CN110382234A - 用于改善的声音衰减的对称玻璃件 - Google Patents

用于改善的声音衰减的对称玻璃件 Download PDF

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CN110382234A
CN110382234A CN201880013317.5A CN201880013317A CN110382234A CN 110382234 A CN110382234 A CN 110382234A CN 201880013317 A CN201880013317 A CN 201880013317A CN 110382234 A CN110382234 A CN 110382234A
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glass workpiece
thickness
glass
transparent body
symmetrical
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D·兰普曼
M·乌利齐奥
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Pittsburgh Glass Works LLC
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    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10807—Making laminated safety glass or glazing; Apparatus therefor
    • B32B17/10899—Making laminated safety glass or glazing; Apparatus therefor by introducing interlayers of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10908—Making laminated safety glass or glazing; Apparatus therefor by introducing interlayers of synthetic resin in liquid form
    • B32B17/10917—Making laminated safety glass or glazing; Apparatus therefor by introducing interlayers of synthetic resin in liquid form between two pre-positioned glass layers
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Abstract

一种制造具有与非对称玻璃件相同的名义重量的对称玻璃件的方法，已确定其提供增强的玻璃件强度、玻璃件刚度或石头冲击耐受性，其中所述对称玻璃件相对于所述非对称玻璃件设计的重合频率具有改进的声学衰减。

