CN110412285B - 抑制mcm蛋白复合物的方法和化合物及其在治疗癌症上的应用 - Google Patents
抑制mcm蛋白复合物的方法和化合物及其在治疗癌症上的应用 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明描述了通过抑制人类MCM蛋白复合物来治疗癌症的方法和化合物,这些化合物抑制MCM蛋白由6个亚基形成环状结构的复合物,从而失去在DNA的复制过程中的功能。另外也建立出一个药物筛选机制,通过检测MCM蛋白亚基的亚细胞位置和功能,筛选出能抑制MCM蛋白复合物的药物。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
本专利申请与提交于2013年5月9日之国际专利合作条约专利申请(PATENTCOOPERATION TREATY;序号为PCT/US2013/040287)以及提交于2012年5月9日之美国临时专利申请(序号为61/644,442)相关,其阐述的全部内容在这里作为参照引用。
发明领域:
该发明的内容是有关用药物来抑制含有6个亚基的杂环状MCM蛋白复合体在癌细胞DNA复制过程中的功能来治疗癌症,而且有关如何通过检测在候选药物处理过的细胞中MCM蛋白亚基如hMcm2and hMcm6的位置及其功能,筛选和鉴定出该类化合物。
发明背景
癌细胞会失控般生长、分裂、侵蚀周围组织,并通过淋巴和血液循环系统可以侵入或扩散到身体其他部分。常规的癌症治疗包括切除或摧毁癌细胞组织,例如,手术、化疗、放疗、免疫疗法等。然后,所有疗法面临的共同挑战是如何在切底摧毁癌细胞的同时对正常细胞和组织不造成严重的损害。近几十年来,化疗领域就一直关注于具有细胞毒的化合物的研发与投入。大量的化合物被证明具有细胞毒及抗肿瘤功效。超过600000种的细胞毒化合物中只有大约40种被认为具有一定的临床意义(Schwartsmann et al.,by 1988)。这种较低成功筛选率的原因在于药物的毒性导致它们往往在有效抗癌剂量和毒性剂量之间有着非常窄的治疗窗。这样以具有细胞毒的化合物为基础的抗肿瘤药物的筛选受到了很大程度的限制,并且距离真正具有临床疗效还有较大的差距。所以现在我们需要的是对癌细胞有更强大的特异性,也就是在抗肿瘤的同时不会对正常的细胞核组织造成巨大损害的药物。
发明概述:
本发明的目标即为:提供一种能够摧毁肿瘤细胞而对正常细胞和组织不会造成重大损害的方法和药物。该方法是通过破坏MCM(minichromosome maintenance;微染色体维持蛋白)复合物的形成,该蛋白在复制前复合物(pre-replicative complex;pre-RC)的组装(此过程也称为复制许可)及DNA复制的延伸过程中起着关键的作用。DNA复制的起始需要一系列的复制起始蛋白,以在每个复制原点上有序地形成复制前复合物。MCM复合物的活性需要所有的六个MCM亚基(MCM2-MCM7),以形成一个杂六元环,并在ORC1-6,NOC3,IPI1-3,CDT1,Cdc6和可能其他蛋白质的帮助下,被组装到复制起点上。作为AAA+(ATPasesassociated with a variety of cellular activities;参与各种细胞活动ATP酶)家族的成员蛋白,MCM复合物沿着复制叉移动,可能作为复制解旋酶,解开DNA双链。由于所有的六个MCM亚基在DNA复制中所需要的,发明人的前期研究公开于US Pat.Nos.7393950和8318922(该专利在此作为参照引用),研究表明:能够与MCM亚基特异结合的反义寡核苷酸序列可以抑制细胞增殖。
因为MCM蛋白的所有亚基要形成完整的环状才可以实现其功能,所以在中断杂六聚体复合物的任何两个亚基之间的相互作用应该破坏MCM环结构,并灭活MCM复合物,抑制DNA复制,并引起肿瘤细胞凋亡而对正常细胞无影响。在本发明中,我们从植物提取物、组分和化合物文库以及人工合成的化合物中筛选并确定了几个可以抑制人类MCM蛋白的相互作用与活性,并阻断肿瘤细胞的DNA复制和细胞增殖的化合物。作为本发明的实施按例,我们鉴定和发明的几个小分子可以破坏hMcm2和hMcm6之间的相互作用,削弱MCM蛋白的核定位及其与染色质的结合,并抑制DNA复制。此外,这些化合物可以诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡而对正常细胞没有明显的细胞毒性,并在裸鼠移植瘤模型中表现出强劲的抗肿瘤活性而对裸鼠没有明显的毒副作用。
这种特异性的根本原因是:正常细胞拥有能把细胞停滞在G1期的检查系统,从而避免细胞发生凋亡;而癌细胞缺乏此检查系统来控制这个过程,所以正常细胞能够识别MCM蛋白结构是否完整,功能是否完善,只有当MCM在DNA复制过程中功能完善时,才能够进入S期进行分裂,否则会暂停在G1期,就像机动车辆会因为发现前方桥梁发生断裂而刹车;而癌细胞会像刹车失灵的车辆因无法暂停而继续前行进入S期。
