗪、磺胺柯定(sulfachrysoidine)、磺胺西汀、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺戊烯(sulfadicramide)、磺胺地索辛、磺胺多辛、磺胺乙二唑、磺胺胍、磺胺胍诺(sulfaguanol)、磺胺林、磺胺洛西酸、磺胺甲基嘧啶、磺胺对甲氧嘧啶、磺胺甲嘧啶、磺胺甲二唑、磺胺甲氧甲嘧啶、磺胺甲恶唑、磺胺甲氧嗪、磺胺美曲、磺胺米柯定、磺胺噁唑、磺胺(sulfanilamide)、磺胺脲、n-磺胺酰-3,4-二甲苯甲酰胺、磺胺硝苯、磺胺培林、磺胺苯吡唑、磺胺普罗林、磺胺吡嗪、磺胺吡啶、磺胺异噻唑、磺胺均三嗪、磺胺噻唑、磺胺硫脲、磺胺托拉米、磺胺索嘧啶、磺胺异噁唑),砜类(例如,醋氨苯砜、醋地砜、磺胺苯砜钠、氨苯砜、地百里砜(diathymosulfone)、葡萄糖砜钠、苯丙砜(solasulfone)、琥珀氨苯砜、磺胺酸、对磺胺酰基苄胺、阿地砜钠(sulfoxone sodium)、噻唑砜)及其它(例如,氯福克酚、海克西定、乌洛托品(methenamine)、去水亚甲柠檬酸乌洛托品、马尿酸乌洛托品、扁桃酸乌洛托品、磺基水杨酸乌洛托品、硝羟喹啉、滔罗定(taurolidine)、异冰片二甲酚)。
使用的其他药剂包括抗真菌抗生素,诸如,多烯类(例如,两性霉素B、杀念珠菌素、登诺他汀(dennostatin)、非律平(filipin)、制霉色基素(fungichromin)、曲古霉素、哈霉素、光明霉素、美帕曲星、纳他霉素、制霉菌素、培西洛星、真菌霉素(perimycin))、其他类(例如,重氮丝氨酸、灰黄霉素、寡霉素(oligomycins)、十一烯酸新霉素、吡咯尼群(pyrrolnitrin)、西卡宁、杀结核菌素、绿胶霉素(viridin))、丙酰胺类(例如,布替萘芬、萘替芬、特比奈芬(terbinafine))、咪唑类(例如,联苯苄唑、布康唑、氯登妥因、chlormiidazole、氯康唑、克霉唑、益康唑、恩康唑、芬替康唑、氟曲马唑、异康唑、酮康唑、拉诺康唑、咪康唑、奥莫康唑、硝酸奥昔康唑、舍他康唑、硫康唑、噻康唑)、硫代氨基甲酸盐类(例如,托西拉酯、托林达酯、托萘酯)、三唑类(例如,氟康唑、伊曲康唑、沙康唑、特康唑),其他类(例如,吖啶琐辛、阿莫罗芬、苯柳胺酯(biphenamine)、溴柳氯苯胺(bromosalicylchloranilide)、丁氯柳胺(buclosamide)、丙酸钙、氯苯甘醚、环匹罗司、氯羟喹啉、科帕腊芬内特(coparaffinate)、盐酸双胺噻唑、依莎酰胺、氟胞嘧啶、哈利他唑(halethazole)、海克替啶、氯氟卡班(loflucarban)、硝呋太尔、碘化钾、丙酸、羟基吡啶硫酮、水杨酰苯胺、丙酸钠、二苯嗪硫酮(sulbentine)、替诺尼唑、三乙酸甘油酯、苄硫噻二嗪乙酸(ujothion)、十一烯酸、丙酸锌)。也可使用抗肿瘤药,包括:(1)抗生素及类似物(例如,阿克那霉素、放线菌素、安曲霉素、重氮丝氨酸、博来霉素、放线菌素、卡柔比星、嗜癌素(carzinophilin)、色霉素、更生霉素、道诺霉素、6-重氮-5-氧代-L-正亮氨酸、阿霉素、表柔比星、伊达比星、美诺立尔、丝裂霉素、霉酚酸、诺加霉素、olivomycines、培洛霉素、吡柔比星、普卡霉素、泊非霉素、嘌呤霉素、链黑菌素、链脲霉素、杀结核菌素、净司他丁、佐柔比星)、(2)抗代谢药,诸如叶酸类似物(例如,二甲叶酸、依达曲沙、甲氨蝶呤、吡曲克辛、蝶罗呤、曲美沙特)、(3)嘌呤类似物(例如,克拉屈滨、氟达拉滨、6-巯基嘌呤、硫咪嘌呤、硫鸟嘌呤)、(4)嘧啶类似物(例如,安西他宾、阿扎胞苷、6-氮尿苷、卡莫氟、阿糖胞苷、去氧氟尿苷、乙嘧替氟、依诺他宾、氟脲苷、氟尿嘧啶、吉西他滨、替加氟)。
也可使用甾体抗炎剂,诸如21-乙酰氧孕烯醇酮、阿氯米松、阿尔孕酮、安西奈德、倍氯米松、倍他米松、布地奈德、氯泼尼松、氯倍他索、氯倍他松、氯可托龙、氯泼尼醇、皮质酮、可的松、可的伐唑、环孢霉素、地夫可特、羟泼尼缩松(desonide)、去羟米松、地塞米松、二氟拉松、二氟可龙、二氟泼尼酯、甘草次酸(enoxolone)、氟扎可特、氟二氯松、氟米松、氟尼缩松、醋酸氟轻松(fluocinolone acetonide)、氟轻松、福可定丁酯、氟可龙、氟米龙、醋酸氟培龙、醋酸氟泼尼定、氟泼尼龙、氟氢缩松(flurandrenolide)、丙酸氟替卡松、福莫可他、哈西奈德、丙酸卤倍他索(halobetasol propionate)、卤米松、醋酸卤泼尼松、氢可他酯、氢化可的松、依碳酸氯替泼诺、马泼尼酮(mazipredone)、甲羟松、甲泼尼松、甲基强的松龙、糠酸莫米松、帕拉米松、泼尼卡酯、泼尼松龙、泼尼松龙25-二乙基氨基-乙酸酯、泼尼松龙磷酸钠、强的松(prednisone)、泼尼松龙戊酸酯(prednival)、泼尼立定、利美索龙、替可的松、去炎松(triamcinolone)、曲安奈德(riamcinolone acetonide)、苯曲安缩松和己曲安缩松。
此外,可使用非甾体抗炎剂。这些包括氨基芳基羧酸衍生物(例如,因法来酸(enfenamic