CN110366625A - 木材复合装置和用于制造所述装置的方法 - Google Patents

木材复合装置和用于制造所述装置的方法 Download PDF

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CN110366625A
CN110366625A CN201880014417.XA CN201880014417A CN110366625A CN 110366625 A CN110366625 A CN 110366625A CN 201880014417 A CN201880014417 A CN 201880014417A CN 110366625 A CN110366625 A CN 110366625A
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construction package
set composite
construction
package
longitudinal axis
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塔帕尼·霍卡拉
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Altoheitec Co Ltd
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Altoheitec Co Ltd
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    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/02—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements
    • E04B1/10—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements the elements consisting of wood
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    • E04C3/12—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of wood, e.g. with reinforcements, with tensioning members
    • E04C3/14—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of wood, e.g. with reinforcements, with tensioning members with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web
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    • B27M3/0013—Manufacture or reconditioning of specific semi-finished or finished articles of composite or compound articles
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种木材复合装置，包括：结构组件(1)，在平行位置机械地连接在一起。这种结构组件包括至少一个成型侧表面(2、3)以及将侧表面(2、3)连接在一起的至少一个边缘表面(4、5)和端表面(6、7)，所述边缘表面(4、5)和端表面(6、7)垂直于结构组件的纵向轴线(11)。在本发明中，平行结构组件中的侧表面成对地以相对的位置布置，使得在相对侧表面中的轮廓波峰(8)和波谷(9)基本上平行。存在在其纵向方向上相继地并且在复合装置的至少横向方向上相邻地布置的这些结构组件(1)，以建立均匀的板状结构，其中结构组件通过机械连接装置连接在一起。

Description

木材复合装置和用于制造所述装置的方法
背景技术
本发明涉及一种根据权利要求1的前序部分的复合装置。
本发明还涉及一种如权利要求10的前序部分所述的用于制造这种复合装置的方法。
这种装置可用于多数不同的目的，其中需要制造基本上实心的木材结构。