Description

用于改善的声音衰减的对称玻璃件
背景技术
发明领域
本公开的发明涉及适用于汽车应用的窗玻璃件(window glazing)。
现有技术描述
多年来，机动车辆已采用窗玻璃件，其中在加热过程中使两片玻璃或其它透明材料与位于两个玻璃层之间的透光聚合物材料片结合在一起。典型地，该玻璃是浮法玻璃。该聚合物通常选自包括聚乙烯醇缩丁醛(PVB)和乙烯乙酸乙烯酯的材料组。
最近，人们越来越关注于机动车辆的里程效率。通过减轻车辆重量部分解决了这种关注。对于汽车玻璃件，关注于通过减小玻璃件叠层体的厚度来减轻重量。
在减小汽车玻璃件叠层体厚度的过程中，必须解决许多因素。这些因素中的一些导致玻璃件设计中的竞争变量。实例包括机械刚性和稳定性、光学畸变、耐磨性、透光性和成本等。必须合理地适应所有这些因素以具有商业可接受的汽车玻璃件。
在现有技术中，玻璃件叠层体中的玻璃透明体通常具有相同的厚度。然而已经认识到，在仍然满足某些性能要求的同时降低玻璃件重量的一种方式是减小仅一个玻璃板的厚度或者一个玻璃板的厚度减小超过另一个玻璃板。其中玻璃层之一比另一层更薄的玻璃件叠层体在本文中被称为“非对称玻璃件”。相反地，其中玻璃层具有相同名义厚度的玻璃件叠层体在本文中被称为“对称玻璃件”。
关于汽车玻璃件，减重的最大潜在益处是关于挡风玻璃，因为它们代表了大多数车辆中的最大镶玻璃区域。然而，非对称玻璃件减重的优点还支持非对称玻璃件对于挡风玻璃以外的其它汽车玻璃件的应用，因为对于在车辆中没有前视方向的玻璃件而言，机械强度和石头冲击耐受性的竞争考虑不太重要。然而，成本和其它考虑可能仍然支持继续使用对称玻璃件，特别是在汽车侧灯和后灯玻璃件中。
在现有技术中，声音衰减已经是玻璃件设计中的重要考虑因素。例如，已知叠层玻璃件中的“约束层效应”允许叠层玻璃件比同等重量的单块玻璃吸收更多的声音。“约束层效应”是指通过约束在两个透明体之间的中间层引起的声音消减。该中间层由粘弹性聚合物如PVB组成。冲击外部透明体的外表面的声波穿过外部透明体传播到中间层，这里它们使中间层变形并在其中引起剪切力。中间层剪切力的部分能量转化为热量。该能量转化降低从中间层传递到内部透明体并最终传递到车辆乘客舱的振动的机械能。因此，声能转化为热量导致从玻璃件传递到乘客舱的较低声能。在一些情况下，已经开发出具有增强的声学特性的中间层，使得具有此类中间层的叠层玻璃件吸收的声音甚至比标准聚合物中间层吸收的声音更多。
还已知，质量较高的玻璃件往往吸收更多的声音。然而，越来越强调车辆重量减轻以及随之向更轻(即更小质量)玻璃件的趋势已经引起朝着降低汽车玻璃件中的声音衰减的一般趋势。
关于轻质汽车玻璃件的噪声衰减的一些研究尚未识别出非对称玻璃件与对称玻璃件相比在声音衰减方面的显著差异。参见Tous ignant,T.,Govindswamy,K.,Bhatia,V.,Polasani,S.et al.,"Assessment of Lightweight Automotive Glass SolutionsonInterior Noise Levels&Sound Quality,"SAE Technical Paper2017-01-1814,2017。然而，声音衰减的重要性使得有必要进一步尝试识别和优化汽车玻璃件中的玻璃件声音衰减特性以支持更全面了解和有效实施的玻璃件设计选择。
发明概述
根据所公开的发明，一种制造轻质玻璃件的方法优化了对称玻璃件相对于非对称玻璃件的声音衰减优势。所公开的方法包括选择合适的轻质非对称玻璃件，这是基于玻璃件强度、玻璃件刚度、声音衰减和石头冲击耐受性以及其它可能因素的考虑。一旦解决了优选的非对称玻璃件，就确定了非对称玻璃件中使用的透明体的总厚度。此后，通过在外部透明体片材和内部透明体片材之间放置聚合物中间层来制备玻璃件组分的非结合层的叠层堆叠体。外部透明体片材和内部透明体片材两者的厚度是相同的，并且是关于非对称玻璃件所确定的透明体总厚度的一半。为了形成玻璃件，加热该叠层堆叠体，优选在加压釜中，以使中间层将玻璃件叠层体中的外部透明体和内部透明体粘合。
随着本发明的当前优选实施方案的进行，本发明的其它优点和特征将对所属领域中的技术人员变得明显。
附图简述
结合附图显示并描述本发明的当前优选的实施方案，其中：
图1是对称玻璃件的一部分的顶部透视图，其局部被剖开以更好地公开其结构；
图2是非对称玻璃件的实施方案的一部分的顶部透视图，其局部被剖开以更好地公开其结构；
图3是图2中所示的非对称玻璃件的一部分的底部透视图，其局部被剖开以更好地公开其结构；和
