CN110293482B - Method for dressing circular arc diamond grinding wheel - Google Patents
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- CN110293482B CN110293482B CN201910604876.XA CN201910604876A CN110293482B CN 110293482 B CN110293482 B CN 110293482B CN 201910604876 A CN201910604876 A CN 201910604876A CN 110293482 B CN110293482 B CN 110293482B
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
- B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
- B24B53/00—Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces
- B24B53/06—Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces of profiled abrasive wheels
Abstract
The invention provides a dressing method of a circular arc diamond grinding wheel, which comprises the following radial dressing steps: and the laser water beam is radially incident to the surface of the shaped circular arc-shaped grinding wheel along the grinding wheel, and the laser water beam circularly scans along the axial direction of the grinding wheel at the scanning speed of variable rate, so that the binder material is uniformly removed, and the abrasive particles are uniformly edged. The invention uses the water beam to guide the laser beam with high energy density, removes the grinding wheel material in a melting and gasification mode, provides a mathematical model of laser water beam variable speed scanning, thereby ensuring the removal uniformity of the binding agent on the surface of the grinding wheel and the consistency of the abrasive particle cutting height, the surface appearance of the grinding wheel is good after sharpening, the dressing precision is high, and the cooling and scouring functions of the water beam ensure the sharpening quality, thereby saving energy and protecting environment.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to a dressing method of a grinding wheel, and particularly relates to a dressing method of a circular arc diamond grinding wheel.
Background
In recent years, parts with complex curved surfaces (such as optical lenses and micro-structural molds) are more and more widely applied in the fields of national defense, aerospace and the like, and for the parts which are mostly made of hard and brittle materials such as ceramics, optical glass, hard alloy and the like, the ultra-precision grinding technology based on the diamond grinding wheel is an effective means for processing the parts. The metal-based arc-shaped diamond grinding wheel is a high-efficiency, high-precision and long-life consolidation grinding tool prepared by using metal as a bonding agent and diamond as an abrasive material, can realize high-speed, high-efficiency and ultra-precision machining of various difficult-to-machine materials which are increasingly wide in demand and application and difficult to be met by common abrasive (silicon carbide and corundum) grinding wheels, and is an important tool for ultra-precision grinding machining of spherical surfaces, aspheric surfaces and free-form surfaces.
Although the hardness and strength of the circular arc diamond grinding wheel are extremely high, the grinding wheel surface is still inevitably worn or blocked along with the processing, so that the grinding force is increased, the grinding temperature is increased, grinding vibration and thermal damage are caused, and the integrity of the workpiece surface is affected. In addition, the worn arc working surface is also easy to remove the correct geometric shape, and the profile error of the grinding wheel caused by the abrasion is directly copied to the surface of the workpiece, so that the surface accuracy of the workpiece is reduced. In order to maintain the grinding wheel surface with sufficient sharpness and correct geometry throughout the grinding process, it must be periodically dressed.
The research of the arc grinding wheel dressing technology mainly comprises a traditional mechanical dressing method and special dressing methods such as electric spark, laser and the like. The patent publication CN108381398A, "a swing type superhard grinding wheel arc dresser", proposes a method for dressing arc grinding wheels of various radii. The dressing wheel is arranged on the electric spindle, the driving device realizes swinging motion to dress the circular arc-shaped profile, and can realize compensation of abrasion loss of the grinding wheel in the dressing process, but the difficulty of online monitoring and real-time compensation of abrasion of the grinding wheel is higher, and the profile precision of the grinding wheel after dressing is lower. The patent with publication number CN103802039A, "a concave curved surface superabrasive grinding wheel laser dressing apparatus and method" makes full use of the high precision of a numerical control precision machine tool and the high efficiency of computer software, directly establishes the coordinate corresponding relationship between each point of a standard profile of a standard grinding wheel and the grinding wheel to be dressed, scans the profile of the concave curved surface grinding wheel through a laser displacement sensor, and compares with the corresponding point of the corresponding standard profile, thereby determining whether the point needs to be dressed, and can feed back dressing information in time, but only remove the high point material on the surface of the grinding wheel, the abrasive particles do not go out of the edge, i.e. only suitable for shaping. Patent publication No. CN108032222B, "a grinding wheel double-laser dressing device and dressing method", proposes a method for respectively dressing and dressing parallel grinding wheels by nanosecond and femtosecond laser beams, and simultaneously assists lateral liquid column flow to relieve the thermal damage degree of the surface of the grinding wheel. The method can simultaneously carry out the shaping and dressing processes of the grinding wheel, and can improve the dressing efficiency, but the grinding fluid is difficult to enter an actual dressing area due to the influence of the air barrier effect when the grinding wheel rotates, so that the inhibiting effect of the grinding particle deterioration layer is not good.