acid)、依托芬那酯、氟芬那酸、异尼辛、甲氯芬那酸、甲灭酸、尼氟酸、他尼氟酯、特罗芬那酯、托芬那酸)、芳基乙酸衍生物(例如,乙酰氯芬酸、阿西美辛、阿氯芬酸、氨芬酸、瓜胺托美丁、溴芬酸、丁苯羟酸、桂美辛、氯吡酸、双氯芬酸钠、依托度酸、联苯乙酸(felbinac)、芬克洛酸、芬替酸、葡美辛、异丁芬酸(ibufenac)、吲哚美辛、三苯唑酸(isofezolac)、伊索克酸、氯那唑酸、甲嗪酸、莫苯唑酸、奥沙美辛(oxametacine)、吡拉唑酸、丙谷美辛、舒林酸、塞拉米特(tiaramide)、托美丁、tropesin、佐美酸(zomepirac))、芳基丁酸衍生物(例如,布马地宗、布替布芬、芬布芬(fenbufen)、联苯丁酸)、芳基羧酸类(例如,环氯茚酸(clidanac)、酮咯酸、替诺立定)、芳基丙酸衍生物(例如,阿明洛芬、苯恶洛芬、柏莫洛芬、布氯酸、卡洛芬、非诺洛芬、氟诺洛芬、氟比洛芬、布洛芬、异丁普生、吲哚布洛芬、酮基布洛芬、洛索洛芬、萘普生、奥沙普秦、piketoprolen、吡洛芬、普拉洛芬(pranoprofen)、丙替嗪酸、舒洛芬、噻洛芬酸、希莫洛芬、扎托布洛芬)、吡唑类(例如,二苯咪唑、依匹唑)、吡唑酮类(例如,阿扎丙宗、苄哌立隆、非普拉宗、莫非保松、吗拉宗(morazone)、羟布宗、苯基丁氮酮、哌保松(pipebuzone)、异丙安替比林(propyphenazone)、雷米那酮、琥保松(suxibuzone)、噻唑丁炎酮)、水杨酸衍生物(例如,醋氨沙洛、阿司匹林、扑炎痛(benorylate)、溴水杨醇(bromosaligenin)、乙酰水杨酸钙、二氟尼柳、依特柳酯、芬度柳、龙胆酸、水杨酸乙二醇酯、水杨酸咪唑、赖氨匹林(lysine acetylsalicylate)、美沙拉嗪、水杨酸吗啉、水杨酸1-萘酯、奥沙拉秦、帕沙米特、乙酰水杨酸苯酯、水杨酸苯酯、乙酰水杨酰胺、邻氨甲酰基苯氧乙酸(salicylamide o-acetic acid)、水杨基硫酸、水杨酰水杨酸、柳氮磺胺吡啶)、噻嗪酰胺类(例如,安吡昔康、屈昔康、伊索昔康、氯诺昔康、吡咯昔康、替诺昔康)、ε-乙酰胺基己酸、s-腺苷甲硫氨酸、3-氨基-4-羟基丁酸、阿米西群、苄达酸、苄达明、α-没药醇(alpha-bisabolol)、布可隆、联苯吡胺(difenpiramide)、地他唑(ditazol)、依莫法宗、非普地醇、愈创蓝油烃(guaiazulene)、纳布美通、尼美舒利、奥沙西罗、瑞尼托林、哌立索唑、普罗奎宗、超氧化物歧化酶、替尼达普和齐留通。
植入物也可用于本文公开的方法中。植入物可以通过多种方法插入眼内,包括在巩膜(例如2-3mm切口)或其他合适部位切开切口后,用镊子或套管针置入。在某些情况下,可在不进行单独切口的情况下,而是可以使用套管针直接在眼内形成孔,通过套管针放置植入物。放置方法会影响释放动力学。例如,用套管针将装置植入玻璃体或后房可能会导致装置在玻璃体内的放置比通过镊子的放置更深,这可能导致植入物更靠近玻璃体的边缘。植入装置的位置可能会影响装置周围治疗剂的浓度梯度,从而影响释放速率(例如,靠近玻璃体边缘放置的器械可能会导致释放速率降低,请参见美国专利号5,869,079和美国专利号6,699,493)。在一个实施方案中,将植入物与可生物溶蚀的聚合物基质一起配制。
通常,当使用植入物时,MBV均匀地分布在聚合物基质中,使得其足够均匀地分布,从而不会由于免疫抑制剂在聚合物基质中的不均匀分布而引起释放速率的有害波动。所用聚合物组合物的选择随所需的释放动力学、植入物的位置、患者的耐受性以及植入程序的性质而变化。聚合物可以占植入物的至少约10重量%。在一实例中,包含的聚合物占植入物的至少约20重量%。在另一个实施方案中,植入物包含一种以上的聚合物。这些因素在美国专利号6,699,493中有详细描述。聚合物的特性通常包括植入部位的生物降解性、与感兴趣的试剂的相容性、易于包封和水不溶性等。通常,直到释放药物负荷后,聚合物基质才被完全降解。合适的聚合物的化学组成是本领域已知的(例如,参见美国专利号6,699,493)。
施用可以以单次施用、定期推注或连续输注的形式提供。在一些实施方案中,施用来自内部储库,例如,来自布置在眼内或眼外位置的植入物(参见美国专利号5,443,505和5,766,242),或来自外部储库(例如,从静脉输液袋)。可以通过从固定于眼内壁的持续释放药物输送装置在特定时间段内连续释放成分,或通过靶向跨巩膜控制释放到脉络膜中来进行施用(参见,例如PCT/US00/00207、PCT/US02/14279、PCT/US00/00207、PCT/US02/14279、Ambati et al.,Invest.Opthalmol.Vis.Sci.41:1181-1185,2000和Ambati et al.,Invest.Opthalmol.Vis.Sci.41:1186-1191,2000)。适合于向眼内部局部施用成分的多种装置在本领域中是已知的。参见,例如,美国专利号6,251,090,美国专利号6,299,895,美国专利号6,416,777,美国专利号6,413,540,和PCT公开号PCT/US00/28187。
在一些实施方案中,该方法包括检测已经实现治疗益处的步骤。治疗功效的量度将适用于被改善的特定疾病,并且将认识到用于测量治疗功效的适当检测方法。可以使用本领域已知的任何方法评估受试者的反应。这些包括但不限于眼底镜检查、视野检查、前房角镜检查、测厚法或神经纤维分析。在一些实施方案中,可以评估视网膜神经节细胞数目和/或活力。本领域技术人员可以容易地确定所公开的方法是有效的。例如,可以通过杯盘比是否稳定来确定。可以使用扫描激光偏振法或光学相干断层扫描术,例如进行视网膜神经纤维层分析。视野测试可用于监测青光眼的进展。对于任何公开的方法,治疗视力障碍的治疗功效可以为个体视力的改变。
也可以通过测量小胶质细胞和/或星形胶质细胞产生的细胞因子来评估治疗效果。在一些实施方案中,细胞因子是IL-1β、IL-6或TNF-α。测量细胞因子的方法是本领域已知的,并且包括但不限于生物测定、放射免疫测定(RIA)和酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)。示例性方法在下面公开。
实施例
扩散张量MRI与光动力学和锰增强MRI相配合可以纵向检测与视觉行为的变化相关的轴突变性率的微小变化。本文公开了ECM支架能够通过减少星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞激活和增加视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)存活和RGC发育基因表达来改变成年大鼠中枢神经系统(CNS)中的默认愈合反应(default healting response)。
