CN110416595A - 具有集成电池构造的结构部件 - Google Patents

具有集成电池构造的结构部件 Download PDF

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CN110416595A
CN110416595A CN201910341796.XA CN201910341796A CN110416595A CN 110416595 A CN110416595 A CN 110416595A CN 201910341796 A CN201910341796 A CN 201910341796A CN 110416595 A CN110416595 A CN 110416595A
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彼得·林德
克里斯蒂安·卡奇
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Abstract

一种用于载具的结构部件具有电池构造，所述电池构造带有固体电解质基质材料，嵌入其中的带有阴极活性涂层的第一碳纤维层，嵌入其中的没有阴极活性涂层的第二碳纤维层以及至少一个布置在其间的电绝缘分离层。此外所述结构部件还具有第一集流体层和第二集流体层，它们布置在所述第一层或第二层的背离所述分离层的侧面上，其中所述第一集流体层和第二集流体层分别由柔性的、可成形的且多孔的碳同素异形体层形成。

Description

具有集成电池构造的结构部件
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于载具的结构部件、一种用于制造该结构部件的方法以及一种具有至少一个此类结构部件的载具。
背景技术
为了优化飞行器或其他载具的重量，已知的是，将多个部件的功能相互组合并且通过多功能部件进行替换。此类多功能部件的一个例子是所谓的结构电池，该结构电池具有层构造，该层构造可以整合在由纤维增强的塑料制成的结构部件中或可以形成此种结构部件。
例如，结构电池可以具有由碳纤维织物制成的层构造。在此可以通过嵌入塑料基质中的碳纤维织物实现阳极和阴极。在阴极的情况下，碳纤维可以设置有给出离子的涂层。在阴极与阳极之间设置有用于电绝缘的离子可透过的分离层。由金属材料制成的集流体(其中通常使用铝)连接到阴极和阳极处。除了其作为电池的功能之外，该结构电池由于这种结构可以具有很高的机械强度。因此，结构电池可以很容易地整合到飞行器或载具的结构部件中。
EP 3 273 505 A1公开了一种结构部件，该结构部件形成电源并且同时配备有用于引导电流的装置。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提出一种结构电池或结构部件，该结构电池或结构部件在作为电池的功能方面具有仍进一步改善的性能并且具有更轻的重量。
该目的通过一种具有独立权利要求1特征的结构部件来实现。有利的实施方式和改进方案能够自从属权利要求和下文的描述中得出。
提出一种用于载具的结构部件，所述结构部件具有：电池构造，所述电池构造带有固体电解质基质材料、嵌入其中的带有阴极活性涂层的第一碳纤维层、嵌入其中的没有阴极活性涂层的第二碳纤维层以及至少一个布置在其间的电绝缘分离层，此外还带有第一集流体层和第二集流体层，所述集流体层布置在所述第一层或第二层的背离所述分离层的侧面上，其中所述第一集流体层和所述第二集流体层分别由柔性的、可成形的且多孔的碳同素异形体层形成。
根据本发明的结构部件的特别的优点在于，该结构部件的作为电池起作用的部分可以很容易地使用基本上常规的用于由纤维复合材料制造部件的方法来生产。该第一碳纤维层、第二碳纤维层、分离层以及两个集流体层是柔性的并且可以以幅面状和自动方式施加在工具表面。另外，因为碳同素异形体具有比铝更小的密度，因此在结构部件中包含的或由此实现的结构电池可以具有比已知的结构电池更轻的重量。同时确保显著改善的可成形性以及改善的机械稳定性。
