CN110547255A - 一种西门塔尔公牛谷饲快速肥育的工艺方法 - Google Patents
一种西门塔尔公牛谷饲快速肥育的工艺方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
一种西门塔尔公牛谷饲快速肥育的工艺方法，属于牲畜养殖技术领域。所述方法为：301日龄的西门塔尔公牛，在半开放式牛舍中散栏饲养，每天上午清粪1次，环境温度从5月至10月最低温度5℃～最高温度30℃之间，每天中午13点投料1次，用全混合日粮TMR饲喂车搅拌，料槽24小时不空槽，直到西门塔尔公牛469日龄出栏；该方法中设计了3个肥育阶段的颗粒精料补充料的配比和风干型全混合TMR日粮的配比。本发明方法是用TMR(全混合日粮)饲喂车搅拌，将风干的(水分在14％以下)的粗饲料燕麦草、羊草和精饲料均匀地混合在一起，制做成风干型的TMR，即保持了颗粒料和压片玉米的香熟味和粒度，又防止牛的挑食，促进了瘤胃的反刍功能。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于牲畜养殖技术领域，具体涉及一种西门塔尔公牛谷饲快速肥育的工艺方法。
背景技术
肥牛肉是在进入性成熟期肥育的肉牛屠宰后的牛肉，也是在20月后屠宰的肉牛。肥育牛分为直线肥育和架子牛肥育。架子牛肥育主要是通过低营养水平饲养公牛，只有架子没有肉，后期再给予充分营养，补偿生长，但是，出栏时间在20月龄或更长时间。直线肥育一般是在自繁自育牛场繁殖的公牛，没有运输应激和过渡期饲养，全期都给予充分营养，生产的肥牛肉在15-16月龄期间就可出栏。月龄小，周期短，饲养的肥牛肉质细嫩，美味而且营养丰富，不但提供丰富的蛋白质、铁、锌、钙，还有每天需要的维生素B族，是叶酸、维生素B和核黄素等的最佳来源，富含人体中的10种必需氨基酸和风味游离氨基酸。与架子牛肥育方法相比，含有人体中特有的不饱和脂肪酸，是人类的优质肉类食品。
西门塔尔牛是大型肉牛品种，公牛采用在300kg～350kg开始肥育，经过8～10个月以上的肥育时间，出栏牛月龄在20个月以上。目前，通常采用全株玉米青贮加秸秆加酒糟再加精料的肥育方法，粗饲料占用瘤胃的空间大，营养浓度很难达到谷饲营养水平，全期平均日增重不超过1200g，肥育周期长，肉质嫩度低。增加了饲养成本，并且，饲料原料多，全株玉米青贮的营养含量受品种、收割季节等多种因素影响，各个养殖场差别很大。
发明内容
本发明的目的是为了解决传统的全株玉米青贮加酒糟加秸秆的日粮配方、饲养方法繁琐、肥育周期长、饲料原料多、全株玉米青贮的营养含量不一致、各个养殖场差别很大的问题，提供了一种西门塔尔公牛谷饲快速肥育的工艺方法，该方法中重点设计了3个肥育阶段的颗粒精料补充料的配比和风干型全混合TMR日粮的配比和工艺方法。
为实现上述目的，本发明采取的技术方案如下：
一种西门塔尔公牛谷饲快速肥育的工艺方法，所述方法具体为：301日龄的西门塔尔公牛，在半开放式牛舍中散栏饲养，每天上午清粪1次，环境温度在5℃～30℃之间，每天中午13点投料1次，用全混合日粮TMR饲喂车搅拌，制作成风干型的TMR日粮，料槽24小时不空槽，直到西门塔尔公牛469日龄出栏；
从301日龄至334日龄，日粮配方，以风干量计算，由颗粒精料补充料50％，燕麦草31％，羊草占19％组成；每头公牛平均每天日粮的干物质采食量为10.62kg、颗粒精料补充料干物质采食量为5.23kg、燕麦草和羊草干物质采食量为5.39kg；