图4是显示在50Hz至10000Hz的频率范围内非对称玻璃件和非对称玻璃件的声音衰减的坐标图。
当前优选实施方案的描述
2017年2月28日公布并且由申请人作为美国临时申请62/448,657提交的“Practical Design Considerations forLightweight Windshield Application”中讨论了对称和非对称的汽车玻璃件中的声音衰减的重要方面，通过引用将该文献作为整体具体地并入本文。
当前公开的发明涉及与对称玻璃件相关的声音衰减，尤其是在非前向汽车玻璃件中。对汽车重量减轻的关注已倾向于支持使用非对称玻璃件，特别是在挡风玻璃和其它前向玻璃件中。非对称玻璃件中的重量减少有时导致极端程度的非对称性—即与现有技术的非对称玻璃件的内部透明体和外部透明体相比，内部透明体的厚度远小于外部透明体的厚度。
已经指出，非对称玻璃件中的声音衰减并不与相当重量的对称玻璃件中的声音衰减存在显著差异。这些假设倾向于支持将非对称玻璃件的使用扩展到汽车侧灯和后灯。但是，成本和其它因素可能会抵消这种趋势。例如，用于非对称玻璃件的较薄内部透明体片材被考虑厚度低至0.7mm。然而，与1.4mm的较常规玻璃厚度相比，0.7mm的玻璃需要较昂贵的原材料并且涉及更多的制造工艺步骤。具体地，1.4mm玻璃可以通过热回火来强化，而0.7mm玻璃通常使用较昂贵的铝硅酸盐玻璃(与钠钙硅酸盐玻璃相反)并且通过离子交换过程而不是热回火来强化。源材料和加工步骤的这种差异可能导致显著更高的制造成本。
图1显示了用于一些汽车玻璃件的类型的对称玻璃件10。对称玻璃件10包括外部透明体片材12，其限定了第一表面14和第二表面16，该第二表面16从第一表面14相反地设置于片材12上。第一表面14和第二表面16通过厚度尺寸18彼此分隔，该厚度尺寸相对于第一表面14和第二表面16中的每一个正交定向。
对称玻璃件10还包括中间层20，该中间层20限定了聚合物材料层，该聚合物材料层具有第一表面22和第二表面24，该第二表面24从第一表面22相反地设置于所述聚合物层上。中间层20的第一表面22与外部透明体片材12的第二表面16相对置。
对称玻璃件10还包括内部透明体片材26，其限定第一表面28和第二表面30，该第二表面30从第一表面28相反地设置在片材26上。第一表面28和第二表面30通过厚度尺寸32彼此分隔，该厚度尺寸相对于第一表面28和第二表面30中的每一个正交定向。对称玻璃件10是“对称的”，因为外部透明体12的厚度18名义上与内部透明体片材26的厚度32相同。
图2和3显示了非对称玻璃件叠层体34的顶部和底部透视图。非对称玻璃件叠层体34的大部分结构类似于对称玻璃件叠层体10的结构，然而也存在重要的差异。
如图2和3所示，非对称玻璃件34包括外部透明体片材36，其限定第一表面38和第二表面40，该第二表面40从第一表面38相反地设置在片材36上。第一表面38和第二表面40通过厚度尺寸42彼此分隔，该厚度尺寸相对于第一表面38和第二表面40中的每一个正交定向。
非对称玻璃件34还包括中间层44，该中间层限定了聚合物材料层，该聚合物材料层具有第一表面46和第二表面48，该第二表面48从第一表面46相反地设置在所述聚合物层上。中间层44的第一表面46与外部透明体片材36的第二表面40相对置。
非对称玻璃件34还包括内部透明体片材50，其限定第一表面52和第二表面54，该第二表面54从第一表面52相反地设置在片材50上。第一表面52和第二表面54通过厚度尺寸56彼此分隔，该厚度尺寸相对于第一表面52和第二表面54中的每一个正交定向。非对称玻璃件34是“非对称的”，因为外部透明体36的厚度42大于内部透明体片材50的厚度56。
对称玻璃件10的中间层20和非对称玻璃件34的中间层44可以是聚合物材料，例如乙烯乙酸乙烯酯、聚乙烯醇缩丁醛、聚乙烷、聚碳酸酯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯、以及它们的组合。根据本领域已知的加压釜处理，中间层20和44将外部透明体片材与内部透明体片材结合在各自的对称和非对称玻璃件10和34中。在加压釜处理之后，中间层20或44的厚度可以在0.71mm至0.81mm的范围内。