尽管已表明ECM可调节诸如食道等组织的默认愈合反应,但尚未完全阐明引起这种作用的机制和生物活性因子。MBV类似于其来源的母体ECM,在体外引起细胞应答,这表明MBV是ECM中调节细胞应答的关键生物活性因子。另外,MBV富含已知可调节细胞存活和生长的miRNA,并且其表面具有Lox。
本文公开了调节默认愈合反应以维持或恢复神经功能的疗法。公开了组织特异性ECM,特别是从ECM分离的MBV,差异化调节RGC存活、轴突生长和组织重塑。显示了MBV可以在视神经中促进急性视神经缺血后的RGC存活和轴突再生,并降低先天免疫反应。
实施例1
材料和方法
动物:SD大鼠(Sprague-Dawley rat)由Charles River Laboratories(Wilmington,MA)提供。动物护理和规程符合美国国立卫生研究院出版的《实验动物护理和使用指南》中的指导原则。
膀胱胞外基质去细胞化和水溶胶形成:由当地屠宰场提供来自成年的上市体重猪的猪膀胱。如所述地对膀胱去细胞(Faust et al.,J Biomater Appl,2017.31(9):p.1277-1295)。使用已确立的量化DNA的方法确认去细胞,包括H&E染色并通过凝胶电泳的可视化(Faust et al.,J Biomater Appl,2017.31(9):p.1277-1295);Freytes et al.,Biomaterials,2008.29(11):p.1630-7;Rosario et al.,Regen Med,2008.3(2):p.145-56)。将去细胞的膀胱胞外基质(UBM-ECM)冷冻,冻干,并于-20℃储存直到使用。如前所述地制备10mg/ml的UBM-ECM水凝胶(Faust et al.,J Biomater Appl,2017.31(9):p.1277-1295;Medberry et al.,Biomaterials,2013.34(4):p.1033-40)。简言之,将冻干的UBM-ECM研磨成粉,在10mg/ml下用1mg/ml胃蛋白酶消化48小时(hrs),并将pH调节至7.4。
基质结合纳米囊泡(MBV)分离:将冻干的UBM-ECM用Liberase TL(5401020001,Sigma-Aldrich)在Tris缓冲液(50mM Tris pH7.5,5mM CaCl2,150mM NaCl)中于室温(RT)在轨道摇臂(orbital rocker)上消化24小时。将消化的UBM-ECM在(10,000g,30mins)下离心。MBV通过超速离心(100,000g,Beckman Coulter Optima L-90K Ultracentrifuge)在4℃下团粒化(pelleted)两个小时,并通过尺寸排阻色谱使用Sepharose CL-2B树脂进一步纯化。纯化的MBV在-80℃下储存直到使用。所有MBV分离均通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)如所述地进行形态学分析(Huleihelet al.,Adv,2016.2(6):p.e1600502)。TEM网格上的MBV在80kV下使用配有高分辨率AMT数字摄像机的JEOL 1210透射电子显微镜观察。
视网膜神经节细胞(RGC)分离:如所述地从出生后第3天的SD大鼠幼崽分离RGC(Barres et al.,Neuron,1988.1(9):p.791-803)。将纯化的RGC以3,000RGC/孔接种到96-孔培养板(087723B,Falcon)的神经基底-SATO(nb-SATO)培养基中,所述培养板于室温用聚D-赖氨酸包被1小时(70kDa,10μg/ml,Sigma-Aldrich Corp.,St.Louis,MO,USA)并用层粘连蛋白包被过夜(37℃,2μg/ml,Sigma-Aldrich Corp.)。将MBV再悬浮于无菌PBS中并以5-80μg/ml的浓度添加到孔(一式三份)的RGC培养物中。UBM-ECM水凝胶(250μg/ml)和nb-SATO培养基用作对照。RGC于37℃,10%CO2下培养3天。
RGC活力:按照制造商的说明(Life Technologies,R37601),使用钙黄绿素和碘化丙锭活/死试剂盒分析RGC的活力。简言之,将钙黄绿素和碘化丙啶混合并于室温与RGC一起温育15分钟。使用落射荧光(epi-fluorescence)荧光素和罗丹明滤光片组(Zeiss,AxioObserver),以20X对每孔成像五个随机的非重叠场。使用ImageJ(National Institutes ofHealth,Bethesda,MD,USA)对活和死RGC进行定量。数据表示来自三个独立实验重复,每个独立实验一式三份,总计至少45个视野。
RGC神经突生长定量:如所述地分析神经突生长(Steketee,et al.,InvestOphthalmol Vis Sci,2014.55(7):p.4369-77;Van der Merwe,et al.,EBioMedicine,2017.26:p 47-59)。简言之,将RGC用PBS中的4%低聚甲醛(Alfa Aesar,30525-89-4)固定15分钟(min),然后用PBS(3X)洗涤。将RGC用PBS中的0.2%Triton X-100渗透15分钟,用PBS中的1%BSA(Fisher Scientific)封闭15分钟,并在4℃与抗βIII微管蛋白一起温育过夜(1:300,TUJ-1,Millipore)。温育后,将RGC用PBS(3X)洗涤,在FITC兔抗鸡IgY H+L(1:150,Thermo Scientific)中于室温温育3小时,用PBS(3X)洗涤,并用DAPI于室温染色15分钟(1:3000,Invitrogen)。用PBS(3X)洗涤RGC,并在20X下成像(Zeiss,Axio Observer)。对于每个孔,使用ImageJ plugin NeuronJ测量了随机遇到的前十个未与另一个RGC接触的RGC的总神经突生长。数据代表在三个实验重复的孔(一式三份)中获得的总RGC神经突生长,每组总计至少90个神经元。
