CN110343934B - 掺杂Zn的Mn-Fe-P-Si基磁制冷材料及其制备方法 - Google Patents
掺杂Zn的Mn-Fe-P-Si基磁制冷材料及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN110343934B CN110343934B CN201910671219.7A CN201910671219A CN110343934B CN 110343934 B CN110343934 B CN 110343934B CN 201910671219 A CN201910671219 A CN 201910671219A CN 110343934 B CN110343934 B CN 110343934B
- Authority
- CN
- China
- Prior art keywords
- sample
- magnetic refrigeration
- ball milling
- ball
- magnetic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/02—Compacting only
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C30/00—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent
- C22C30/06—Alloys containing less than 50% by weight of each constituent containing zinc
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C33/0207—Using a mixture of prealloyed powders or a master alloy
- C22C33/0214—Using a mixture of prealloyed powders or a master alloy comprising P or a phosphorus compound
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
- C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
- C22C33/0278—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5%
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B21/00—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/02—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes
- B22F9/04—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling
- B22F2009/043—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using physical processes starting from solid material, e.g. by crushing, grinding or milling by ball milling
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
- Y02B30/00—Energy efficient heating, ventilation or air conditioning [HVAC]
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Hard Magnetic Materials (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Metal Powder And Suspensions Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
本发明公开了一种掺杂Zn的Mn‑Fe‑P‑Si基磁制冷材料及其制备方法,属于磁制冷材料技术领域,该材料成分为(Mn,Fe)1.95‑x(P,Si)Znx,式中x的取值为0.05~0.1。该材料的制备步骤为:将锰片、铁粉、磷块、硅块、锌粉按化学式中各元素的摩尔比称重,在氩气保护下,进行球磨;将球磨后的粉末压制成试样;将试样真空中退火处理,之后快速淬入冷水中制得样品。本发明通过向MnFePSi材料中掺入适量的Zn,可使MnFePSi磁致冷材料相变温度调节至室温附近,减小热滞,同时保持较大磁熵变,有利于材料在室温磁制冷中的应用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及磁制冷材料制备领域,具体涉及一种掺杂Zn的Mn-Fe-P-Si基磁制冷材料及其制备方法。
背景技术
制冷技术在我们现代社会生活中无处不在,随着世界上的能源危机,环境不断恶化,传统的压缩制冷技术由于其噪音大、效率低、高污染等不和避免的缺点,传统制冷剂氟利昂由于温室效应且破坏臭氧层,将逐步被淘汰。随着绿色环保概念的提出,为了保护我们赖以生存的大气环境,联合国环境规划署签订了一项禁止使用含氟制冷剂的协议,这就是为什么我们必须开发新的冷却技术。作为一种新型环保冷却技术,磁制冷技术是以磁性材料为工质,利用自旋系统磁熵的变化来实现制冷的一种全新的制冷技术。通过重复循环磁化和去磁过程可以实现固态冷却目的,具有无污染,噪声小,循环效率高等有点。有望改变工业,商业,汽车和空调国家的传统压缩冷却方法,磁制冷技术是一种具有革命性质的技术,目前是各国研究能源领域的研究热点。