从335日龄至439日龄，日粮配方，以风干量计算，由蒸汽压片玉米35％，颗粒精料补充料20％，燕麦草45％组成；每头公牛平均每天日粮干物质采食量为11.54kg、蒸汽压片玉米加颗粒精料补充料干物质采食量为6.42kg、燕麦草干物质采食量为5.12kg；
从440日龄至469日龄，日粮配方，以风干量计算，由蒸汽压片玉米34％，颗粒精料补充料20％，燕麦草46％组成；每头公牛平均每天日粮干物质采食量为13.45kg、蒸汽压片玉米加颗粒精料补充料干物质采食量为7.17kg、燕麦草干物质采食量为6.28kg。
本发明相对于现有技术的有益效果为：
本发明是在西门塔尔肥育公牛能全天采食到全价日粮，301日龄至334日龄精饲料采用了全颗粒精料补充料，由玉米、高脂肪DDGS(脂肪含量≥10％)、豆粕、喷浆玉米胚芽粕、甘蔗糖蜜、小苏达、食盐、40目石粉、复合维生素和微量元素的配置，粗饲料分别采用了燕麦草、羊草的配置；335日龄至439日龄，采用了颗粒精料补充料，由玉米、低脂肪DDGS(脂肪含量≤4％)、喷浆玉米胚芽粕、甘蔗糖蜜、小苏达、食盐、40目石粉、复合维生素和微量元素的配置，加蒸汽压片玉米，粗饲料采用了燕麦草的配置；440日龄至469日龄，采用了颗粒精料补充料，由玉米、低脂肪DDGS(脂肪含量≤4％)、棕榈粕、喷浆玉米皮(粗蛋白含量>18％)、喷浆玉米胚芽粕、NP200的糊化尿素、甘蔗糖蜜、小苏达、食盐、40目石粉、复合维生素和微量元素的配置，加蒸汽压片玉米，粗饲料采用了燕麦草的配置。
本发明解决了肥育公牛高精料粗纤维不足的问题，保证了牛的正常反刍功能，预防了高精料时牛的酸中毒，同时添加糊化尿素提高非蛋白氮含量，利用瘤胃转化；粗饲料的燕麦草草质细软，牛适口性好，粗蛋白含量高，降低了成本，达到了提高西门塔尔公牛快速增重的目的。本发明方法是用TMR(全混合日粮)饲喂车搅拌，将风干的(水分在14％以下)的粗饲料燕麦草、羊草和精饲料均匀地混合在一起，制做成风干型的TMR，即保持了颗粒料和压片玉米的香熟味和粒度，又防止牛的挑食，促进了瘤胃的反刍功能。
具体实施方式
下面对本发明的技术方案作进一步的说明，但并不局限于此，凡是对本发明技术方案进行修正或等同替换，而不脱离本发明技术方案的范围，均应涵盖在本发明的保护范围之中。
本发明的原理为：牛是反刍动物，公牛在犊牛期生长速度慢，随着年龄增长，公牛在8月龄至12月龄生长速度最快，以后逐渐减慢；到了成年阶段(3～4岁)生长基本停止，牛在250kg～450kg体重的生长阶段，平均日增重最高。牛在育成时期，以增强瘤胃功能为主，精料采食量达体重的1％～1.2％，粗饲料可自由采食；日粮的粗蛋白不低于18％，增加肌肉的含量，此期间牛还没有在肌间和皮下沉积脂肪，理想的目标是12月龄能达到500kg体重。公牛肥育期的饲养以提高日增重为主要目标，通过提高肥育公牛的采食量和增加营养浓度来实现。从12月龄后开始，增加日粮中的能量，日粮蛋白质不低于16％，主要途径是增加玉米的配置来达到提高增重的目的。由于出栏时间缩短到16月龄内，肉质的嫩度也随之提高，节约了饲料原料和肥育时间。
本发明的技术方案是：
1品种：西门塔尔育成公牛，为自繁自育牛场生产。
2生长阶段：育成公牛生长到301日龄开始肥育，平均体重在383.07kg，出栏时平均体重在642.1kg。
3饲料组成：压片玉米、颗粒精料补充料、燕麦草、羊草。