小胶质细胞培养:按照供应商的建议,将原代大鼠小胶质细胞(Lonza,R-G-535)以每孔50,000细胞的量接种在96孔板中。对于所有实验,最初将小胶质细胞在37℃,5%CO2下温育24小时,以促进粘附。24小时后,除去上清液,并用新鲜的小胶质细胞培养基代替。
对于未诱发的小胶质细胞培养物,将以下试剂添加到孔(一式三份)中:仅小胶质细胞培养基,脂多糖(LPS,100ng/ml)和干扰素γ(IFNγ,20ng/ml),白介素4(IL-4,20ng/ml),UBM-ECM水凝胶(250ng/ml),或MBV(5ng/ml)。24小时后,收集培养基用于ELISA分析或用于处理星形胶质细胞。
对于诱发的小胶质细胞培养物,小胶质细胞用LPS(100ng/ml)和IFNγ(20ng/ml)处理6小时,除去上清液,用小胶质细胞培养基冲洗小胶质细胞,并在以下孔(一式三份)中用以下试剂再处理24小时:小胶质细胞培养基,UBM-ECM(250μg/ml)或MBV(5μg/ml)。再温育24小时后,收集上清液用于ELISA测定或用于处理星形胶质细胞。
星形胶质细胞培养:按照供应商的说明,将原代大鼠星形胶质细胞(ScienCellResearch Laboratories,R1800)以每孔5,000细胞的量置于在96孔板中。使星形胶质细胞在37℃,5%CO2下粘附24小时。为了确定小胶质细胞极化对星形胶质细胞的影响,将小胶质细胞条件培养基(“小胶质细胞培养物”部分中描述的组和集合)添加到星形胶质细胞孔(一式三份)中,并温育24小时。在与小胶质细胞条件培养基一起初始温育24小时后,将星形胶质细胞用星形胶质细胞培养基冲洗,再与新鲜的星形胶质细胞培养基一起温育24小时,并收集上清液用于ELISA测定。为了确定星形胶质细胞上清液对RGC活力的影响,使用了跨孔板(transwell plate)。按照供应商的说明,将星形胶质细胞以每插入室(insert)5,000细胞置于跨孔插入室(transwell insert),底部腔室中充满星形胶质细胞培养基。使星形胶质细胞在37℃,5%CO2下粘附24小时。最初温育24小时后,将小胶质细胞条件培养基添加到插入室的星形胶质细胞中(一式三份),并温育24小时。24小时后,漂洗星形胶质细胞,并用新鲜的nb-SATO培养基替换培养基,再温育24小时。温育后,收集底部孔中的nb-SATO培养基用于RGC培养。
ELISA分析:根据制造商的说明分析小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞上清液的IL-1β(R&D Systems,DY501)、IL-6(R&D Systems,DY506)和TNF-α(BioLegend,Cat.#438204)的表达。从三个独立的实验重复中分析重复样品。
对星形胶质细胞条件培养基的视网膜神经节细胞反应:如上所述,将RGC分离并铺板,并在37℃,10%CO2下粘附24小时。为了确定星形胶质细胞条件培养基对RGC存活的影响,按所述方法收集星形胶质细胞的上清液,并加入RGC孔(一式三份)中,并在37℃,10%CO2下温育72小时。如上面RGC活力部分所述,分析了来自三个独立实验的RGC活力。
体内MBV剂量应答:用三种剂量的MBV体内测试RGC存活:5、10和20μg/ml(n=5只动物/组)。通过异氟烷吸入(诱导3%,维持1.5%)来麻醉动物。将一滴盐酸普罗卡因滴眼液(Bausch&Lomb,Inc.,纽约州罗切斯特)和一滴托品酰胺(tropicamide)滴眼液(Akorn,LakeForest,IL)分别局部应用于20只动物的双眼,以引起镇痛和瞳孔扩张。用一根18g的针在紧贴角膜缘后的巩膜上开一个小孔。在外科手术显微镜下,将汉密尔顿微注射器(Hamiltonmicro-syringe)通过巩膜开口插入玻璃体中。针尖应尽可能靠近视神经头放置,并注意不要触摸视网膜或晶状体。MBV在无菌PBS中稀释至适当浓度。所有注射体积均为1μl,并将无菌PBS用作培养基对照(vehicle control)(每组n=5)。将1μl MBV或PBS注入玻璃体中,并将针头原位固定30秒钟,以使MBV或PBS扩散到玻璃体中。取下针头,并在取下针头后立即局部应用一滴庆大霉素抗生素软膏(Akorn,Lake Forest,IL)。使用所述的相同技术,在第2天和第7天对动物进行两次额外注射。在MBV注射后14天处死动物,并去除视网膜以进行RGC定量。
用MBV治疗眼内压升高:如先前所述诱发急性眼内压(IOP)升高。仅通过盐水前房灌注使45只动物右眼的IOP升高,并且将左眼用作未受伤的对照。腹膜内注射75:10mg/kg氯胺酮/甲苯噻嗪混合物来麻醉动物,并用脚趾捏合反射(toe pinch reflex)确认麻醉。右眼分别使用一滴普罗卡因和一滴托品酰胺以引起镇痛和瞳孔扩张。将30g的针头连接到无菌盐水储库(0.9%氯化钠;Baxter International Inc.,Deerfield,IL),并将针尖插入前房。使用外科显微镜将针头平行于虹膜插入并原位固定。升高盐水储库以将IOP从15mmHg增加至130mmHg,并原位固定60分钟。使用压力传感器(BIOPAC Systems,Goleta,CA,USA)和手持式眼压计测量IOP。60分钟后,降低盐水储库,将针头从前房取出。拔下针头后立即将一滴庆大霉素应用于眼。使用上一节中所述的注射技术,在IOP升高后立即、IOP升高后第2天和第7天,让15只动物(组织学为n=10,ERG为n=5)接受1μl 5μg/ml MBV治疗。15只动物(组织学为n=10,ERG为n=5)用作培养基对照,并在IOP升高后以及IOP升高后的第2和第7天接受玻璃体内注射的1μl PBS。15只动物(组织学为n=10,ERG为n=5)进行IOP升高而未进行任何注射。