MnFePSi系列合金因其大熵变,原料丰富且成本低被认为是最具前景的磁制冷材料。相对于其它的制冷材料,MnFePSi体系材料来源广泛,材料成本低,具有工业化生产前景。 MnFePSi体系制冷材料具有巨磁热效应(GMCE),能量交换效率高;制冷材料理论上尺寸、形状不受限制,这将使得如冰箱、空调制冷器等的尺寸、形状大大改善。 可以使用使用水等无害液体作为传热介质,这就避免了氟利昂、氨基碳氢化合物等制冷剂带来的环境的破坏。目前,研究发现,MnFePSi合金实现室温磁致冷,可通过调节相变温度得到。前期研究发现,通过改变Mn/Fe比和P/Si比可以调节该材料的居里温度Tc和热滞大小,但这会减弱材料的混磁性,对磁热效应产生不利影响。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种掺杂Zn的Mn-Fe-P-Si基磁制冷材料及其制备方法,该磁制冷材料工作温度在室温附近,居里温度连续可调;热滞小,在永磁体可以提供的磁场范围内有大的磁熵变。
实现本发明目的的技术方案是:本发明所涉及的掺杂Zn的Mn-Fe-P-Si基磁制冷材料的化学通式为:(Mn,Fe)1.95-x(P,Si)Znx,式中x的取值范围0.05~0.1, x的取值范围优选0.1。
本发明还提供了上述掺杂Zn的Mn-Fe-P-Si基磁制冷材料的制备方法,包括如下步骤:
(1)在氩气气氛保护下,将锰片、铁粉、磷块、硅块、锌粉按化学式中各元素的摩尔比进行球磨;
(2)将球磨后的粉末压制成试样;
(3)将试样封入充有氩气保护的石英管中,在1100℃下烧结20小时后冷水淬火处理,制得样品。
进一步的,球磨工艺条件为:钢球与原料的质量比(即球料比)为6:1,球磨时间10小时,频率30赫兹。
进一步的,将球磨后的粉末装入直径为10mm的模具中,在750MPa压力下压制成 φ10*5mm的圆片状试样,压制时间为5min。
与现有技术相比,本发明具有以下优点:
1)本发明通过在MnFePSi基合金的Fe位掺杂微量的Zn,进而有效的优化磁性材料的居里温度和磁热效应,可将材料的居里温度调节至室温;且合金的热滞明显减小,减少超过100%,提高制冷效率。
2)本发明制备方法采用商业上常用的机械合金化球磨法,烧结退火后即可合成(Mn,Fe)1.95-x(P,Si)Znx化合物,工艺简单,成本低廉,适用于工业化生产。
附图说明
图1为本发明的磁制冷材(Mn,Fe)1.95-x(P,Si)Znx(x=0.05,0.1,0.2)与不含Zn成分材料的室温XRD衍射图。
图2为本发明的磁制冷材料(Mn,Fe)1.95-x(P,Si)Znx(x=0.05,0.1,0.2)与不含Zn成分材料在外场1.5T时M-T曲线。
图3为本发明的磁制冷材料(Mn,Fe)1.95-x(P,Si)Znx(x=0.1)的扫描电镜(SEM)图和元素分布(EDS)图。
图4为本发明的磁制冷材料(Mn,Fe)1.95-x(P,Si)Znx(x=0.05,0.1,0.2)与不含Zn成分材料分别在1.5T磁场变化下的等温熵变曲线。
具体实施方式
下面对本发明的实施例作详细说明,本实施例在以本发明技术方案为前提下进行实施,给出了详细的实施方式和具体操作过程,但本发明的保护范围不限于下述的实施例。
在本申请中,发明人发现,利用Zn元素的掺杂来部分取代Fe元素,可以将居里温度Tc在室温附近连续可调,同时、减少热滞且保持较大的磁熵变,可用于室温磁制冷技术中。
实施例1
(1) 将锰片、铁粉、磷块、硅块、锌粉按MnFe0.90P0.6Si0.4Zn0.05(x=0.05)化学式中各元素的摩尔比称重,在氩气气氛保护下,放入不锈钢球磨罐中进行球磨。球磨工艺条件为:钢球与原料的质量比为6:1,球磨时间10小时,频率30赫兹。
(2) 将球磨后的粉末装入直径为10mm的模具中,在750MPa压力下压制成φ10*5mm的圆片状试样,压制时间为5min。
(3) 将压好的试样封入充有氩气保护的石英管中,在1100℃下烧结20小时后冷水淬火处理,制得样品。
实施例2
采用与实施例1类似的方法制备,除了Mn、Fe、P、Si、Zn之间的摩尔比变为1:0.85:0.6:0.4:0.1即x=0.1外,其余均相同。
实施例3
采用与实施例1类似的方法制备,除了Mn、Fe、P、Si、Zn之间的摩尔比变为1:0.75:0.6:0.4:0.2即x=0.2外,其余均相同。
对上述实施例1-3以及未添加Zn的原始样品进行性能分析测试:
图1为(Mn,Fe)1.95-x(P,Si)Znx合金的室温XRD衍射图。样品分析采用的是粉末X射线衍射法,由图可见,所有样品结晶度良好。掺杂Zn不影响主峰,随着Zn掺杂量增大,峰位有所偏移。x=0.1的样品呈明显的铁磁和顺磁两相,说明其相变温度在室温附近。
图2为(Mn,Fe)1.95-x(P,Si)Znx合金在1.5T外磁场下的磁化强度(M)与温度(T)的变化关系曲线,简称M-T曲线。降温至150K后先稳定300s再施加磁场进行升降温测试。由图可见,随着Zn掺杂量的增大,合金的相变温度升高,当x=0.1,相变温度达到了285K左右,合金的相变温度被调控到了室温附近。所有样品的升温M-T曲线和降温M-T曲线均不重合,说明合金存在热滞。随着Zn含量增加,合金热滞明显降低,从x=0(即不含Zn成分)时的26.2K降低到了x=0.1时的2.4K,热滞减少超过100%。但当掺杂Zn含量x增加到0.2时,热滞反而增加。居里温度Tc随着Zn含量的增加而升高,从x=0时的195K升高到了x=0.2时的324.8K,这主要是因为由于Zn的加入使Fe2P相的晶胞参数c减小,增强了Mn-Fe原子层之间的铁磁相互作用。