因此，在当代，已开始木材住宅建筑的制造，特别是通过使用实木CLT(交叉层压木材)板。例如，在芬兰条件中，这种木材板的建筑物理功能尚未得到很好的研究，并且出现了由于其制造方法而不能满足所需板的耐久性的问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的是建立一种现有技术的建筑材料的可替代解决方案，其不会有与现有技术的建筑材料相关的问题。
该目的以这样的方式实现，即根据本发明，复合装置具有权利要求中所限定的技术特征。特别地，通过在该装置中结合如权利要求1的特征部分中公开的特征，可以解决现有的问题。另一方面，可以通过结合如权利要求10的特征部分所公开的特征来解决关于方法的问题。
在从属权利要求中公开了本发明的优选实施方案。
本发明提供了相当大的优点。因此，通过简单的结构解决方案和方法，本解决方案实现了在其热经济性方面非常经济的建筑物。本发明的复合装置还可以用制造成本非常低廉的结构组件来实施。将结构组件连接在一起很简单，不需要任何特殊技术，更不用说特殊工具。因为在工件中仅使用机械连接装置，也就是说，结构组件借助于形状物(shape)、材料条、拉杆、连接电缆、螺钉或棒条杆连接在一起，所以最终结构可在没有化学品的情况下完成。
用于制造复合装置的木材结构组件甚至可以如此确定尺寸，使得它们可以存储在普通的标准化托盘上并通过使用常规的运输工具移动到最终的组装地点。
由于大的承载能力和刚性结构，本发明的复合装置和方法还适用于实现住宅或类似的建筑物。这允许复合装置用于制造各种实木结构物，其可包括所述住宅、商用设施或其他设施的基板和中间地板结构和/或其外墙或隔断墙结构。除此之外，复合装置也适用于建筑桥梁、其支撑结构和在桥梁建筑工地所用的模板。本发明的复合装置非常适合于实现各种特殊结构物，例如体育馆或赛车场(velodromes)。
由于本复合装置采用灵活的连接方法和解决方案，因此，由其制成的结构物非常适合地震环境。
在下文对本发明具体实施方案的更详细描述中公开了本发明提供的其他优点。
附图说明
在下文中，将以更详细的方式并参照附图来阐述本发明的一些优选实施方案，在附图中
图1示意性地示出了用于建立复合装置的结构组件的各实施方案A、B、C和D，
图2示出了根据图1的结构组件的示意性横截面，
图3是示出根据图1的结构组件的示意性侧视图。
图4示出了结构组件的第一替代实施方案，
图5示出了结构组件的第二替代实施方案，
图6示出了结构组件的第三替代实施方案，
图7示出了结构组件的第四替代实施方案，
图8示出了结构组件的第五替代实施方案，
图9示出了结构组件的第六替代实施方案，
图10示出了结构组件的第一替代连接方法，
图11示出了结构组件的第二替代连接方法，
图12示出了结构组件的第三替代连接方法，
图13是复合装置的第一实施方案，
图14是复合装置的第二实施方案，
图15是复合装置的第三实施方案，
图16是复合装置的第四实施方案，
图17是复合装置的第五实施方案，
图18是复合装置的第六实施方案，
图19是表示如何通过安装在其侧表面相邻的结构组件来加深根据图14的第二实施方案的复合装置的结构厚度的示意图，
图20是表示如何通过安装在其侧表面相邻的结构组件来加深根据图15的第三实施方案的复合装置的结构厚度的示意图，
图21是表示如何通过安装在其侧表面相邻的结构组件来加深根据图17的第五实施方案的复合装置的结构厚度的示意图，
图22示出了用于实现复合装置的结构组件的其他连接方法，
图23示出了一个利用本发明的复合装置的物体，
图24是复合装置的示意性结构的顶视图，
图25是复合装置的一个实施方案的示意性横截面，
图26是图25的实施方案中使用的牵引杆在结构组件连接时的延伸替代方案的详细视图，以及
图27示出了将结构组件连接在一起的详细视图。
具体实施方式
本发明的附图未按比例示出复合装置，所述附图只是示意性的，示出了优选实施方案的一般结构和操作。附图中由参考数字表示的结构组件则对应于本说明书中由参考数字标记的结构组件。
本发明的复合装置通过使用图1至3的示例性结构组件1形成。这些有利地包括由木材制成的结构组件，其中图1示出了结构组件的有利结构A、B和C。然后，结构组件包括由原木或通过本身已知的方法(例如热处理或压力处理)精制的木材制成的部件。
尽管下面将讨论作为木材结构部件的结构组件，但是特别地，它也可以由例如塑料、金属或木质复合材料制成。然而，与这些其他原材料相比，木材使得可以制造原木结构类型的天然透气结构。