该专利的另外一个保护内容是:我们建立了一个筛选抗癌药物的筛选平台,该筛选平台能够筛选出对癌细胞有杀伤力而不影响正常细胞的药物。该方法的实现是通过验证候选药物能否破坏MCM蛋白复合物的形成,使MCM的亚基被留在胞质中而不会被运往细胞核而失去功能。
该方法的步骤如下:1)将候选化合物加到细胞培养液中,处理细胞一定的时间;2)检测上述细胞中有功能的MCM蛋白的水平,来实现对具有抗癌作用的化合物的筛选。检测有功能的MCM蛋白的水平可通过检测MCM亚基在细胞核和细胞质当中分布的比例,因为只有功能完整的蛋白复合体才能够存在于细胞核中,这样,化合物对MCM蛋白复合体形成的破坏性越大,能在细胞核中定位的MCM亚基越少。检测MCM亚基在细胞中的分布可用间接荧光检测的方法来实现,细胞经化合物处理后,带有荧光标记的二抗可识别结合了内源MCM蛋白一抗,从而确定MCM蛋白在细胞中位置。另外也可通过方法荧光的直接观测:通过在细胞中转染能够表达一个或多个融合了荧光蛋白的MCM亚基的质粒,例如hMcm2-GFP和/或hMcm6-GFP,这样在化合物处理细胞后,融合了荧光蛋白的MCM亚基就可以被检测到。
另外,也可通过BrdU核素掺入法、流式细胞仪等方法来检测DNA的复制来实现筛选抗癌药物,同时,也可以通过其他步骤来检测除了破坏MCM结构外,该化合物是否在正常细胞核癌细胞中具有不同的抑制细胞增殖的能力。
该专利的另一目标是提供通过该机制抗肿瘤的高特异性化合物。具有该功能的化合物一般具有如下结构规律:主结构I(4个环状的主体结构)
其中R1是H或一到几个糖基;R2是B(β)构型的5或6元环;R3和R4是H或OH;R3和R4也可以是一个O原子并与R3和R4相联的C原子形成一个3元环;R5是OH,R6是H,R5和R6也可以是一个O原子并与R5和R6相联的C原子形成一个3元环。
目前专利中所保护的所有化合物和相关方法应用于对MCM蛋白的抑制药物敏感的所有癌种,包括宫颈癌、前列腺癌、结肠癌、乳腺癌、卵巢癌、急性髓细胞白血病、慢性淋巴细胞白血病、非霍奇金淋巴瘤和霍奇金淋巴瘤、急性淋巴细胞性白血病、胰腺癌、胃癌、皮肤癌、膀胱癌、食道癌、鼻咽癌、小细胞肺癌和非小细胞肺癌等。
总结:该专利技术核心和保护重点是能够通过破坏MCM蛋白而选择性地摧毁癌细胞的药物。
作为本专利的一部分,关于此专利的各项创新点在保护内容中做了特别陈述。为了使此专利内容更易于理解,本发明的操作优势、使用目的、参考内容等将在以下图文说明中进一步阐述。
图例
图1表明:本发明中该抗肿瘤化合物的结构(3-8)和不具有活性的同分异构体(1-2)
图2中A:直接显微观察;B-H:WST-1(water soluble tetrazolium-1)测量数据;17β-去乙酰海芒果素(17beta-Deacetyltanghinin;见A-C)、17β-黄花夹竹桃次甙(17beta-Neriifolin;见D)和17β-去乙酰基海芒果素二醇(17beta-Deacetyltanghinin diol;见E)是本专利申请中三个具有抗癌活性的化合物代表,这些药物对癌细胞具有较高的选择性,而对正常细胞对性较低。对照药物紫杉醇(Paclitaxel;Taxol;见F)和依托泊苷碳酸盐(VP16;见G和H)对正常细胞的毒性很强,对正常细胞和癌细胞的选择性较差。
图3表明:通过免疫荧光的方法可以观察到17β-去乙酰海芒果素合17β-黄花夹竹桃次甙可以破坏MCM亚基之间的结合,而17β-去乙酰基海芒果素二醇的作用相对前两者要弱。
图4表明:通过免疫荧光的方法可以观察到17β-去乙酰海芒果素、17β-黄花夹竹桃次甙和17β-去乙酰基海芒果素二醇都可以破坏hMcm2和hMcm6在细胞核中的定位。
图5表明:染色质免疫沉淀实验和流式细胞仪方法表明:17β-去乙酰海芒果素能够抑制复制前复合物(pre-RC)组装,导致癌细胞的凋亡。
图6表明:流式细胞仪方法可以观察到:17β-去乙酰海芒果素能够抑制DNA的复制,引导癌细胞的凋亡。
图7表明:通过BrdU核素掺入法可以观察到17β-去乙酰海芒果素能够抑制DNA的复制。
图8表明:流式细胞仪和膜联蛋白V染色的方法可以观察到:17β-去乙酰海芒果素、17-黄花夹竹桃次甙和17-去乙酰基海芒果素二醇都可以导致癌细胞的凋亡。
图9表明:通过WST-1的方法检测到:用17β-去乙酰海芒果素处理细胞,然后除去该药物,正常细胞可以恢复生长,而癌细胞不能。
图10表明:在裸鼠中可以观察到17β-去乙酰海芒果素的抗肿瘤作用。
图11表明:在图10所示的实验中,17β-去乙酰海芒果素对裸鼠无明显毒性。本发明的具体实施方案的详述
细胞系和质粒