In the related literature reports, a method for precisely trimming the arc vertex area of the cross section of a grinding wheel by using the end face of a grinding rod is proposed for trimming the vertex area of the arc grinding wheel in a vertical grinding method, ice is aged and the like, the rotating grinding wheel is in butt-grinding with the end of a rotating GC grinding rod at a certain feeding speed and grinding depth, eccentricity and jumping generated by mounting and wearing the grinding wheel are continuously reduced along with the continuous trimming process, and the rotation error of the trimmed grinding wheel is reduced to 10 microns from 40 microns. Based on the dressing principle of a cup-shaped grinding wheel, a special two-shaft arc grinding wheel dresser is developed by Kexiaolong and the like, and a diamond grinding wheel with the arc radius of 30-100 mm can be dressed. Zhang Fei et al have developed a swinging electrode type electric spark dressing device for dressing an arc grinding wheel, the electrode swings back and forth around the arc profile to gradually form an arc profile, the electrode wear is easily compensated, but the discharge area between the electrode and the workpiece is small, and the dressing efficiency is low.
Therefore, the trimming research aiming at the arc-shaped formed grinding wheel at present has a plurality of defects of a mechanical method, an electric spark trimming method, a laser trimming method and the like, is mostly suitable for grinding wheel dressing, and the literature or patent report aiming at the sharpening of the formed grinding wheel is not found at present. Therefore, a grinding wheel dressing method integrating high dressing efficiency, precision, quality and environmental friendliness is urgently needed to improve dressing precision, efficiency and quality.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art for a new method of dressing shaped diamond wheels.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for sharpening a circular arc-shaped diamond grinding wheel, which aims to solve the problems of low dressing efficiency, poor dressing quality and limited application range of the traditional mechanical dressing method and special dressing methods such as laser and the like in the background art.
In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution of the present invention comprises the following radial sharpening steps:
and the laser water beam is radially incident to the surface of the shaped circular arc-shaped grinding wheel along the grinding wheel, and the laser water beam circularly scans along the axial direction of the grinding wheel at the scanning speed of variable rate, so that the bonding agent is uniformly removed, and the abrasive particles are uniformly edged.
Further, in the step, every time the laser water beam scans for 1-20 times, the edge height information of the abrasive particles on the surface of the grinding wheel is detected on line until the edge height reaches the standard.
Further, in the step, the suitable height of the edge is 1/4-1/3 of the grain diameter of the corresponding abrasive grains.
Furthermore, the grinding wheel is a bronze bond diamond grinding wheel, the width D of the grinding wheel is 8-12 mm, the thickness M of a grinding material layer is 6-10 mm, the diameter of the grinding wheel is 80-120 mm, the particle size of the grinding particles is 100-140 mu M, and the target arc radius of the arc-shaped grinding wheel is 4-8 mm.
Furthermore, the diameter of the nozzle is 25-30 μm, the diameter of the actually output laser water beam is 20-25 μm, and the effective working length is 50-90 mm.
Further, in the step, the energy of the laser water beam is 107W/cm2Magnitude.