图1的每个结构组件具有至少一个成型侧表面2和3，如图2所示，它们通过边缘表面4和5以及图3中可见的端表面6和7连接。例如，如图1和图2中可见，结构组件1的两个实施方案A和B的侧表面基本上对称地平行形成。在这种情况下，木材结构组件的形状已通过使用本身已知的加工方法(例如铣削或刨削)实现。如果结构组件由除木材之外的其他材料制成，则其形状也可通过例如铸造、压制或3D打印来实现。
在图1、2和3的实施方案中，结构组件的边缘表面和端表面4至7是有利地基本平坦的，其中一方面的边缘表面和另一方面的端表面是相互平行的。当希望以平坦结构表面结束复合装置时，使用结构组件1的实施方案C。在这样的实施方案中，侧表面2成型，而侧表面3具有基本平坦的形状。
当结构组件1如图13至图21中那样彼此压靠时，具有成型侧表面2和3的结构组件被引导为相对于彼此重叠，使得先前结构组件的轮廓波峰8定位在相应的后续结构组件的轮廓波谷9中，反之亦然，这建立了图中所示的紧密接合面。当结构组件由木材制成时，有利地选择图2中的型材的高度H，使得其延伸穿过机加工的木材片的多个年生长层，使得结构组件之间的连接更牢固。在该实施方案中，轮廓的长度L又有利地显著大于结构组件的总厚度D，这使得易于加工足够强度并进一步将木质板条设置在相对的位置，参见图2。
通过为结构组件1的侧表面2和3选择这种成型形状，在结构组件之间实现了相当大的接触表面，这显著增加了结构的强度和承载能力。利用所述类型的技术，在结构组件之间形成的接缝结构使由其形成的结构抵抗弯曲和翘曲变硬，由此产生的板状结构在所有情况下都保持笔直且平坦。同时，结构组件的形状基本上有利于最终结构的组装，这是因为结构组件容易彼此抵靠设置。由木材制成的这种结构组件组装的结构物的显著优点之一是，当选择规则的波状结构进行成型时，无论湿度条件如何，它都在某种程度上使自己变紧。当在相邻板条之间产生甚至最小的间隙时，由于相反的波形彼此稍微远离，板条滑动，从而对将结构组件组保持在一起的结构施加一定压力。这种波状轮廓可由本身已知的规则波形形成，例如正弦波形式，其中波峰和波谷已平行于结构组件的纵向轴线。通过使轮廓在两个交叉方向上波动，可以进一步增强结构组件的相互锁定。在这种情况下，然后，轮廓的波峰和波谷都相对于结构组件的纵向轴线横向形成并且在结构组件的纵向方向上跟随该波形，如图4所示。
例如，当选择除了图2中所示的波形之外的另一种形式用于轮廓分析时，特别地，对于复合装置，又实现了对结构组件彼此的有效锁定。
图14至18示出了可用于结构组件的侧表面和/或边缘表面和/或端表面的可替代轮廓。因此，图14示出了类似轮廓的部分线条，图15示出了锯齿状轮廓，图16示出了统一的弧，图17示出了连续的齿，以及图18示出了具有一定水平差异的轮廓。
本发明的复合装置根据图10或11形成，例如，通过并排布置结构组件1。在这种情况下，结构组件可以用机械接头(例如钉子或螺钉)连接在一起。然而，将多于一个的结构组件一次连接在一起是更有利的。为此，如图2和3所示，在垂直于结构组件的纵向轴线11的方向上，有利地向侧表面2和3钻出一个或多个孔10。显然，没有阻止在结构组件并排布置的同时制造孔，但是预先制成的孔显著地有助于完成复合装置。
当结构组件1并排设置时，其中的孔10在基本均匀的复合装置的相对外边缘之间形成紧固通道12，如图24所示，例如，牵引杆13可以适配于该紧固通道12，例如本身已知的螺纹杆。牵引杆在其外端配备有螺栓或其他防止装置14，其防止牵引杆离开紧固通道。代替牵引杆，显然可以使用其他建立本身已知的拉伸应力的装置，例如金属或复合线。
有利地，复合装置还以规则间隔包括这样的防止装置14，其适配于产生拉伸应力的装置13，以仅在其端部以外的地方将结构组件1彼此紧固。像这样，结构组件在规则的基部处彼此紧密地压紧，形成气流不可穿透的紧密结构，同时可以形成大的、均匀的板状结构。
在边缘表面4和5之间测量的结构组件1的厚度可以变化，如在侧表面2和4之间测量的宽度也可以变化。尽管当使用不同长度的结构组件时，使较长结构组件的长度是最短结构组件的整数倍是有利的，但可以根据需要，选择结构组件的端表面6和7之间的线性尺寸。
图1和5至9示出了结构组件1的一些优选实施方案。图1示出了细长的结构组件，其中端表面6和7以及边缘表面4和5明显比侧表面2和3窄。这样的结构组件可以如此实现，使得它在其纵向轴线11的方向上基本上是直的，或者可选地，在其边缘表面或侧表面的方向上是弯曲的。在该实施方案中，也仅在所述侧表面上产生了轮廓。