人MCM6和MCM2 cDNA片段分别克隆到pEGFP-C3(Invitrogen公司)以用于细胞内的定位检测。HeLa细胞(宫颈腺癌)、HK1(鼻咽癌)、C666-1(鼻咽癌)、HepG2细胞(肝癌)和Hep3B细胞(肝癌),在含有10%的胎牛血清(FBS)的DMEM培养基中培养。L-02细胞(人正常肝细胞,来源于中国科学院上海生命科学院生物化学及细胞研究所)则培养在10%FBS的RPMI 1640培养基中。NP460细胞培养在附加了S0125(Cascade Biologics公司)的1:1Keratinocyte-SFM(Invitrogen公司)and MEPI 500CA培养基中。所有的细胞系均在37C,5%的二氧化碳的培养箱中培养。
抗增殖活性测定
为了测试药物对人细胞系的影响及计算对各个细胞系的半致死剂量(IC50),HepG2细胞,HeLa细胞和Hep 3B细胞(约4×105个细胞/孔)等肿瘤细胞和人正常肝细胞L-02(约5×105细胞/孔),分别接种于96孔板,并在100微升培养基中和在37下温育至少12小时。然后用2倍梯度稀释的药物处理48小时。除去培养基,加入100μl含有水溶性四唑鎓-1(WST-1,1μM)的新鲜培养基。将细胞放回培养箱培养2小时。测定405nm处(630nm参考)的吸光度。在添加WST-1前六小时,将已知数量的细胞接种到96孔板中以获得不同密度梯度的细胞数量与其吸光度OD405的标准曲线。实验样本的细胞数量可以用该曲线计算得出。细胞存活率则用药物处理的细胞数量相对于DMSO处理的对照组细胞数量的百分数来表示。
天然产物的筛选及活性指导下的先导化合物17β-去乙酰海芒果素(17β-
Deacetyltanghinin)的分离
用于活性测试的样品按如下方法制备:10-100克植物样品(全草,根,根茎,茎,叶或果实等)用甲醇室温提取3次,得到各样本的总提取物。总提取物混悬于水中,以乙醚、乙酸乙酯以及正丁醇依次萃取,得到4个部位,即乙醚、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇以及水部位。各植物样品的总提取物以及四个部位分别溶于DMSO中配置成10mg/ml的储备液,纯化后的单体配置成1mg/ml的储备液。用我们的反相双杂交酵母系统进行活性筛选。
采用以上方法,我们筛选出1个具有较强活性的样品,即海芒果(Cerebra manghas及Cerebra odollam)枝叶提取物的乙醚部位。然后采用活性指导下的分离策略,运用多种柱层析方法,包括硅胶(SiO2),MCI-gel CHP 20P(Mitsubish Chemical Corporation,Japan),Chromatorex ODS(Fuji Silysia Chemical Ltd.,Japan)以及Toyopearl(TosohCorporation,Japan),从该活性部位中分离得到一个活性成分,即先导化合物17β-去乙酰海芒果素。
17β-去乙酰海芒果素的结构鉴定
先导化合物17β-去乙酰海芒果素的结构是依据光谱数据确定的。核磁共振光谱(NMR)数据采用Varian-400核磁共振光谱核仪测定。化学位移值[相对于内标物四甲基硅烷(Me4Si)]以ppm表示。高分辨电喷雾质谱(HR-ESI-MS)以Q-TOF质谱仪测定(BrukerDaltonics,MA,U.S.A)。光谱数据如下:
高分辨电喷雾质谱(正离子模式):m/z 549.3077[M+H]+(计算所得分子式为C30H45O9:549.3064).1H-NMR(400MHz,pyridine-d5):6.31(1H,s,H-22),5.25(1H,d,J=2.9Hz,H-1'),5.20(1H,m,H-21),5.02(1H,dd,J=18.0,1.4Hz,H-21),4.33(1H,m,H-5'),4.12(1H,brs,H-3),4.09(1H,dd,J=9.0,4.0Hz,H-2'),4.03(1H,t,J=9.5Hz,H-3'),3.85(3H,s,3'-OMe),3.69(1H,m,H-4'),3.41(1H,d,J=5.8Hz,H-7),2.82(1H,dd,J=9.0,5.0Hz,H-17),1.66(1H,d,J=6.2Hz,H-6'),1.06(3H,s,H-19),0.99(3H,s,H-18).13C-NMR(100MHz,pyridine-d5):32.7(C-1),28.0(C-2),73.7(C-3),33.5(C-4),34.8(C-5),28.9(C-6),51.9(C-7),65.1(C-8),32.5(C-9),34.4(C-10),21.5(C-11),41.4(C-12),53.2(C-13),82.4(C-14),35.9(C-15),29.3(C-16),51.5(C-17),18.0(C-18),25.0(C-19),175.9(C-20),74.4(C-21),118.4(C-22),175.1(C-23),99.6(C-1'),74.0(C-2'),86.0(C-3'),77.2(C-4'),69.6(C-5'),19.2(C-6'),61.2(C-3'-OMe).