4饲养管理：在半开放式牛舍中散栏饲养，每头牛占地面积8m2，环境温度为自然环境温度，从5℃至30℃，历时168天，饮水槽自由饮水，每天清粪1次，地面为橡胶垫，1-5月、9-10月5天1次和6-8月3天1次对牛舍地面及空气消毒。使用TMR(全混合日粮)搅拌车混合粗饲料(燕麦草、羊草)、压片玉米和颗粒精料补充料。
具体实施方式一：本实施方式记载的是一种西门塔尔公牛谷饲快速肥育的工艺方法，针对的品种为：德国西门塔尔种公牛和澳州西门塔尔母牛杂交的F1代公牛，所述方法具体为：从301日龄的西门塔尔公牛开始肥育，在半开放式牛舍中散栏饲养，每天上午清粪1次，环境温度从5月至10月最低温度5℃～最高温度30℃之间变化，每天中午13点投料1次，用全混合日粮TMR饲喂车搅拌，制作成水分在14％以下的风干型的TMR日粮，料槽24小时不空槽，直到西门塔尔公牛469日龄出栏；
从301日龄至334日龄，日粮配方，以风干量计算，由颗粒精料补充料50％，燕麦草31％，羊草占19％组成；每头公牛平均每天日粮的干物质采食量(以日粮中不含水分的干物质计算采食量)为10.62kg、颗粒精料补充料干物质采食量为5.23kg、燕麦草和羊草干物质采食量为5.39kg，精料(只有颗粒精料补充料)与粗料(燕麦草+羊草)的干物质比为49.3:50.7，料重比为5.13；料重比指增重1kg所需要投入的日粮干物质数量，风干量指的是含有14％以下水分的，而干物质采食量是完全不含有水的；
从335日龄至439日龄，日粮配方，以风干量计算，由蒸汽压片玉米35％，颗粒精料补充料20％，燕麦草45％组成；每头公牛平均每天日粮干物质采食量为11.54kg、蒸汽压片玉米+颗粒精料补充料干物质采食量为6.42kg、燕麦草干物质采食量为5.12kg，精料(蒸汽压片玉米+颗粒精料补充料)与粗料(燕麦草)的干物质比为55.6：44.4，料重比为8.24；
从440日龄至469日龄，日粮配方，以风干量计算，由蒸汽压片玉米34％，颗粒精料补充料20％，燕麦草46％组成；每头公牛平均每天日粮干物质采食量为13.45kg、蒸汽压片玉米+颗粒精料补充料干物质的采食量为7.17kg、燕麦草干物质采食量为6.28kg，精料(蒸汽压片玉米+颗粒精料补充料)与粗料(燕麦草)的干物质比为53.3:46.7，料重比为8.91。
具体实施方式二：具体实施方式一所述的一种西门塔尔公牛谷饲快速肥育的工艺方法，所述颗粒精料补充料的具体组成及含量如下：
301日龄至469日龄的颗粒精料补充料按照质量份数由玉米15份～50份，豆粕15份，DDGS 15份～35份，喷浆玉米胚芽粕10份～30.75份，喷浆玉米皮11份，棕榈粕15份，甘蔗糖蜜3份～3.75份，40目石粉1.99份～5份，肉牛预混料添加剂0.5份～2.5份，食盐0.5份～2.5份，小苏达1份～5份，糊化缓释为200的尿素1份组成。所述DDGS为水分14％以下的玉米酒精糟及其可溶物。
具体实施方式三：具体实施方式二所述的一种西门塔尔公牛谷饲快速肥育的工艺方法，所述玉米的容重rz高于710；所述喷浆玉米皮的粗蛋白含量>18％。
具体实施方式四：具体实施方式二所述的一种西门塔尔公牛谷饲快速肥育的工艺方法，所述肉牛预混料添加剂包含的主要微量元素和维生素含量，具体为：铁重量为3.1g/kg，铜重量为8.3g/kg，锌重量为15g/kg，锰重量为10g/kg，硒重量为0.112g/kg，镁重量为263g/kg，维生素A重量为663.8KIU/kg，维生素D3重量为1.9mg/kg，维生素E重量为5.62kIU/kg。