第一碳纤维层可以包含一个或多个碳纤维子层。这些碳纤维子层可以以织物的形式提供并且具有多个纤维子层和多个纤维方向。在此，纤维的取向(在常规的结构部件中也是如此)可以匹配所要求的机械特性。替代于此，还可以使用非织造的碳纤维或碳纤维无纺布(Kohlefasergelegen)。在此，这些碳纤维可以具有一个或多个分立的纤维方向或可以全方向地实现以便实现准各向同性的特性。同样在此可以互相叠放具有不同取向的多个子层。
在使用基于锂离子的电池时，阴极活性涂层是含锂的过渡金属氧化物或含锂的过渡金属磷酸盐。这些物质能够可逆地储存并再次释放锂离子。对第一层的碳纤维的涂覆可以通过使用合适的溶液浸渍、浸入或喷涂来进行，然而其中也不排除其他变体。
第二碳纤维层并非一定具有涂层，因为碳自身可以作为活性材料用于负电极。在需要时，仍然可以用附加的阳极活性材料(如包含硅)来涂覆碳纤维。
在处理中第一层和第二层与在常规CFK部件中使用的子层构造的其他层无法区分。该分离层可以通过不同的易弯的、平面状的材料幅面实现，该材料幅面允许嵌入基质材料中或粘附到基质材料上。再下文中详述优选的变体。
集流体层可以被称为阴极集流体层以及阳极集流体层。这两个层都具有碳同素异形体的构造，它们具有足够的导电性并且可以代替铝基金属幅面。另一个特别的优点在于，与由铝制成的幅面相比，第一集流体层和第二集流体层与邻接的碳纤维层具有明显更低的材料不连续性。由此防止铝电极和碳纤维的化学腐蚀不相容性并改善耐久性。
在一个优选的实施方式中，所述集流体层中的至少一个具有碳纳米管，所述碳纳米管嵌入基质材料中或形成多孔的织物。此外，碳纳米管具有比基于铝的结构明显更轻的重量。另外，由碳纳米管制成的结构的载流能力比铝或铜高许多倍。
优选的是，所述集流体层中的至少一个由非织造的碳纳米管的多孔毡形成。所述毡尤其适用于整合到由碳纤维增强塑料制成的结构部件的常规制造过程中。单独的碳纳米管通过范德华力粘附在一起并具有准各向同性的抗拉行为。由此实现了特别有利地替代其他情况下的金属幅面材料。
该阴极活性涂层可以具有LiFeO2。氧化锂铁可以带来更好的存储容量并同时显着降低生产成本。
然而同样也可以想到其他的锂-金属氧化物化合物，使得本发明不必受限于氧化锂铁。尤其可以使用锂钴氧化物，其从很久以前就在商业中使用。
分离层可以具有不导电的纤维，尤其玻璃纤维。玻璃纤维(同样还有碳纤维)，由于其适合作为易弯的织物或无纺布进行加工，因此非常容易被加工并且匹配所期望的机械特性。此外，因为玻璃纤维是不导电的，可以推荐将基于玻璃纤维的分离层结合到电池构造中。
替代性地，分离层还可以具有碳纤维，所述碳纤维具有绝缘涂层。电池构造内部的材料连续性得到改善并且与玻璃纤维相比稳定性也略微提高。因此，尤其在分离层的位置中可以更好地避免电压跃变和脱层。
在此方面要注意的是，全部分离层必须实施为，使得离子、尤其锂离子可以从阴极放出并被阳极接收。
在一个有利的实施方式中，所述结构部件还可以包括至少一个附加的结构层，所述结构层至少在一侧覆盖所述电池构造并加固所述结构部件。这样的结构层可以布置在电池构造的仅一侧或两侧。额外使用所述附加层导致电池构造的封装并进一步提高结构部件的强度。此外，在飞行器且尤其交通飞行器中可以连接其他的功能层，所述功能层适用于防雷、结构健康监测或类似应用。
所述集流体层可以分别配备有至少一个电连接体，其中所有连接体延伸到所述电池构造的同一侧。为了使用电池，电池构造也必须电连接，其中电连接体应优选位于电池构造的同一侧。电连接体可以例如为销或插针，其分别从集流体层中之一向电池构造的相关侧延伸。
本发明还涉及一种用于制造结构部件的方法，尤其上文所述的结构部件。所述方法具有以下步骤：施加第一集流体层、具有阴极活性涂层的第一碳纤维层、电绝缘分离层、没有阴极活性涂层的第二碳纤维层以及第二碳纤维层以及共同固化。在一个优选的实施方式中，借助自动化装置进行布置。该装置优选配备有自动化纤维铺设头或自动化条带铺设头(Bandablegekopf)。
另外，本发明还涉及一种具有至少一个此类结构部件的载具。所述载具尤其为飞行器。