根据高分辨质谱推断出先导化合物的分子式为C30H44O9,结合氢谱(1H-NMR)给出的强心内酯特征信号,即C-21上的亚甲基信号(5.20,m;5.02,dd,J=18.0,1.4Hz)和C-22上的烯质子信号(6.31,s),以及糖端基氢信号(5.25,d,J=2.9Hz),推测该化合物为一强心苷类成分。与海芒果(Cerbera manghas)叶中主要的强心苷nerriforlin相比,先导化合物的C-7和C-8信号明显向低场位移,提示该位置可能连有环氧基团,通过与具有7,8-环氧基团的强心内酯类化合物比较,可确定7,8-环氧基团的存在。根据H-17信号(2.82,dd,J=9.0,5.0Hz)推测C-17为构型,并进一步由处于内酯环屏蔽效应下的C-12信号(c 41.4)得到证实。根据以上信息可推测出苷元的结构,通过与文献报道的数据对比,确认苷元结构为3-羟基-7,8-环氧-14-羟基-强心-20(22)-烯内酯[3-hydroxy-7,8-epoxy-14-hydroxy-card-20(22)-enolide]。糖的部分根据与文献报道的氢谱及碳谱数据进行比较推断为-L-黄花夹竹桃糖(-L-thevetose,3-O-甲基-6-去氧--L-吡喃葡萄糖)。根据以上证据,推定先导化合物的结构为3-O-(3-O-甲基-6-去氧--L-吡喃葡萄糖)-7,8-环氧-14-羟基-强心-20(22)-烯内酯[3-O-(3-O-methyl-6-deoxy--L-glucopyranosyl)-7,8-epoxy-14-hydroxy-card-20(22)-enolide](17-去乙酰基海芒果素;17-Deacetyltanghinin).
免疫组化分析
免疫组化法检测药物对细胞内体内的hMcm2和hMcm6定位的影响。生长在盖玻片(涂有聚-D-赖氨酸)上的HeLa细胞经过不同的处理后,在室温下,用含4%PFA的PBS固定20分钟。经过0.1%的Triton X-100透化作用20分钟后,细胞用1%BSA封闭半小时,然后在室温下用山羊抗-hMcm6(Santa Cruz,1:500)和小鼠抗hMcm2(Becton Dickinson公司,1:500)孵育1小时。用PBS洗涤三次盖玻片,每次10分钟,再用Alexa Fluor 488标记的驴抗山羊抗体和Alexa Fluor 594-标记的驴抗小鼠抗体(Invitrogen公司;1:500)在室温下孵育1小时。细胞核用Hochest 33852(Sigma Chemical Company,1微克/毫升)染色15分钟,并用PBS洗涤3次。最后,细胞用固定液(Biosciences公司)固定,并在荧光显微镜下观察(尼康TE2000E)。
细胞同步化实验
HeLa细胞先用胸腺嘧啶(2μM)预处理18小时,释放在新鲜的培养基中6小时,然后加入噻氨酯哒唑(nocodazole;0.1微克/毫升)6小时即得到早M期的同步化细胞。用0.5毫摩尔/升含羞草碱处理HeLa细胞20小时,细胞同步化在G1/S期的边界。同步化在G1/S期的细胞,释放到含有羟基脲的培养基中4小时,获得早S期细胞。
BrdU掺入实验
在涂有聚-D-赖氨酸的盖玻片上生长的Hela细胞经过药物处理24小时后,用50μM的BrdU(Sigma公司)在37培养箱中孵育1小时。然后在室温下用含4%的PFA的PBS固定细胞20分钟,经过0.1%的Triton X-100透化作用20分钟后,用4M的盐酸使细胞变性10分钟,1%BSA封闭半小时,然后依次用抗-BrdU(Sigma公司;1:500)和抗小鼠IgG-FITC缀合物的抗体(Sigma公司,1:500)孵育,每次1小时,每次孵育后用PBS洗涤三次。最后BrdU信号在荧光显微镜下(尼康TE2000E)观察。
染色质结合检测
生长在六孔板里的HeLa细胞,经过药物处理后,用胰蛋白酶消化收集。用冷的PBS洗涤两次。按照约20ul/106cells的量加入E.B.缓冲液(100mM KCl,50mM HEPES-KOHpH7.5,2.5mM MgCl2,50mM NaF,5mM Na4P2O7,0.1mM NaVO3,0.5%Triton X-100,1mM PMSF,2μg/ml Pepstatin A,20μg/ml Leupeptin,20μg/ml Aprotinin,0.2mM Pefabloc,2mMBenzamidine HCl and 0.2mg/ml Bacitracin)悬浮和溶解细胞。细胞裂解液在冰浴10分钟,每隔2-3分钟用加样枪吸打几次。加入等体积的30%冰冷的蔗糖溶液(含蛋白酶抑制剂)在E.B.缓冲液的管底。以最高速度低温离心10分钟,以分离的染色质和自由蛋白。将上清液转移到新的试管中,冰上保存。用等体积的E.B.洗涤沉淀物,轻弹管壁或短暂涡悬震荡。悬浮液再次最高的速度离心5分钟。合并两次离心的上清液。用上清液一半体积的E.B.悬浮沉淀物。上清液和碎片状沉淀物用于免疫印迹实验。