霍乱毒素亚基B注射:每组5只动物在第11天(14天处死之前3天)接受霍乱毒素亚基B(CtxB)注射。将霍乱毒素亚基B(重组)、Alexa Fluor 594缀合物(LifeTech,Cat#C3477)再悬浮在无菌PBS中得到1%的溶液。通过异氟烷吸入(诱导3%,维持1.5%)来麻醉动物。如前一节所述,使用玻璃体内注射技术,并将2μl 1%CtxB溶液注入玻璃体。移除前将汉密尔顿注射器针头原位保持30秒钟,并将针头从眼上拔下后局部应用一滴庆大霉素。
免疫组织化学:每组10只动物用于免疫组织化学。处死动物,除去视网膜和视神经,并用PBS中的4%多聚甲醛固定30分钟。视网膜和视神经在PBS中冲洗3次,每次5分钟。视网膜分成四份,并在IHC封闭缓冲液(3%Triton X-100、0.5%Tween-20、1%BSA和0.1%叠氮化钠的PBS溶液)中于室温在60RPM的摇床上渗透/封闭2小时。在IHC封闭缓冲液中,将接受CtxB注射的动物的视网膜用1:250抗CtxB(小鼠抗CtxB,Abcam,AB62429)标记,并将其余的视网膜在IHC封闭缓冲液中用多剪接的1:250抗RNA结合蛋白(兔抗RBPMS,磷酸溶液,1830-RBPMS)和1:250抗Brn3A(小鼠抗Brn3A,Santa Cruz,SC-8429)在4℃下在60RPM的摇床上共同标记48小时。视网膜用PBS中的0.3%Tween-20冲洗3次,并在4℃下在60RPM的摇床上与IHC封闭缓冲液中的1:500Alexa Fluor 488驴抗兔(Abcam,AB150073)和Alexa Fluor555山羊抗小鼠(Abcam,AB150114)温育24小时。视网膜用PBS中的0.3%Tween-20冲洗3次,固定在玻璃显微镜载玻片上,盖上Vectashield(Vector Laboratories,H-1200),并用落射荧光(Zeiss,Axio Observer)成像。与以前的量化方法类似(Shaw,et al.,Exp Eye Res,2017.158:p.33-42),视网膜在染色前分成四份,并在每个四等份之一上在周边和中央视网膜(视神经头周围)处拍摄三张图像,从而在每个视网膜的周边总共有12张图像,在中央总共有12张图像。先前的研究表明,IOP升高会导致视网膜外围的RGC细胞死亡增加(Chen etal.,Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci,2011.52(1):p.36-44),因此在两个位置分析了RGC的存活。
将视神经包埋在石蜡中,并在低温恒温器上切成15μm切片。在室温下,将切片在IHC封闭缓冲液中封闭/渗透2小时,然后用PBS中的0.3%Tween-20冲洗两次。切片用1:500抗GAP43(兔抗GAP-43,Abcam,AB16053),1:500抗GFAP(兔抗GFAP,1:500,Abcam,AB7260)或1:250抗CtxB(小鼠抗CtxB,Abcam,AB62429)在4℃下标记24小时。将切片用PBS中的0.3%Tween-20冲洗3次,并在4℃下与IHC封闭缓冲液中的1:500Alexa Fluor 488驴抗兔(Abcam,AB150073)或Alexa Fluor 555山羊抗小鼠(Abcam,AB150114)温育24小时。将切片用PBS中的0.3%Tween-20漂洗两次,然后在IHC封闭缓冲液中与4μg/ml Hoechst染色剂(Sigma-Aldrich,H6024)一起于常温温育15分钟。将切片用PBS中的0.3%Tween-20冲洗3次,用Vectashield固定在盖玻片上,并用落射荧光成像(Zeiss,Axio Observer)。如先前所述(Van der Merwe et al.,EBioMedicine,2017.26:p 47-59;McCloy等人et al.,CellCycle,2014.13(9):p.1400-12),使用ImageJ测量信号强度。沿着视神经均匀绘制了15个感兴趣区域(ROI),并在图像背景上绘制了四个ROI。测量每个图像的面积、平均荧光和积分密度,并根据以下方程式计算信号强度:CTCF=积分密度–(面积x平均背景荧光)。
视网膜电图(ERG):根据已建立的方案进行ERG功能分析(Alarcon-Martinez etal.,Mol Vis,2009.15:p.2373-83)。简言之,通过腹膜内注射75:10mg/kg氯胺酮/甲苯噻嗪混合物对动物进行麻醉,并通过脚趾捏合反射确认麻醉。对每只眼分别滴一滴普罗卡因和托品酰胺,以引起镇痛和瞳孔扩张,并在记录过程中用2.5%的Goniovisc(SigmaPharmaceuticals,Item#9050)保持眼润滑。将两个金环电极放在角膜上,将参比电极插入脸颊内部,将接地引线电极插入股四头肌(quadricep)。在试验过程中,使用彩色圆顶灯同时从两只眼进行了双边ERG记录。通常,将一步的固定强度的光照射1毫秒,并将ERG响应记录为对多步增加的光照进行的扫描。每个试验记录了50个ERG反应,并且每个光强度步骤总共进行了三个试验。通过测量明视负波反应(PhNR)和记录的不同波的隐式时间(implicittime)来分析数据。
统计学分析:所有分析和测量均由通过盲态个体(blinded individuals)完成。使用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)和图基事后检验法来确定两组之间的显著性差异,p<0.05。除非另有说明,否则图表表示平均值,误差线表示平均值的标准误差(SEM)。
实施例2
MBV对RGC无细胞毒性并在体外增加RGC神经突生长