图3为磁制冷材料(Mn,Fe)1.95-x(P,Si)Znx(x=0.1)采用FEI场发射扫描电子显微镜分析得出的(SEM)图以及各元素分布的(EDS)图。由两图结合分析可以看出Zn进入了主相的晶粒中,而并非在晶界处聚集堆积,可以证明本发明Zn元素的掺杂成功取代了部分Fe元素,产生一定的掺杂效应,增强了Mn-Fe原子层之间的铁磁相互作用,使合金居里温度升高,同时降低了合金热滞。
图4为合金样品在1.5T磁场变化时的磁熵变-温度曲线。显然x=0的合金磁熵变较大,最大磁熵变分别为13.9 Jkg-1K-1。且随着Zn含量增加,最大磁熵变略有减少,但半高宽增加,整体制冷能力增强。
Claims (5)
1.一种掺杂Zn的Mn-Fe-P-Si基磁制冷材料,其特征在于,其化学通式为:(Mn,Fe)1.95-x(P,Si)Znx,x的取值为0.1。
2.如权利要求1所述的Mn-Fe-P-Si基磁制冷材料的制备方法,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
(1)在氩气气氛保护下,将锰片、铁粉、磷块、硅块、锌粉按化学式中各元素的摩尔比进行球磨;
(2)将球磨后的粉末压制成试样;
(3)氩气保护下,烧结后冷水淬火处理,制得样品。
3.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,球磨工艺条件为:钢球与原料的质量比为6:1,球磨时间10小时,频率30赫兹。
4.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,将球磨后的粉末装入直径为10mm的模具中,在750MPa压力下压制成 φ10*5mm的圆片状试样,压制时间为5min。
5.如权利要求2所述的方法,其特征在于,将试样封入充有氩气保护的石英管中,在1100℃下烧结20小时,冷水淬火处理。
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201910671219.7A CN110343934B (zh) | 2019-07-24 | 2019-07-24 | 掺杂Zn的Mn-Fe-P-Si基磁制冷材料及其制备方法 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CN201910671219.7A CN110343934B (zh) | 2019-07-24 | 2019-07-24 | 掺杂Zn的Mn-Fe-P-Si基磁制冷材料及其制备方法 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
CN110343934A CN110343934A (zh) | 2019-10-18 |
CN110343934B true CN110343934B (zh) | 2021-06-11 |
Family
ID=68180051
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
CN201910671219.7A Active CN110343934B (zh) | 2019-07-24 | 2019-07-24 | 掺杂Zn的Mn-Fe-P-Si基磁制冷材料及其制备方法 |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CN (1) | CN110343934B (zh) |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008214733A (ja) * | 2007-03-08 | 2008-09-18 | Toshiba Corp | 磁気冷凍材料、及び磁気冷凍装置 |
CN102618741A (zh) * | 2012-04-01 | 2012-08-01 | 北京工业大学 | 一种锰铁磷硅磁致冷合金的制备方法 |
CN102881393A (zh) * | 2012-09-11 | 2013-01-16 | 华南理工大学 | 一种MnFePSi基室温磁制冷材料及其制备方法 |
CN102965562A (zh) * | 2012-11-05 | 2013-03-13 | 北京工业大学 | 一种具有巨磁热效应的磁制冷材料及其制备工艺 |
WO2016104739A1 (ja) * | 2014-12-26 | 2016-06-30 | 大電株式会社 | 磁気冷凍用材料の製造方法 |
-
2019
- 2019-07-24 CN CN201910671219.7A patent/CN110343934B/zh active Active
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2008214733A (ja) * | 2007-03-08 | 2008-09-18 | Toshiba Corp | 磁気冷凍材料、及び磁気冷凍装置 |
CN102618741A (zh) * | 2012-04-01 | 2012-08-01 | 北京工业大学 | 一种锰铁磷硅磁致冷合金的制备方法 |
CN102881393A (zh) * | 2012-09-11 | 2013-01-16 | 华南理工大学 | 一种MnFePSi基室温磁制冷材料及其制备方法 |
CN102965562A (zh) * | 2012-11-05 | 2013-03-13 | 北京工业大学 | 一种具有巨磁热效应的磁制冷材料及其制备工艺 |