流式细胞仪(FACS)分析
收集悬浮和贴壁细胞并用PBS洗涤一次。用70%乙醇中固定,在-20放置1小时至过夜。以6,000转/分的速度低温离心十分钟,收集固定好的细胞。再用冰冷的PBS充分洗涤,离心收集(同前)。然后P.I.溶液(50μg/ml RNase A,0.1%Triton X-100,0.1mM EDTA(pH7.4),and 50μg/ml propidium iodide)中染色30分钟,最后用流式细胞仪(BectonDickinson公司)进行分析
鉴定对癌细胞与正常细胞有高识别特异性的抗增殖剂
通过对由植物初提物、组份、化合物和化学合成化合物组成的几百个样品的初步筛选,我们鉴定出了几个可以抑制人类的MCM蛋白和DNA复制的候选物。再经过以活性为指标的分离,纯化和检测,我们筛选到了一个名为17β-去乙酰海芒果素(17β-Deacetyltanghinin;DAT,图1)的小分子化合物,并且验证了具有相似结构的其它几个化合物和一个化学衍生物,均具有抑制人类的MCM蛋白和DNA复制的活性(图1)。
用17β-去乙酰海芒果素处理一对人类细胞系,L-02(正常肝细胞)和HepG2(肝癌细胞)48小时,直接在显微镜下观察细胞的密度和形态,发现17β-去乙酰海芒果素可以有效地抑制肿瘤细胞(HepG2)的增殖并且有效地杀死肿瘤细胞,但对正常细胞(L-02)虽也能有效地抑制其增殖,但对它们的杀伤力很小(图2A)。因此,17β-去乙酰海芒果素被鉴定为一种对正常细胞毒性很小的高活性抗增殖化合物。在图2B-H中活细胞数量的检测是通过WST-1(Water-soluble tetrazolium-1)的方法进行的。
为了进一步测试17β-去乙酰海芒果素,确定它的IC50值,除了L-02和HepG2细胞外,我们还用17β-去乙酰海芒果素对Hep3B细胞(p53阴性肝癌细胞株)、HeLa细胞(宫颈癌细胞株)、HK1和C666-1细胞(鼻咽癌细胞株)、A549细胞(肺癌细胞株)以及用hTERT基因永生化的正常鼻咽细胞系(NP460),处理48小时,并通过WST-1法确定细胞存活率(图2B,C)。实验表明,17β-去乙酰海芒果素是一种可以杀死多种癌细胞的广谱抗癌候选药物,对所测试的所有癌细胞株均有显著的抑制作用,而对正常细胞损伤较少。虽然17β-去乙酰海芒果素在不同的癌细胞株中的IC50值有些差异,所测试的所有癌细胞的IC50平均值为0.1微克/毫升(~0.2微摩尔),而在正常细胞中的IC50值明显较高(超过4微克/毫升)。另外,拥有类似结构的17β-黄花夹竹桃次甙(图2D),17β-去乙酰海芒果素二醇(比17β-去乙酰海芒果素抗癌活性较低;图2E),蟾毒灵、脂蟾毒配基和华蟾素也表现出了与17β-去乙酰海芒果素相似的抗癌活性和对癌细胞的选择性(见下表)。另一方面,17α-去乙酰海芒果素和17α-黄花夹竹桃次甙抗增殖活性较低(见下表),表明17β结构对抗增殖活性是至关重要的。
作为参照物,临床抗癌药紫杉醇(Paclitaxel;Taxol;图2F)和VP16(Etoposidephosphate;磷酸依托泊苷;图2G,H)在实验中并没有显示对癌细胞和正常细胞的选择性(它们对正常细胞和癌细胞均有细胞毒性)。
对MCM复合物的形成和MCM蛋白的核定位的干扰
我们用17β-去乙酰海芒果素处理人体细胞,在总提取蛋白中检测hMcm2和hMcm6蛋白的免疫共沉淀,以检验17β-去乙酰海芒果素在人细胞中的作用靶标是否为hMcm2和hMcm6蛋白。结果显示:17β-去乙酰海芒果素阻断了hMcm2和hMcm6以及其它MCM亚基之间的相互作用(图3A)。同样,17β-黄花夹竹桃次甙也能阻断hMcm2和hMcm6之间的相互作用,然而17β-去乙酰海芒果素二醇的活性却很低(图3B)。
由于MCM杂六聚体环结构需要MCM亚基两两之间的相互作用,而六聚物环结构是MCM进入细胞核必不可少的,阻断hMcm2和hMcm6的相互作用应破坏MCM蛋白的六聚体以及核定位。为了证明这一点,我们利用抗内源性MCM蛋白质抗体进行直接免疫染色法,并用hMcm2-GFP和hMcm6-GFP的表达质粒转染细胞后进行间接荧光显微镜观察。