与探讨MBV对原代神经元培养物影响的先前研究一致(Faust,et al.,J BiomaterAppl,2017.31(9):p.1277-12950),体外研究表明,源自UBM-ECM的MBV无细胞毒性,并且与培养基和UBM-ECM水凝胶相比增加RGC神经突的生长(图1)。治疗3天后,用五种浓度的MBV、UBM-ECM或培养基中的任何一种治疗的组之间的RGC存活均无差异,表明UBM-ECM和MBV在所测试的浓度下无细胞毒性(图1A)。与RGC活力研究相反,MBV在3天后增加了RGC神经突长度(图1B)。与培养基(275.2±11.6μm)和UBM-ECM(348.3±12.1μm)对照相比,5、10或20μg/mlMBV分别将RGC神经突生长显著增加到621.5±35.2μm,652.4±23.2μm和596.0±32.3μm。50和80μg/ml MBV分别不会增加191.6±9.9μm和76.4±4.3μm的RGC神经突生长。
实施例3
MBV抑制小基质细胞和星形胶质细胞的促炎性细胞因子分泌
体外研究表明MBV抑制了小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞的促炎性细胞因子分泌(图2)。用LPS/IFNγ使原发性小胶质细胞诱发以诱导促炎性M1样表型,随后用培养基(对照)、UBM-ECM或从UBM-ECM分离的MBV进行治疗,以确定UBM-ECM和MBV是否可以抑制促炎性细胞因子的分泌(图2A、2B、2C、2G)。用LPS/IFNγ处理24小时(未诱发)的小胶质细胞在分泌蛋白组(secretome)中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的释放增加。分析用LPS/IFNγ诱发6个小时后再用培养基治疗的小胶质细胞的分泌蛋白组,其IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α释放的增加程度相当,这表明小胶质细胞在除去上清液并用培养基代替后持续释放促炎性细胞因子。最后,用LPS/IFNγ诱发6小时并用UBM-ECM或MBV治疗的小胶质细胞显示IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的表达水平类似于仅用培养基处理24小时的小胶质细胞,表明在LPS/IFNγ诱发后进行24小时的UBM-ECM和MBV治疗可抑制促炎性细胞因子的释放。星形胶质细胞分泌蛋白组的分析显示出与小胶质细胞结果相当的结果和趋势(图2D,2E,2F,2H)。用来自用LPS/IFNγ处理的未诱发的小胶质细胞的上清液治疗的星形胶质细胞显示IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的表达增加,表明促炎性小胶质细胞的分泌蛋白组上调了促炎性标记物从星形胶质细胞的释放。用培养基处理的LPS/IFNγ诱发的小胶质细胞的分泌蛋白组诱导了星形胶质细胞的IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α的相似上调的表达,而用LPS/IFNγ诱发并用UBM-ECM或MBV治疗的小胶质细胞的分泌蛋白组不会增加星形胶质细胞的促炎性标志物的表达。这些结果表明,在小胶质细胞诱发后的UBM-ECM和MBV治疗可以下调小胶质细胞促炎细胞因子的分泌,并防止星形胶质细胞分泌促炎细胞因子。
实施例4
MBV抑制在体外增加了RGC存活的促炎性细胞因子分泌
用星形胶质细胞上清液治疗RGC,结果显示用LPS/IFNγ处理小胶质细胞,或用LPS/IFNγ诱发,随后用培养基处理可导致100%RGC细胞死亡,而小胶质细胞诱发后的UBM-ECM或MBV治疗提高了RGC活力并防止了RGC细胞死亡(图3)。这些结果与先前的研究相符,表明小胶质细胞M1样极化通过星形胶质细胞A1样极化影响RGC活力(Liddelow et al.,Nature,2017.541(7638):p.481-487),并显示促进抗炎性小胶质细胞表型超过促炎性表型将增加受伤后RGC的存活。
实施例5
MBV在体内低浓度下无毒
进行体内研究以确定玻璃体内注射后哪些MBV浓度无细胞毒性。定量了在视神经头周围(中央)和在视网膜周围(周边)的RGC活力,结果显示为与未注射的对照相比的活RGC百分比(图4)。与未注射的对照相比,MBV和PBS注射后周边的RGC活力没有变化。分别注射10μg/ml和20μg/ml后,中央区域的RGC活力分别降至未注射对照眼的82.8±1.9%和80.7±4.4%,而注射5μg/ml MBV(104.4±4.1%)和PBS(97.4±3.0%)对RGC活力没有影响。因此,选择5μg/ml MBV浓度用于体内实验中IOP升高。
实施例6
MBV增加了IOP升高后的RGC存活
在IOP升高后,在IOP升高后立即、第2天和第7天在玻璃体内注射5μg/ml MBV,并导致RGC活力显著提高(图5)。在IOP升高后14天分析了RGC的活力,仅IOP升高和IOP升高与PBS注射导致中央视网膜RGC活力显著降低,与未受伤的对照组相比,RGC存活分别为47.4±2.3%和41.8±2.3%。与两个未经治疗的组相比,MBV治疗导致中央视网膜RGC存活显著增加,存活率为79.5±3.8%。类似地,在周边视网膜中,与未受伤的对照组相比,仅IOP升高和IOP升高与PBS导致RGC活力显著下降,存活率分别为36.3±3.6%和26.4±2.8%。与未受伤的对照组相比,MBV治疗将RGC存活显著提高至75.9±4.2%。
实施例7
MBV增加了IOP升高之后的RGC轴突存活
视网膜中的CtxB标记显示了健康对照组中的中央和外周视网膜中的完整轴突标记,而在IOP升高组和在IOP升高与PBS注射组中,轴突标记减少(图6A)。用MBV治疗的动物显示出完整的轴突标记,类似于健康对照组,这表明MBV治疗除了视网膜中的RGC细胞体外还保留了RGC轴突。在视神经中(图6B),IOP升高组和IOP升高与PBS注射组显示CtxB标记显著降低,分别为未受伤对照的32.5±6.3%和26.8±4.4%(图6C)。与未受伤的对照组相比,MBV治疗的视神经中的CtxB标记显著降低,为对照组的78.6±6.1%,与IOP升高组和IOP升高与PBS注射组相比,显著增加。