表1本发明西门塔尔公牛肥育各阶段的饲喂方案标准图表
表2本发明西门塔尔公牛肥育各阶段试验组分统计数据表
注：F：在数理统计中，F是方差分析中的一个指标，它用来比较组间差异。F>0.05差异不显著。
表3本发明西门塔尔公牛谷饲肥育试验各阶段增重统计表
表4本发明西门塔尔公牛谷饲肥育试验各阶段精粗比图表
表5本发明西门塔尔公牛谷饲肥育各阶段平均日增重标准图表
表6本发明西门塔尔公牛谷饲肥育各阶段精粗比标准图表
Claims (4)
1.一种西门塔尔公牛谷饲快速肥育的工艺方法，其特征在于：所述方法具体为：从301日龄的西门塔尔公牛开始肥育，在半开放式牛舍中散栏饲养，每天上午清粪1次，环境温度在5℃～30℃之间变化，每天中午13点投料1次，用全混合日粮TMR饲喂车搅拌，制作成水分在14％以下的风干型的TMR日粮，料槽24小时不空槽，直到西门塔尔公牛469日龄出栏；
从301日龄至334日龄，日粮配方，以风干量计算，由颗粒精料补充料50％，燕麦草31％，羊草19％组成；每头公牛平均每天日粮的干物质采食量为10.62kg、颗粒精料补充料干物质采食量为5.23kg、燕麦草和羊草干物质采食量为5.39kg；
从335日龄至439日龄，日粮配方，以风干量计算，由蒸汽压片玉米35％，颗粒精料补充料20％，燕麦草45％组成；每头公牛平均每天日粮干物质采食量为11.54kg、蒸汽压片玉米+颗粒精料补充料干物质采食量为6.42kg、燕麦草干物质采食量为5.12kg；
从440日龄至469日龄，日粮配方，以风干量计算，由蒸汽压片玉米34％，颗粒精料补充料20％，燕麦草46％组成；每头公牛平均每天日粮干物质采食量为13.45kg、蒸汽压片玉米+颗粒精料补充料干物质采食量为7.17kg、燕麦草干物质采食量为6.28kg。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种西门塔尔公牛谷饲快速肥育的工艺方法，其特征在于：所述颗粒精料补充料的具体组成及含量如下：
301日龄至469日龄的颗粒精料补充料按照质量份数由玉米15份～50份，豆粕15份，DDGS 15份～35份，喷浆玉米胚芽粕10份～30.75份，喷浆玉米皮11份，棕榈粕15份，甘蔗糖蜜3份～3.75份，40目石粉1.99份～5份，肉牛预混料添加剂0.5份～2.5份，食盐0.5份～2.5份，小苏达1份～5份，糊化缓释为200的尿素1份组成。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种西门塔尔公牛谷饲快速肥育的工艺方法，其特征在于：所述玉米的容重rz高于710；所述喷浆玉米皮的粗蛋白含量>18％。
4.根据权利要求2所述的一种西门塔尔公牛谷饲快速肥育的工艺方法，其特征在于：所述肉牛预混料添加剂包含微量元素和维生素含量，具体为：铁重量为3.1g/kg，铜重量为8.3g/kg，锌重量为15g/kg，锰重量为10g/kg，硒重量为0.112g/kg，镁重量为263g/kg，维生素A重量为663.8KIU/kg，维生素D3重量为1.9mg/kg，维生素E重量为5.62kIU/kg。
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Application publication date: 20191210 |