CN110407707A - 一种催化加氢制备苯胺的方法 - Google Patents
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- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 60
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- 238000009903 catalytic hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 18
- LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000007868 Raney catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
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- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N N,N-Dimethylformamide Chemical compound CN(C)C=O ZMXDDKWLCZADIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000012046 mixed solvent Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 235000019441 ethanol Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
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- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 37
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
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- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
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- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 5
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
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- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Butanol Chemical compound CCCCO LRHPLDYGYMQRHN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-methylformamide Chemical compound CNC=O ATHHXGZTWNVVOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- BFCFYVKQTRLZHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1Cl BFCFYVKQTRLZHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UPMLOUAZCHDJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-Diphenylmethane Diisocyanate Chemical compound C1=CC(N=C=O)=CC=C1CC1=CC=C(N=C=O)C=C1 UPMLOUAZCHDJJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XDLDASNSMGOEMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzene benzene Chemical group C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1 XDLDASNSMGOEMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
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- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
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- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L sodium carbonate Substances [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
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- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 1
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- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/74—Iron group metals
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种催化加氢制备苯胺的方法,属于催化加氢技术领域。将硝基苯溶解于含有N,N‑二甲基甲酰胺和乙醇的混合溶剂中,配制成反应液,将反应液通入装有担载型金属镍催化剂的固定床反应器中,用氢气将硝基苯催化加氢为苯胺。在323~403K、1.0~3.0MPa氢气气氛下进行固定床催化加氢反应,在优化的反应条件下,硝基苯的加氢转化率可达100%,苯胺的选择性可达100%。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种硝基苯催化加氢制备苯胺的方法,属于催化加氢技术领域。
技术背景
苯胺是最简单的芳香族伯胺,又称阿尼林油,是一种用途十分广泛的化工原料中间体,广泛应用于医药、农药、染料、橡胶助剂等行业,尤其是作为生产聚氨酯产品主要原料MDI(二苯甲烷二异氰酸酯)的重要合成原料,具有很大的市场前景。传统的苯胺生产技术,如铁粉还原法、苯酚氨化法等因设备成本投资大、能耗较高、“三废”多,污染严重等原因逐渐被硝基苯催化加氢工艺所取代,工业上催化加氢制备苯胺的生产技术主要包括气相催化加氢法和液相催化加氢法两种工艺。