人类听觉感知通常是对约20Hz至约20000Hz范围内的声音而发生，但人类通常对约2000Hz至约5000Hz范围内的声音最敏感。结合当前公开的发明，除了在约2500到8000Hz的频率范围，在50到8000Hz的频率范围内的对称和非对称玻璃件的声音衰减性能非常接近。在2500至8000Hz范围内，非对称玻璃件表现出共振条件(在本文中也称为“重合尖”(coincidence tip))，其比同等重量的对称玻璃件中的重合尖更显著(即更大的幅度)。例如，具有1.4mm外部透明体的对称玻璃件(即暴露于外部条件的透明体)和1.4mm内部透明体(即暴露于乘客舱的透明体)的重量等同于具有2.1mm外部透明体和0.7mm内部透明体的非对称玻璃件。然而，该对称玻璃件的重合尖比该非对称玻璃件的重合尖更柔和。
认为“重合尖”是由于材料的共振频率匹配入射声音压力波的共振频率。在玻璃件中产生重合条件的频率通常可称为“重合频率”。在某些重合频率下，影响外部透明体的声波引起玻璃件共振并增强从玻璃件到乘客舱的声音传输。因此，通过消减重合频率，特别是在人类具有较高敏感度的2000Hz至5000Hz范围内的重合频率，来增强声音衰减。
根据所公开的方法，取决于内部透明体相对于外部透明体的厚度比率，不同的玻璃件可具有不同的重合频率。当前公开的方法利用重合频率和透明体厚度比率之间的关系，结合汽车玻璃件的轻量化，来产生具有减小的重合尖的轻质玻璃件。
图4是显示具有2.1mm外部透明体层和0.7mm内部透明体层的非对称玻璃件的“重合尖”的坐标图。图4还示出了具有1.4mm外部透明体层和1.4mm内部透明体层的对称玻璃件的“重合尖”。对称玻璃件具有与非对称玻璃件相同的玻璃件单位面积重量。非对称玻璃件具有在约2500Hz至约8000Hz范围内的重合尖。对称玻璃件也具有重合尖，但它不如非对称玻璃件显著，并且重要的是，对称玻璃件重合尖发生在高于6300Hz的频率—超出大多数人的最高敏感度范围。
图4中的各个线图的比较表明，1.4mm/1.4mm对称玻璃件产生与2.1mm/0.7mm非对称玻璃件相同的重量减轻，但对称玻璃件在声音衰减方面具有重要优势。在人类最高敏感度的频率范围内，对称玻璃件具有比非对称玻璃件大5dB左右的声音衰减。
此外，从成本的角度来看，与非对称玻璃件相比，对称玻璃件具有重要的优势。对称玻璃件在内部透明体和外部透明体中使用1.4mm玻璃。与1.4mm玻璃相比，用于非对称玻璃件中的0.7mm玻璃需要更昂贵的原材料，并且涉及比1.4mm玻璃更多的工艺步骤。具体而言，1.4mm玻璃可以通过热回火来强化，而0.7mm玻璃通常使用铝硅酸盐玻璃(与较便宜的钠钙硅酸盐玻璃相反)，该铝硅酸盐玻璃通过离子交换过程来强化(与较便宜的热回火工艺相反)。因此，与非对称玻璃件相比，对称玻璃件通过避免需要相对昂贵的玻璃和较复杂的强化过程而降低了成本。
所公开的发明包括一种用于实现改进的声音衰减优点的方法以及对称玻璃件相对于高度非对称玻璃件的其它优点，同时保持重量减轻的益处。在第一步中，确定优选的非对称玻璃件。根据本领域已知的因素选择非对称玻璃件的内部透明体和外部透明体的优选厚度。这些因素包括对总体玻璃件强度、玻璃件刚度、石头冲击耐受性及其组合的要求。
在选择非对称玻璃件设计之后，确定非对称玻璃件的总透明体厚度。这可以通过将外部透明体的厚度简单地加到内部透明体的厚度来完成。
接下来，将由聚合物材料制成的中间层放置在外部透明体片材和内部透明体片材之间来形成叠层堆叠体。叠层堆叠体中的每个外部透明体片材和内部透明体片材具有相同的厚度，该厚度被确定为非对称玻璃件的总透明体厚度的一半。
此后，在加压釜或其它加热过程中加热叠层堆叠体，以使中间层将外部透明体和内部透明体结合成对称玻璃件。
通过该过程，产生对称玻璃件，其具有非对称玻璃件设计的减小重量，并且还具有在人类高敏感度范围内的较高声音衰减的益处。

Claims (2)

1.一种制造轻质玻璃件的方法，所述方法包括以下步骤：
选择具有外部透明体、内部透明体和中间层的对称玻璃件，所述中间层将所述外部透明体结合到所述内部透明体，其中所述外部透明体的名义厚度等于所述内部透明体的名义厚度，并且其中根据选自下组的因素来选择所述外部透明体的厚度和所述内部透明体的厚度：总体玻璃件强度、玻璃件刚度、声音衰减、石头冲击耐受性及其组合；
通过将外部透明体的厚度与内部透明体的厚度相加来确定该对称玻璃件的总透明体厚度；
将由聚合物材料制成的中间层设置在外部透明体片材和内部片材之间以形成叠层堆叠体，所述外部透明体片材的厚度为总透明体厚度的一半，并且所述内部片材的厚度为总透明体厚度的一半；和
加热所述叠层堆叠体以使中间层将外部透明体和内部透明体结合到窗玻璃件中。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中所述加热叠层堆叠体的步骤在加压釜中进行。
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