在免疫染色中,用17β-去乙酰海芒果素处理HeLa细胞24小时,再用针对内源性hMcm2和hMcm6的特异性抗体进行检测。结果表明,17β-去乙酰海芒果素减少hMcm2和hMcm6的核本定位(图4A)。在直接荧光显微镜法中,在转染hMcm2-GFP和hMcm6-GFP表达质粒后4小时开始,用17β-去乙酰海芒果素处理HeLa细胞36个小时。结果表明,一些表达出来的hMcm2-GFP和hMcm6-GFP位于细胞质中,而在未经处理的对照细胞中,几乎所有的表达出来的hMcm2-GFP和hMcm6-GFP定位于细胞核(图4B)。为了排除由于17β-去乙酰海芒果素引起细胞周期阻滞而间接造成一些MCM蛋白的细胞质定位的可能性,我们使用含羞草碱将细胞停滞在G1晚期,而此时在没有抑制剂的情况下,所有的MCM蛋白应在细胞核中,但我们发现17β-去乙酰海芒果素还是阻止了hMcm2和hMcm6的核定为(数据未示出)。
总括起来说,这些数据有力地表明,17β-去乙酰海芒果素可以特异性地阻断MCM的核定位。我们还发现,从海芒果分离出的与17β-去乙酰海芒果素结构相似的另一种化合物,17β-黄花夹竹桃次甙,也可以像17β-去乙酰海芒果素一样能有效地干扰MCM的核定位,而17β-去乙酰海芒果素的一个化学衍生物,17β-去乙酰海芒果素二醇,具有较弱的活性(图4C)。
对复制前复合物组装的抑制
作为复制前复合物的组件,MCM复合物在DNA复制的许可中起着核心的作用。由于17β-去乙酰海芒果素可破坏hMcm2和hMcm6的相互作用,防止其核定为,17β-去乙酰海芒果素应可抑制MCM蛋白与染色质的结合,导致复制前复合物的组装的失败。为了证明这一点,我们进行了染色质结合实验,以检测与染色质结合的蛋白。用17β-去乙酰海芒果素处理非同步的HeLa细胞24小时,提取染色质并用免疫印迹检测染色质结合蛋白。
与预测相一致,17β-去乙酰海芒果素以剂量依赖的方式导致hMcm2和hMcm6在染色质上显著减少(图5A)。这些结果表明在17β-去乙酰海芒果素存在下,预复制前复合物未能组装。此外,流式细胞仪分析确定,上述实验的细胞发生凋亡(图5B)。
为了确定17β-去乙酰海芒果素对同步化的细胞的影响,先用胸苷将HeLa细胞预停滞在G1后期/S早期,然后用噻氨酯哒唑将HeLa细胞停滞在M早期。然后将细胞释放到含有17β-去乙酰海芒果素的新鲜培养基中。对照细胞,包括DMSO处理的和未处理的细胞,能够通过G1期、进入S期并在36小时内完整一个细胞周期(图5C)。然而,17β-去乙酰海芒果素处理的细胞进入G1期,但是似乎没有进入S期。与17β-去乙酰海芒果素更长时间的孵育诱导细胞凋亡(图5C)。免疫印迹分析表明,MCM加载到染色质被阻止(图5D)。这些结果表明,17β-去乙酰海芒果素能防止在人类细胞中复制前复合物的组装。
对DNA复制的抑制和诱导癌细胞的凋亡
由于17β-去乙酰海芒果素破坏hMcm2和hMcm6之间的相互作用,抑制MCM蛋白质与染色质的结合,17β-去乙酰海芒果素应该阻止DNA复制。为了证实这一点,我们用17β-去乙酰海芒果素处理HeLa细胞24小时,然后用BrdU标记1小时。掺入DNA的BrdU由抗BrdU抗体检测。二抗用FITC标记的抗鼠抗体,DAPI用于核染色在荧光显微镜下观察(图6A),对BrdU阳性反应的细胞进行定量(图6B)。17β-去乙酰海芒果素在处理的HeLa细胞中显着抑制DNA复制,因为当17β-去乙酰海芒果素在0.2毫克/毫升以上时几乎没有观察到BrdU信号,而在DMSO处理和未处理的细胞中BrdU阳性细胞约为如期的30%(图6A,B)。
此外,用17β-去乙酰海芒果素处理的细胞不能在诺考达唑同步化(M期)再释放后进入S期,并在17β-去乙酰海芒果素较长时间的治疗后开始凋亡(图7A)。同样地,用含羞草碱(mimosine;MMS)同步化(在G1/S转换点;图7B)或用羟基脲(hydroxyurea;HU)同步化(在S早期;图7C)后再释放的细胞在17β-去乙酰海芒果素存在不能完成S期。这些结果与MCM的功能的抑制是一致的,无论是在DNA复制的起始或延伸。