附图说明
本发明的其他特征、优点和应用可能性由以下对实施例和附图的说明得出。在此，所有所描述的和/或图示的特征以自身和以任意组合构成本发明的主题，而与其在各个权利要求中或其所引用的权利要求中的关系无关。此外，在附图中相同的附图标记代表相同或相似的物体。
图1以三维示意截面图示出了载具的结构部件的电池构造。
图2示出了用于自动制造结构部件的装置。
图3示出了包含带有电池构造的结构部件的飞行器。
图4以基于框图的示意图示出了用于制造结构部件的根据本发明的方法。
具体实施方式
图1示出了载具的结构部件的电池构造2。该电池构造具有由带有阴极活性涂层的碳纤维6形成的第一层4，其中碳纤维6嵌入到导电的基质材料8中。设置碳纤维12的第二层10，其中碳纤维12不具有阴极活性涂层。第二层10的碳纤维12可以完全不具有涂层或具有含硅涂层。
在第一层4与第二层10之间布置有例如具有玻璃纤维16的电绝缘分离层14。该玻璃纤维对于锂离子是可透过的，锂离子可以从第一层4通过分离层14扩散到第二层10中。
在第一层4的背离分离层14的一侧布置有第一集流体层18，该第一集流体层例如以非织造的毡的形式由碳纳米管组成。与之类似地，在第二层10的背离分离层14的一侧布置有第二集流体层20，该第二集流体层同样可以由非织造的碳纳米管的毡组成。两个集流体层18和20具有特别轻的重量并且通常可以代替幅面状金属。
为了将电构造2连接至耗电器17(这里仅示例性表示)，需要连接体19和21。连接体被安置到集流体层18和20处并提供电连接。连接体19和21也可以实现为绝缘销的形式，其在横向于电池构造2的各个层的方向上延伸。连接体19也可以(如虚线示出)在电池构造2的同一侧上与连接体21并排地被引导。
该构造的特别的优点在于，可以使用常规的自动化方法以及用于进行制造的装置。在图2中示出电池构造2，该电池构造由自动化装置22制造。装置22示例性地展示为具有机器人臂24，该机器人臂示例性地承载自动化的条带铺设头26。例如，该机器人臂具有输送辊28以及转向辊30。
通过沿铺设方向d的移动，幅面状材料32从输送辊28被输出并由转向辊30铺设在基板34上。当然，该方法开始于在位于最底层下方的成型模具上进行铺设。该幅面状材料可以布置在多个输送辊28上，使得在无需更换输送辊的情况下可以提供阴极、阳极、集流体层、分离层以及所有其他层。尤其提出的是使用预浸渍的幅面，其中纤维类型和基质材料可以根据需要而不同。分离层例如可以由玻璃纤维织物实现，该玻璃纤维织物嵌入到不导电的基质中。
在铺设所有幅面之后，可以以通常的方式进行固化。为此，可以将成型模具移入固化炉中并在那里根据要求加热。
图3示出了具有结构部件38的飞行器36，该结构部件可以配备有电池构造2。附图标记38的说明不一定旨在表示外部的主飞行器结构，而是还可以涉及内部结构。结构部件38以略微放大的视图示意性示出，其中外层40设置有电池构造2。此外，在电池构造2的背离外层40的一侧上可以施加另外的外层。所有外层40以及布置在其中的电池构造2可以在封闭的方法中制造，这样最终就产生一个整体式部件。
最后，图4示出了根据本发明的方法的流程图的示意图示。该方法具有以下步骤：施加42由易弯的碳同素异形体层形成的第一集流体层18，施加具有阴极活性涂层的第一碳纤维层4，施加电绝缘分离层14，施加没有阴极活性涂层的第二碳纤维层10，施加由易弯的碳同素异形体层形成的第二集流体层20，以及共同固化52。如图4中括号内的方向箭头所示，该方法当然也可以以不同的顺序运行。此外，还可以通过预制多个层而同时执行这些方法步骤中的几个或将它们组合成一个步骤。
在一个有利的实施方式中，该方法还可以包括施加54至少一个附加的结构层40，该结构层至少在一侧覆盖电池构造2并加固该结构部件38。
补充性地可以指出，“具有”并不排除其他的元件或步骤，并且“一个/一种”不排除多数。此外还可以指出，可以使用已经参照上述实施例之一描述的特征还有与上文描述的另外实施例的其他特征的组合。权利要求书中的附图标记不应视为限制。