实施例8
MBV减少了IOP升高之后的GFAP表达
为分析MBV在体内对星形胶质细胞活化的影响,分析了沿视神经长度的GFAP表达(图7A)。与未受伤的对照神经相比,GFAP表达在IOP升高组和IOP升高与PBS注射组中显著增加,这与视神经损伤后典型的星形胶质细胞迁移和活化相一致。定量地,与未受伤的对照相比,IOP升高和IOP升高与PBS使GFAP表达分别显著增加至393±22.7%和413.7±26.3%(图7B)。IOP升高后,用MBV治疗的动物的视神经在定性和定量上均显示GFAP表达降低,且未受伤的对照视神经和MBV治疗的视神经之间的GFAP表达没有显著差异(增加107.7±6.4%)。
实施例9
MBV增加了IOP升高之后的GAP43表达
为确定MBV是否可以增加体内RGC轴突的生长,分析了轴突生长标记GAP-43的表达(图8A)。与未受伤的对照神经相比,在IOP升高组和IOP升高与PBS注射组中,GAP43表达显著降低,分别为未损伤对照的77.5±7.2%和77.8±8.4%(图8B)。用MBV治疗的动物的视神经显示GAP43表达增加,未受伤的对照组和MBV治疗的视神经之间的GAP43表达没有差异(108.6±6.1%)。
实施例10
MBV改善了IOP升高后的视网膜电功能
使用视网膜电图(ERG)记录了明视负波反应(PhNR)的幅度和潜伏期(图9)。与未受伤的对照眼相比,IOP升高和IOP升高与PBS注射使PhNR幅度显著降低了32.8±4.4%和42.0±16.8%,而在未损伤的对照眼和MBV治疗的眼之间,PhNR幅度没有差异(图9C)。潜伏期分析显示,与未受伤的对照组相比,IOP升高使潜伏期显著增加了16.6±4.0%,而IOP升高与PBS注射和IOP升高与MBV治疗对潜伏期没有显著影响(图9D)。
实施例11
MBV与外泌体不同
已显示包括外泌体和微囊泡的胞外囊泡(EV)仅被分泌到细胞外液(extracellular fluid)中,在细胞外液中可以使用生物流体作为流动液体介质自由地在细胞之间迁移以及迁移到远处(图10)。实际上,已从包括血液、尿液、母乳、脑脊液和胸腔积液在内的大多数生物流体中分离出EV。此外,EV被分泌到体外培养的间充质干细胞(MSC)的条件培养基中。从体液或细胞培养上清液中分离出的EV易于通过常见外泌体表面标志物的表达来鉴定,这些标志物包括:CD63、CD81、CD9和Hsp70。
与外泌体不同,基质结合纳米囊泡(MBV)最近被报道为胞外基质(ECM)的组成和功能组件。MBV是与ECM中的胶原纤维紧密相关的囊泡的特定亚群。结果表明,只有在酶消化ECM支架材料后,MBV才能从基质分离,这表明嵌入在ECM中的MBV仅在基质重塑事件过程中可用于细胞摄取,例如在正常生理过程中发生的那些,例如伤口愈合和机械应力,或在宿主对植入的ECM生物支架的响应引发的降解期间(图10)。由于它们在基质中的独特区室化(distinct compartmentalization),MBV包含一组独特的细胞表面标记物以允许整合到基质中。此外,MBV不表达通常与外泌体相关的经典表面标志物(图11)。鉴于它们在体内的位置不同(即流体vs ECM结合处)以及它们的不同装载物特征(cargo signature),MBV和外泌体必然具有不同的功能。为了证明这一点,从体外培养的干细胞中分离了MBV和外泌体(图12)。然后将MBV和外泌体样品用于刺激小鼠骨髓衍生的巨噬细胞。结果显示,与用外泌体刺激的巨噬细胞相比,暴露于MBV的巨噬细胞具有独特的表型特征(图13)。重要的是,泛巨噬细胞标记物F4/80和CD-11b的表达在外泌体治疗的巨噬细胞中显著降低,而在MBV治疗的巨噬细胞中则没有。结果表明,EV亚群具有不同的生物学活性,证明MBV与外泌体不同,并证明MBV在再生医药中具有潜力。MBV的表面还含有Lox。
考虑到可以应用所公开发明的原理的许多可能的实施方案,应当认识到,所示出的实施方案仅是本发明的优选示例,而不应视为限制本发明的范围。相反,本发明的范围由所附权利要求书限定。因此,我们要求保护所有落入这些权利要求的范围和精神内的发明。
序列表
<110> 联邦高等教育系统匹兹堡大学
S·F·贝狄拉克
A·E·浮士德
G·S·赫西
Y·范德莫维
M·B·施特基特
<120> 基质结合囊泡(MBV)的眼部应用
<130> 8123-100511-02
<150> 62/502,271
<151> 2017-05-05
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Claims (36)
1.增加需要其的受试者的视网膜神经节细胞存活的方法,包括
选择需要增加视网膜神经节细胞存活的受试者,和
对受试者的眼局部施用治疗有效量的源自胞外基质的分离的纳米囊泡,其中纳米囊泡在受试者的巨噬细胞上维持F4/80和CD-11b的表达,其中纳米囊泡包含赖氨酰氧化酶,并且其中纳米囊泡:a)不表达CD63或CD81,或b)是CD63loCD81lo,
由此增加受试者的视网膜神经节细胞存活。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中胞外基质是哺乳动物胞外基质。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其中哺乳动物胞外基质是人胞外基质。
4.如权利要求1-3中任一项所述的方法,其中胞外基质来自食管组织、膀胱、小肠粘膜下层、真皮、脐带、心包、心脏组织、肿瘤组织或骨骼肌。
5.如权利要求1-4中任一项所述的方法,其中纳米囊泡包含miR-145和/或miR-181。
6.如权利要求1-5中任一项所述的方法,其中纳米囊泡被局部施用到受试者的眼。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,其中纳米囊泡经玻璃体内或视网膜下施用。