17β-去乙酰海芒果素同样可以诱导癌细胞的凋亡。如在流式细胞仪分析中亚G1细胞群体所示(图5B,7和8A),17β-去乙酰海芒果素在肿瘤细胞中诱导细胞死亡,而正常的L-02细胞主要停滞于G1期,G2/M细胞量减少(图8A)。在图8A中,通过流式细胞仪来分析经过17β-去乙酰海芒果素处理24小时后,HepG2和L-02细胞中的DNA的含量。在图8B中,将Hela细胞通过膜联蛋白V-Cy3标记20分钟后,用17β-去乙酰海芒果素处理24h。米托蒽醌(Mitoxantrone)作为阳性对照抗癌药物。结果表明:17β-去乙酰海芒果素处理的癌细胞可被膜联蛋白V染色(图8B),支持17β-去乙酰海芒果素诱导细胞凋亡的结论。
如上所述,17β-去乙酰海芒果素抑制在非同步HeLa细胞的DNA的复制(BrdU掺入测定),而流式细胞仪分析也表明,7-去乙酰海芒果素处理的细胞从M期释放后进入G1期,但似乎没有进入S期。流式细胞仪分析中的亚G1细胞群体也显示,7-去乙酰海芒果素在处理较长时间下能诱导癌细胞的凋亡。为了确定17β-去乙酰海芒果素导致癌细胞死亡的原因,我们用含羞草碱停滞HeLa细胞在G1/S过渡点,再在培养基中加入17β-去乙酰海芒果素预处理细胞12小时。然后将细胞从含羞草碱停滞点释放到含17β-去乙酰海芒果素的培养基中,在释放后不同的时间点收获细胞,通过流式细胞术和BrdU掺入实验进行分析。BrdU掺入结果表明,~40%的细胞呈BrdU阳性;然而,信号强度与对照细胞相比低得多(图8C),表明细胞进行低程度的DNA复制。这是由于17β-去乙酰海芒果素对MCM复合物不能完全抑制,因而一些复制起点被击活而导致DNA复制有限的延伸。夭折的部分基因组复制很可能造成DNA损伤,导致细胞凋亡。
17β-黄花夹竹桃次甙和17β-去乙酰海芒果素二醇也可以诱导癌细胞凋亡
我们还发现,如在流式细胞仪分析中亚G1细胞群体所示,17β-黄花夹竹桃次甙和17β-去乙酰海芒果素二醇也可以诱导肿瘤细胞的凋亡(图8D)。
进一步测试17β-去乙酰海芒果素对癌细胞生长抑制的特异性
图2和图8A中数据表明:该抗肿瘤药物可以特异性杀死癌细胞,而且对正常无明显作用,为了检验正常和/或肿瘤细胞能否可以在17β-去乙酰海芒果素除去后恢复细胞生长,我们用17β-去乙酰海芒果素处理正常的L-02肝细胞和HepG2肝癌细胞一天,换上不含17β-去乙酰海芒果素的新鲜生长培养基。存活细胞数通过WST-1法每天监测4天。结果表明,正常细胞,但不是癌症细胞,在去除17β-去乙酰海芒果素后恢复性增长(图9),这与我们的其他实验结果一致:大部分用17β-去乙酰海芒果素处理的正常细胞停留在G1期,而同样处理的癌细胞进入了一个夭折的S期。
在裸鼠动物模型中的抗肿瘤活性
为了确定17β-去乙酰海芒果素在动物模型中的抗癌活性及其可能的毒性,我们进行了裸鼠接种瘤模型动物试验,用HeLa细胞在裸鼠中的左右侧面接种。随机分组后,分别给裸鼠腹腔注射17β-去乙酰海芒果素(溶于含30%丙二醇的PBS)和溶剂。在第一次实验中,在接种后第3天并开始形成肿瘤,两组裸鼠分别注射3.5和7.0毫克/公斤体重的17β-去乙酰海芒果素,而对照组裸鼠注射相同体积的溶剂(图10A)。17β-去乙酰海芒果素抑制肿瘤生长显著,在高剂量(7.0毫克/公斤)下达90%,在低剂量(3.5毫克/千克)下达70%。事实上,在高剂量下,在最后的5次连续注射17β-去乙酰海芒果素中,肿瘤大小甚至有所下降,表明17β-去乙酰海芒果素在裸鼠体内诱发肿瘤细胞死亡。
体内与紫杉醇对比实验毒性评估
我们进行了另一组更长时间的实验,在肿瘤接种一周而肿瘤的大小达到0.05-0.1立方厘米后开始用5.0毫克/千克的17β-去乙酰海芒果素进行15次注射。肿瘤的生长再次被显著抑制(图10B,C)。在最后的五次注射中,我们减少注射频率(每两天一次)。结果表明,与溶剂对照组相比,在注射17β-去乙酰海芒果素的裸鼠中的肿瘤大小减少80%以上。为了进行比较,紫杉醇在每次注射10毫克/公斤的头10天比17β-去乙酰海芒果素的抗肿瘤活性少,而之后由于紫杉醇的毒性,裸鼠死亡(图10B)。
药物治疗结束时,经过20天在腹腔内注射5.0毫克/公斤的17β-去乙酰海芒果素后,裸鼠没有明显的体重减少(图11A)。各组的5只裸鼠中选出肿瘤大小居中的3只进行生理参数检查。对每只裸鼠进行解剖器官,包括肝脏,心脏和肾脏。所有器官看上去正常,例如,既不膨大也不产生异常的颜色(图11B)。
同样,器官重量与体重相比没有显着的变化(图11C)。此外,从每只裸鼠收集血液,测量ALT(丙氨酸氨基转移酶)和LDH(乳酸脱氢酶)活性。ATL水平揭示肝功能损害,而LDH水平反映所有组织的损害。这两个测试的结果以注射药物与注射溶剂的裸鼠的相对值来表示。如图11D所示,17β-去乙酰海芒果素没有引起血中ATL或LDH水平的显着增加。综上所述,这些数据有力地表明,17β-去乙酰海芒果素具有显着的抗肿瘤活性,而对小鼠几乎没有毒性。