Claims (14)

1.一种用于载具(36)的结构部件(38)，所述结构部件具有电池构造(2)，该电池构造带有固体电解质基质材料(8)，嵌入所述固体电解质基质材料中的带有阴极活性涂层的第一碳纤维(6)层(4)，嵌入所述固体电解质基质材料中的没有阴极活性涂层的第二碳纤维(12)层(10)以及至少一个布置在所述层之间的电绝缘分离层(14)，此外还带有第一集流体层(18)和第二集流体层(20)，所述集流体层布置在所述第一层(4)或所述第二层(10)的背离所述分离层(14)的侧面上，其中所述第一集流体层(18)和所述第二集流体层(20)分别由柔性的、可成形的且多孔的碳同素异形体层形成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的结构部件(38)，其中所述集流体层(18，20)中的至少一个具有碳纳米管，所述碳纳米管嵌入到所述基质材料(8)中或形成织物。
3.根据权利要求2所述的结构部件(38)，其中所述集流体层(18，20)中的至少一个由非织造的碳纳米管的多孔毡形成。
4.根据以上权利要求之一所述的结构部件(38)，其中所述阴极活性涂层具有LiFeO2。
5.根据以上权利要求之一所述的结构部件(38)，其中所述分离层(14)具有不导电的纤维、尤其玻璃纤维。
6.根据以上权利要求之一所述的结构部件(38)，其中所述分离层(14)具有碳纤维，所述碳纤维具有绝缘涂层。
7.根据以上权利要求之一所述的结构部件(38)，所述结构部件此外还具有至少一个附加的结构层(40)，所述结构层至少在一侧覆盖所述电池构造(2)并加固所述结构部件(38)。
8.根据以上权利要求之一所述的结构部件(38)，其中所述集流体层(18，20)分别配备有至少一个电连接体(19，21)，其中所有连接体(19，21)延伸到所述电池构造(2)的同一侧。
9.一种用于制造结构部件(38)的方法，所述结构部件尤其是根据权利要求1至8之一所述的具有电池构造的结构部件，所述方法具有以下步骤：
-施加(42)由易弯的碳同素异形体层形成的第一集流体层(18)，
-施加(44)具有阴极活性涂层的第一碳纤维层(4)，
-施加(46)电绝缘分离层(14)，
-施加(48)没有阴极活性涂层的第二碳纤维层(10)，
-施加(50)由易弯的碳同素异形体层形成的第二集流体层(20)，以及
-共同固化(52)。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法，其中施加所述集流体层分别具有：沉积由碳同素异形体形成的易弯的层。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述的方法，其中施加所述集流体层分别具有：沉积由碳纳米管形成的毡。
12.根据权利要求9至11之一所述的方法，还具有施加至少一个附加的结构层(40)的步骤，所述结构层至少在一侧覆盖所述电池构造(2)并加固所述结构部件(38)。
13.一种载具(36)，具有至少一个根据权利要求1至8之一所述的结构部件(38)。
14.根据权利要求13所述的载具，其中所述载具(36)为飞行器(36)。
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