液相催化加氢工艺属于多相催化反应,反应设备简单,投资成本低。由于硝基苯加氢反应放热剧烈,固定床液相加氢催化法可以通过溶剂带走多余的热量,防止反应过度升温导致的催化剂结焦失活等问题。相比于气相法催化剂常需要再生,液相催化加氢法的催化剂无需再生,大大提高了生产效率。美国专利US2292879披露了一种硝基苯液相加氢制备苯胺的方法,该工艺中将硝基苯与苯胺混溶,采用惰性载体担载的Ni催化剂,并将催化剂悬浮在溶液中,为维持催化剂活性,需要移除反应过程中生成的水,防止催化剂被水浸湿。但该工艺中仍有少量的未加氢的硝基苯和过度加氢杂质残留在反应液中。美国专利US4415754公开的一种液相加氢法,采用粗硝基苯作为原料(原料中含有10-30000ppm的多聚硝基苯酚),使用以炭为载体担载的Pt-Pd-Fe催化剂,其中Fe作为改性助剂可以提高催化活性,反应在一个活塞式流动床反应器内进行,产物中残留的硝基苯质量分数小于10-6。寻求一种低成本、高效并满足绿色化工要求的苯胺生产工艺,对苯胺的工业生产具有重要意义。
硝基苯液相加氢制备苯胺的催化剂主要有两类:一类是贵金属催化剂体系,包括Pd、Pt及Ru等,但贵金属催化剂成本较高,不利于工业化推广。二是Ni基催化剂,如Ni/SiO2催化剂、改进型纳米镍和非晶态合金镍催化剂等,该类催化剂成本低,产品收率高。例如,A.Nieto-Ma′rquez等报道了一种活性炭担载的镍催化剂(Applied Catalysis A:General363(2009)188-198),可用于硝基苯气相加氢制备苯胺。Z.Liu等报道了一种溶胶法制备的Ni-B/SiO2催化剂(Catalysis Communications 85(2016)17-21),具有很高的加氢活性和稳定性。文献报道的担载型镍催化剂载体多使用活性炭、SiO2等,避免使用具有表面酸性的载体,因为催化剂表面的酸性会降低苯胺的选择性。例如,氧化铝担载的镍催化剂用于硝基苯加氢反应时会生成较多的苯环加氢的产品,降低了苯胺的选择性。
发明内容
氧化铝是常用的催化剂载体,氧化铝担载的镍催化剂容易成型,成型颗粒强度较高,更适合在固定床加氢反应器中使用。本发明提供一种硝基苯加氢制备苯胺的方法:在固定床反应器中,使用氧化铝担载的金属镍催化剂将硝基苯高选择性地加氢为苯胺。本发明的关键是先将硝基苯溶解在一种混合溶剂中,再用泵打入反应器中。混合溶剂由N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和乙醇组成,使用这种混合溶剂既可以保证硝基苯的溶解,又可避免硝基苯或苯胺分子中的苯环加氢,极大的提高了苯胺的收率。我们的研究还发现,这种混合溶剂不仅可以提高氧化铝担载的金属镍催化剂在硝基苯加氢制苯胺反应中的选择性,也可提高其他载体担载的金属镍催化剂在硝基苯加氢制苯胺反应中的选择性。
采用本发明提供的方法,在优化条件下,使用氧化铝担载的金属镍催化剂,硝基苯加氢转化率可达100%,苯胺的选择性可达100%。
本发明的技术方案如下:
一种硝基苯催化加氢制备苯胺的方法,其特征在于:将硝基苯溶解于含有N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和乙醇的混合溶剂中,配制成反应液,将反应液通入装有担载型金属镍催化剂的固定床反应器中,用氢气将硝基苯催化加氢为苯胺。
上述担载型金属镍催化剂的载体为氧化铝。
上述担载型金属镍催化剂可使用可溶性的镍盐和铝盐的混合溶液通过共沉淀法制备,也可以将溶解有可溶性镍盐的溶液浸渍于成型氧化铝载体上制备。
上述担载型金属镍催化剂中镍的质量百分数为10~85%。
上述担载型金属镍催化剂中镍元素需经氢气高温还原为金属镍才具有加氢活性。
上述混合溶剂中N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和乙醇的质量比为1∶10~20∶1。
上述反应液中硝基苯的质量百分含量为5~30%,混合溶剂的质量百分含量为70~95%。
上述的硝基苯催化加氢为苯胺的反应条件为:反应温度313~423K,优选323~403K;反应压力0.5~6.0MPa,优选1~3.0MPa;氢气与硝基苯的物质的量的比5~20∶1,优选7~10∶1。
具体实施方式
下面用具体实施例对本发明作进一步说明。
实施例1
将12.86g的Ni(NO3)2.6H2O和12.71g的Al(NO3)3·9H2O溶解于200ml的蒸馏水中,得到溶液A,将15.66g无水Na2CO3溶解于200ml的蒸馏水中,得到溶液B。在搅拌条件下,将溶液A和溶液B同时逐滴加入盛有200ml蒸馏水中的烧杯中,形成沉淀料浆。沉淀经去离子水洗涤后分散在200ml的正丁醇溶液中,在353K水浴加热的条件下搅拌蒸发至干燥,然后在393K下继续烘干,即可得氧化铝担载的镍催化剂的前驱体。将所得前体压片、破碎,筛取20~40目催化剂颗粒。
实施例2
取2g实施例1中的氧化铝担载的镍催化剂的前驱体颗粒,装填到固定床反应管中,催化剂床层上下用20~40目的石英砂装填,在40ml/min的氢气流速下,升温至723K还原3h,然后降至室温,氢气压力升至2.0MPa,反应温度升至403K,通入反应液。反应液的质量组成为,N,N-二甲基甲酰胺∶乙醇∶硝基苯=10∶1∶1。反应液流速10mL/min,氢气与硝基苯的物质的量的比为10∶1。收集反应后的溶液,用色谱分析其组成。硝基苯的转化率100%,苯胺的选择性100%。
参比例1
取2g实施例1中的氧化铝担载的镍催化剂的前驱体颗粒,装填到固定床反应管中,催化剂床层上下用20~40目的石英砂装填,在40ml/min的氢气流速下,升温至723K还原3h,然后降至室温,氢气压力升至2.0MPa,反应温度升至403K,通入反应液。反应液的质量组成为,乙醇∶硝基苯=10∶1。反应液流速10mL/min,氢气与硝基苯的物质的量的比为10∶1。收集反应后的溶液,用色谱分析其组成。硝基苯的转化率100%,苯胺的选择性14.3%。
Claims (7)
1.一种硝基苯催化加氢制备苯胺的方法,其特征在于:将硝基苯溶解于含有N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和乙醇的混合溶剂中,配制成反应液,将反应液通入装有担载型金属镍催化剂的固定床反应器中,用氢气将硝基苯催化加氢为苯胺。
2.根据权利要求1,所述的担载型金属镍催化剂的载体为氧化铝。
3.根据权利要求1,所述的担载型金属镍催化剂可使用可溶性的镍盐和铝盐的混合溶液通过共沉淀法制备,也可以将溶解有可溶性镍盐的溶液浸渍于成型氧化铝载体上制备。
4.根据权利要求1,所述的担载型金属镍催化剂中镍的质量百分数为10~85%。
5.根据权利要求1,所述的担载型金属镍催化剂中镍元素需经氢气高温还原为金属镍才具有加氢活性。
6.根据权利要求1,所述的混合溶剂中N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和乙醇的质量比为1∶10~20∶1。
7.根据权利要求1,所述的反应液中硝基苯的质量百分含量为5~30%,混合溶剂的质量百分含量为70~95%。
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