8.如权利要求1-7中任一项所述的方法,其中纳米囊泡被重复施用到受试者的眼。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,其中纳米囊泡每周、每半月(bimonthly)或每月施用给受试者。
10.如权利要求1-9中任一项所述的方法,其中选择需要增加视网膜神经节细胞存活的受试者包括选择患有青光眼的受试者。
11.如权利要求10所述的方法,还包括对受试者施用治疗有效量的降低眼内压的药剂。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其中降低眼内压的药剂是:a)前列腺素类似物,b)β-肾上腺素能封闭剂,c)α-肾上腺素能激动剂或d)胆碱能激动剂。
13.如权利要求1-8中任一项所述的方法,其中受试者患有损伤所致的视网膜神经节细胞变性。
14.如权利要求1-8中任一项所述的方法,其中受试者患有遗传病所致的视网膜神经节细胞变性。
15.如权利要求1-8中任一项所述的方法,其中受试者患有非压力相关型青光眼性视神经病变、缺血性视神经病变、炎性视神经病变、压迫性视神经病变、创伤性视神经病变。
16.如权利要求1-8中任一项所述的方法,其中受试者患有动脉炎性缺血性视神经病变、与巨细胞动脉炎相关的动脉炎性缺血性视神经病变、非动脉炎性缺血性视神经病变、浸润性视神经病变、与结节病相关的浸润性视神经病变、感染性视神经病变、与梅毒相关的感染性视神经病变、与莱姆病相关的感染性视神经病变、与弓形虫病相关的感染性视神经病变、与带状疱疹相关的感染性视神经病变、脱髓鞘病所致的视神经炎、辐射后视神经病变、肠病性肢端皮炎、遗传性视神经病变、与显性视神经病变相关的遗传性视神经病变、压迫性视神经病变、与眼眶炎性假瘤相关的压迫性视神经病变、与甲状腺眼病相关的压迫性视神经病变、自身免疫性视神经病变或与狼疮相关的自身免疫性视神经病变。
17.如权利要求1-16中任一项所述的方法,其中MBV减少了小神经胶质细胞和/或星形胶质细胞的细胞因子分泌。
18.如权利要求17所述的方法,其中细胞因子是IL-1β、IL-6或TNF-α。
19.用于增加受试者的视网膜神经节细胞存活的组合物,其中组合物包含治疗有效量的源自胞外基质的分离的纳米囊泡,其中纳米囊泡表达F4/80和CD-11b,并且其中纳米囊泡:a)不表达CD63或CD81,或b)是CD63loCD81lo,并且其中组合物被配制为局部施用到受试者的眼。
20.如权利要求19所述的组合物,其中胞外基质是哺乳动物胞外基质。
21.如权利要求20所述的组合物,其中哺乳动物胞外基质是人胞外基质。
22.如权利要求19-21中任一项所述的组合物,其中胞外基质来自食管组织、膀胱、小肠粘膜下层、真皮、脐带、心包、心脏组织、肿瘤组织或骨骼肌。
23.如权利要求19-22中任一项所述的组合物,其中纳米囊泡包含miR-145和/或miR-181。
24.如权利要求19-23中任一项所述的组合物,其中纳米囊泡被局部施用到受试者的眼。
25.如权利要求24所述的组合物,其中纳米囊泡经玻璃体内或视网膜下施用。
26.如权利要求19-25中任一项所述的组合物,其中纳米囊泡被重复施用到受试者的眼。
27.如权利要求26所述的组合物,其中纳米囊泡被每周、每半月或每月施用给受试者。
28.如权利要求19-27中任一项所述的组合物,其中选择需要增加视网膜神经节细胞存活的受试者包括选择患有青光眼的受试者。
29.如权利要求28所述的组合物,还包括对受试者施用治疗有效量的降低眼内压的药剂。
30.如权利要求29所述的组合物,其中降低眼内压的药剂是a)前列腺素类似物,b)β-肾上腺素能封闭剂,c)α-肾上腺素能激动剂,或d)胆碱能激动剂。
31.如权利要求19-26中任一项所述的组合物,其中受试者患有损伤所致的视网膜神经节细胞变性。
32.如权利要求19-26中任一项所述的组合物,其中受试者患有遗传病所致的视网膜神经节细胞变性。
33.如权利要求19-26中任一项所述的组合物,其中受试者患有非压力相关型青光眼性视神经病变、缺血性视神经病变、炎性视神经病变、压迫性视神经病变、创伤性视神经病变。
34.如权利要求19-26中任一项所述的组合物,其中受试者患有动脉炎性缺血性视神经病变、与巨细胞动脉炎相关的动脉炎性缺血性视神经病变、非动脉炎性缺血性视神经病变、浸润性视神经病变、与结节病相关的浸润性视神经病变、感染性视神经病变、与梅毒相关的感染性视神经病变、与莱姆病相关的感染性视神经病变、与弓形虫病相关的感染性视神经病变、与带状疱疹相关的感染性视神经病变、脱髓鞘病所致的视神经炎、辐射后视神经病变、肠病性肢端皮炎、遗传性视神经病变、与显性视神经病变相关的遗传性视神经病变、压迫性视神经病变、与眼眶炎性假瘤相关的压迫性视神经病变、与甲状腺眼病相关的压迫性视神经病变、自身免疫性视神经病变或与狼疮相关的自身免疫性视神经病变。
35.如权利要求19-34中任一项所述的组合物,其中MBV减少了小神经胶质细胞和/或星形胶质细胞的细胞因子分泌。
36.如权利要求35所述的组合物,其中细胞因子是IL-1β、IL-6或TNF-α。
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WO2018204848A1 (en) | 2018-11-08 |
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US20210137988A1 (en) | 2021-05-13 |
CN110582286B (zh) | 2024-01-30 |
KR20190141775A (ko) | 2019-12-24 |
EP3618841B1 (en) | 2023-03-22 |
ES2945740T3 (es) | 2023-07-06 |
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