图5和7至9示出了结构组件1，其侧表面2和3以及边缘表面4和5基本上具有相同的宽度。这种结构组件在其纵向轴线方向上基本上是直的，或者可选地，在其边缘表面或侧表面的方向上是弯曲的。在图5的实施方案中，结构组件的轮廓仅在侧表面上完成，而图7和8示出了在侧表面和边缘表面上具有轮廓的实施方案。在图9的实施方案中，在端表面6和7上也有轮廓。垂直于根据图6的结构组件的纵向轴线的横截面具有切割金字塔的形状，由此该结构适合于制造例如各种拱形结构。在这种情况下，结构组件的变窄程度由拱形结构的半径调节。该图仅示出了在其侧表面上成型的结构组件，但是这也可以包括在侧表面和边缘表面以及端表面上的轮廓。
复合装置所需的厚度通过选择最合适的结构组件1的侧表面长度来实现，如图10和14至18所示，或者也通过安装所需数量的在其边缘表面相邻的结构组件来实现，如图11至13和19至21所示。当在其长度、宽度和厚度方向上将结构组件连接在一起时，有利的是选择至少在侧表面和边缘表面上具有轮廓的结构组件。当达到设计的结构厚度时，可以选择最外面的结构组件以具有平坦的侧表面，参见图1C。
从材料技术方面来看，本发明的复合装置也非常便宜。因此，在检查图24时可以注意到，结构中的尺寸结构组件1在本解决方案中以简单的方式在其纵向方向上相继安装并且在该结构的横向方向上并排安装，以形成均匀的板状结构。在这种情况下，已安装了结构组件，使得在图中看到的连续结构组件的接头15在完成的结构中从不相邻地落下，但是总是存在至少一个或多个实心结构组件通过相邻结构组件之间的接头。由于成型结构组件提供的支撑，相邻的结构组件搁置在彼此的成型形状体上，从而形成工作静态系统的一部分。这使得即使所有单独的结构组件都不会到达结构的支撑件，刚性结构也能够处理大负荷。结构组件的形式还允许结构组件在任意位点中延伸，这特别是由于轮廓赋予的支撑。
例如，如在图1中，在边缘表面4和5之间的宽度中可以存在一个或多个不同的结构组件1。选择结构组件的宽度，使得它们有利地为波长L(即，轮廓长度)的整数倍。
所需的复合装置由结构组件1形成，使得形成装置的端部16的端部包括这样的结构组件，其并排放置并且长度增加，或者如图14所示，长度缩短。换言之，结构组件沿着上升或下降的顺序相继地纵向排列。或者，结构组件可以交替的方式以上升或下降的顺序纵向排列。复合装置的相对端以相同的方式形成，如果可能，形成不同长度的结构组件。如果该装置的合适长度不能以这种方式实现，则可以在所需位置自然地切割该结构。复合装置的其他结构组件有利地都很长。通过这种方式，可以快速实现用于建造房屋17的复合装置，例如，其中当例如正在建造墙壁18时，结构组件有利地垂直定向。在此方面，该结构可以与传统的垂直原木墙相比较，然而，本发明证明了在热值、强度和紧密性方面更好的最终产品。
如上所述，在宽度方向上，复合装置可以形成为基本上连续的，其中结构组件1通过在产生拉伸应力的装置13中以规则间隔安装的防止装置14彼此紧固。所述产生拉伸应力的装置通过延伸套管19在其纵向方向上连接在一起，以使它们延长通过所有相邻布置的结构组件。如果需要，这形成了立即使用的均匀表面结构。通过在防止装置或延伸套管和结构组件之间安装弹簧构件20，也可以考虑在结构组件组中发生的横向膨胀。在这种情况下，在相邻组之间以所需间隔(例如每两米)留下小的膨胀余量，通过此确保结构的受控湿度特性。
图27示出了一种利用本发明的复合装置制造完整结构组件的方法。因此，可以形成具有标准宽度和长度的元件，其中，结构组件1通过安装管21彼此紧固，安装管21适配于在垂直于结构组件的纵向轴线11的方向上形成的孔10中。这种安装管有利地由金属例如不锈钢制成。安装管从结构组件中的孔10突出到这样的程度，即防止装置14(例如螺栓)可以安装在其相对的端部，以将结构组件彼此紧固。这些元件又可以并排安装，由此在它们之间设置特定的安装组件22，该安装组件22具有接收防止装置的防止装置通道23。一旦将设计的元件安装就位，产生拉伸应力的装置13就被引导通过安装管。利用装置13，通过安装在元件组的外边缘上的第二防止装置14将元件组编译成均匀的板。
无论要制造的结构如何，本解决方案的显著优点在于结构组件1的简单连接技术以及由其小的物理尺寸引起的容易处理。另一方面，在没有特定固定装置或胶水的情况下编译复合装置，使得甚至可以拆除该结构并将其移动到新的使用场所。
本领域技术人员将明白，随着技术进步，本发明的基本构思可以许多不同的方式实现。因此，本发明及其实施方案不限于上述实例，而是可以在权利要求的范围内变化。
因此，可以通过如图22所示的单独的连接条24或连接栓25替换结构组件1的侧表面2和3的轮廓来制造所讨论类型的复合装置。

Claims (15)

1.一种复合装置，包括：
结构组件(1)，其在平行位置机械地连接在一起，使得每个结构组件包括至少一个成型侧表面(2、3)，以及