虽然对本发明中应用于其优选实施例子的基本新颖特征已经进行了描述,应该理解的是,对在本专利中示出的实施例,可能被本领域技术人员在形式和具体内容上作出各种省略、替换和改变,而不脱离本发明的精神实质。本专利并不限于这些实施例,因为他们仅作示例之用,但可以在本专利权利要求所限定的保护范围内,进行各种方式的修改。
Claims (3)
1.化合物在制备治疗和/或缓解宫颈腺癌、鼻咽癌和/或肝癌的能够抑制癌细胞中MCM蛋白复合物的药物中的用途,其中所述化合物选自17β-去乙酰海芒果素,17β-去乙酰海芒果素二醇,17β-黄花夹竹桃次甙中的任一种, 所述化合物能够有效抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖并且有效地杀死肿瘤细胞,但对正常细胞的杀伤力很小;其中所述化合物通过干扰MCM蛋白复合物中hMcm2和hMcm6的相互作用而破坏MCM蛋白复合物的形成和结构。
2.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述化合物能够干扰MCM亚基组装成MCM蛋白复合物。
3.如权利要求1所述的用途,其中所述MCM蛋白复合物是具有完整功能的杂六元环蛋白复合体,并能够进入细胞核中参与DNA的复制。
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CN117756875A (zh) * | 2017-05-19 | 2024-03-26 | 恩康药业科技(广州)有限公司 | 黄夹次甙乙多晶型的晶型特征、制备方法及在抗癌上的应用 |
AU2019283946B2 (en) * | 2017-05-19 | 2021-05-20 | Enkang Pharmaceuticals (Guangzhou), Ltd. | Crystal characteristics, preparation processes and anticancer applications of 17beta-neriifolin crystal forms |
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JP2020073544A (ja) | 2020-05-14 |
CN104736157A (zh) | 2015-06-24 |
US11648258B2 (en) | 2023-05-16 |
CN110412285A (zh) | 2019-11-05 |
EP4248978A3 (en) | 2023-11-08 |
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AU2013259486A1 (en) | 2014-12-18 |
CA3111702A1 (en) | 2013-11-14 |
AU2013259486B2 (en) | 2019-12-12 |
JP2018100274A (ja) | 2018-06-28 |
EP2846807A4 (en) | 2016-07-27 |
CA2873283A1 (en) | 2013-11-14 |
EP2846807A1 (en) | 2015-03-18 |
JP2021193132A (ja) | 2021-12-23 |
CA2873283C (en) | 2021-05-04 |
EP2846807B1 (en) | 2023-06-07 |
JP2015517500A (ja) | 2015-06-22 |
EP4248978A2 (en) | 2023-09-27 |
IN2014MN02513A (zh) | 2015-07-17 |
WO2013169989A1 (en) | 2013-11-14 |
JP2024001049A (ja) | 2024-01-09 |
CN104736157B (zh) | 2019-06-11 |
EP2846807C0 (en) | 2023-06-07 |
US20150099712A1 (en) | 2015-04-09 |
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