WO2016104739A1 (ja) * | 2014-12-26 | 2016-06-30 | 大電株式会社 | 磁気冷凍用材料の製造方法 |
Non-Patent Citations (2)
Title |
---|
From first-order magneto-elastic to magneto-structural transition in (Mn,Fe)1.95P0.50Si0.50 compounds;N.H.Dung et al.;《Applied Physics Letters》;20111231;第99卷;第1页摘要 * |
N.H.Dung et al..From first-order magneto-elastic to magneto-structural transition in (Mn,Fe)1.95P0.50Si0.50 compounds.《Applied Physics Letters》.2011,第99卷第1页摘要. * |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN110343934A (zh) | 2019-10-18 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
CN101477864B (zh) | 具有大磁热效应的稀土磁制冷材料及其制备工艺 | |
US20130200293A1 (en) | La(fe,si)13-based multi-interstitial atom hydride magnetic refrigeration material with high temperature stability and large magnetic entropy change and preparation method thereof | |
CN108735411B (zh) | 一种镧铁硅/钆复合磁制冷材料及其制备工艺 | |
CN104694813A (zh) | LaFeSi基磁制冷材料及其制备方法与应用 | |
CN105957672B (zh) | 镧铁硅基氢化物磁工质及其制备方法、磁制冷机 | |
Zhang et al. | Effects of interstitial H and/or C atoms on the magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of La (Fe, Si) 13-based compounds | |
US9633769B2 (en) | Magnetic refrigeration material | |
CN110605386B (zh) | Mo掺杂的Mn-Fe-P-Si基磁制冷材料及其制备方法 | |
CN101105996A (zh) | 一种高温低磁场大磁熵材料化合物及其制备方法 | |
Bouzidi et al. | Second-Order Magnetic Transition and Low Field Magnetocaloric Effect in Nanocrystalline Pr _ 5 Co _ 19 Pr 5 Co 19 Compound | |
CN110343934B (zh) | 掺杂Zn的Mn-Fe-P-Si基磁制冷材料及其制备方法 | |
JP7245474B2 (ja) | 磁気冷凍用途に有用な磁気熱量合金 | |
CN110364324B (zh) | 低热滞的Mn-Fe-P-Si基磁制冷材料及其制备方法 | |
CN110880391B (zh) | 一种具有低热滞的锰铁基磁制冷材料及其制备方法和应用 | |
EP2730673B1 (en) | Magnetic refrigeration material and magnetic refrigeration device | |
CN110634638B (zh) | 一种(Pr,Gd)Co永磁材料及其制备方法 | |
CN102513536A (zh) | 一种磁制冷材料的制备工艺 | |
CN102517488A (zh) | 一种磁制冷材料及其制备工艺 | |
CN108642355B (zh) | 一种锰铁基室温磁制冷材料及其制备方法 | |
KR102589531B1 (ko) | 자기열량합금 및 이의 제조방법 | |
CN108486469B (zh) | 一种纳米晶La1-xRxFeySiz磁热效应材料的制造方法 | |
CN109801767A (zh) | 一种具有旋转磁热效应的钕钴基磁制冷材料及其制备方法 | |
RU2804024C1 (ru) | Магнитокалорический материал для магнитной тепловой машины | |
CN103205590A (zh) | 磁制冷材料的一种制备工艺 | |
Jianqiu et al. | Effect of gallium doping on the magnetocaloric effect of LaFe11. 2Co0. 7Si1. 1 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
PB01 | Publication | ||
PB01 | Publication | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
SE01 | Entry into force of request for substantive examination | ||
GR01 | Patent grant | ||
GR01 | Patent grant |