将它们连接在一起的至少一个边缘表面(4、5)和端表面(6、7)，所述边缘表面(4、5)和端表面(6、7)垂直于结构组件的纵向轴线(11)，
平行结构组件中的侧表面成对地以相对的位置布置，使得相对侧表面中的轮廓波峰(8)和波谷(9)的基本上平行，
其特征在于
结构组件(1)在其纵向方向上相继地并且在复合装置的至少横向方向上相邻地布置，以建立均匀的板状结构，
结构组件通过机械连接装置连接在一起。
2.如权利要求1所述的复合装置，其特征在于，结构组件(1)是细长的，使得在垂直于其纵向方向的横截面中，边缘表面(4、5)比侧表面(2、3)窄得多。
3.如权利要求1所述的复合装置，其特征在于，结构组件(1)的侧表面(2、3)和边缘表面(4、5)处于垂直于其纵向方向的横截面中，具有大致相同的宽度。
4.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的复合装置，其特征在于，沿其纵向轴线(11)的方向，结构组件(1)在其边缘表面(4、5)的方向上是弯曲的。
5.如权利要求1至3中任一项所述的复合装置，其特征在于，沿其纵向轴线(11)的方向，结构组件(1)在其侧表面(2、3)的方向上是弯曲的。
6.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的复合装置，其特征在于，每个结构组件(1)包括至少一个成型侧表面(2、3)和至少一个成型边缘表面(4、5)。
7.如权利要求1至5中任一项所述的复合装置，其特征在于，每个结构组件(1)包括至少一个成型侧表面(2、3)、至少一个成型边缘表面(4、5)和至少一个成型端表面(6、7)。
8.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的复合装置，其特征在于，所述轮廓包括波状形式，其波峰和波谷平行于所述结构组件的纵向轴线。
9.如权利要求1至7中任一项所述的复合装置，其特征在于，所述轮廓包括波状形式，其波峰和波谷平行于所述结构组件的纵向轴线的方向并相对于所述纵向轴线的方向横向。
10.如前述权利要求中任一项所述的复合装置，其特征在于，在复合装置的横向方向和厚度方向上并排存在至少两个结构组件(1)。
11.一种用于制造复合装置的方法，其中，
形成结构组件(1)，其包括至少一个成型侧表面(2、3)，以及将它们连接在一起的至少一个边缘表面(4、5)和端表面(6、7)，所述边缘表面(4、5)和端表面(6、7)垂直于结构组件的纵向轴线(11)，以及
结构组件(1)以相对于彼此平行的位置安装，
平行结构组件的侧表面成对地以相对的位置布置，使得相对侧表面中的轮廓波峰(8)和波谷(9)基本平行，以及
所述结构组件机械地连接在一起，
其特征在于
结构组件(1)在其纵向方向上相继地并且在复合装置的至少横向方向上相邻地布置，建立均匀的板状结构，并且
使用机械连接装置将结构组件连接在一起。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法，其特征在于，结构组件(1)在复合装置的横向方向和厚度方向上连接在一起，使得
存在至少两个并排的结构组件。
13.如权利要求11或12所述的方法，其特征在于，在结构组件(1)中，在侧表面之间并且基本上垂直于结构组件的纵向轴线(11)形成至少一个孔(10)，以形成紧固通道(12)，通过该紧固通道(12)
可引导紧固通道牵引杆(13)与其防止装置(14)并且延伸到复合装置的外边缘，以将牵引杆穿过的结构组件彼此紧固。
14.如权利要求11至13中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，在由并排布置的结构组件(1)组成的复合装置中，所述结构组件沿其纵向轴线(11)的方向相继地安装，使得在相邻结构组件的接头(15)之间总是存在至少一个通过该接头的实心结构组件。
15.如权利要求11至14中任一项所述的方法，其特征在于，结构组件(1)在复合装置的端部(16)以长度的上升或下降顺序分组。
CN201880014417.XA 2017-02-27 2018-02-21 木材复合装置和用于制造所述装置的方法 Pending CN110366625A (zh)

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JP2003285303A (ja) * 2002-01-22 2003-10-07 Yutaka Ogino 材料湾曲加工方法及び加工用材料
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