Further, in the step, the control method for the laser water beam to circularly scan along the axial direction of the grinding wheel at the scanning speed of the variable speed comprises the following steps: according to the difference of the material volumes corresponding to different water beam sections, the water beam energy with the corresponding volume ratio is absorbed by different section positions of the grinding wheel circular arc, and in the step, the absorption rate A of the grinding wheel material to the laser water beamcOnly with respect to the angle of incidence α, and the absorption gradually decreases as the angle of incidence increases;
wherein f is a refractive index, k is an extinction coefficient, and the relationship between the incident angle α and the axial feed depth a of the laser water beam is as follows:
wherein D is the width of the grinding wheel, D0Is the diameter of the laser beam, r0The radius of the laser water beam is defined, R is the radius of the target circular arc, a coordinate system is established, and different water beam sections ① and ② correspond to different incidence angles α and absorption rates AcAnd the volume W of binder to be removed1、W2The energy absorbed by the surface of the grinding wheel at the water beam cross-section ① is denoted as E1The energy absorbed at the water beam cross-section ② is denoted as E2Wherein, in the step (A),
wherein P is the output power of the laser beam, β is the attenuation coefficient of the water beam to the laser, the value is 0.09, T is the distance between the surface of the grinding wheel and the nozzle hole of the laser water beam, v is the axial feeding speed of the water beam, the water beams are overlapped by controlling the scanning speed of the laser water beam, so that the surface material of the grinding wheel in each water beam section absorbs the energy of the corresponding material volume, namely:
finishing to obtain:
therefore, the relation between the scanning speed of the laser water beam and the incident angle is obtained as shown in the formula, and the relation between the scanning speed of the laser water beam and the axial feeding depth can be obtained according to the relation between the incident angle and the axial feeding depth a of the laser water beam, so that the purposes of controlling the scanning speed of the water beam and uniformly removing the bonding agent material are achieved.
The beneficial effects of the invention include:
1. the sharpening efficiency is high. The micro-water-guiding processing technology adopted by the invention is to remove the grinding wheel material by guiding the laser beam with high energy density by the water beam, and the material removal mode is mainly melting and gasifying. During tangential shaping, the laser water beam is fed along the profile of the grinding wheel at a certain cutting depth, and the protruding materials on the surface of the grinding wheel can be quickly removed by adopting higher water beam energy, so that the surface condition with large round run-out error of the grinding wheel is quickly improved, and the shaping efficiency is improved. During radial sharpening, the laser water beam is directly fed along the axial direction of the grinding wheel, and the bonding agent material with a certain depth is removed by using smaller water beam energy to enable abrasive particles to be edged. The processing characteristic of 'no focus' of micro-water-guide laser processing does not need the control of defocusing amount, so that the sharpening efficiency can be improved while the binder material is ensured to be uniformly removed.
2. The grinding wheel after dressing has good surface appearance and high dressing quality. The energy distribution of the water beam processed by micro-water guide is uniform, so that the material of the grinding wheel can be uniformly removed, and the surface flatness of the binding agent and the consistency of the edge-projecting height of the abrasive particles are improved. In addition, the water beam not only guides the laser beam to the surface of the processing material, but also plays the roles of cooling, taking away ablation melts and reducing the thermal damage of the surface of the grinding wheel, and the removed material scraps and the heat generated by the material scraps are quickly taken away by the water beam flow, so that the heat accumulation on the surface of the grinding wheel is greatly reduced, and the generation of thermal stress cracks is reduced.
3. And the sharpening precision is high. The finishing precision of the formed grinding wheel comprises profile precision and the relative position precision of the formed profile on the surface of the grinding wheel, the finishing precision of the formed grinding wheel can be ensured by the processing mode of fine water-guided laser and low heat damage, the chip can be smoothly discharged, and the melt adhesion on the surface of the finished grinding wheel is less. In addition, the tool setting precision is high during water-jet guided laser trimming, the track of the laser water beam can be matched with the profile of the formed grinding wheel at high precision, the axial and radial deviations of the trimmed and formed profile are reduced, and the relative position precision of the formed profile on the surface of the grinding wheel can be ensured.
4. Is environment-friendly. Although the traditional special finishing methods such as a mechanical method, electric spark and the like can realize certain finishing precision, the damage to the environment and the human body cannot be avoided. The water-guided laser trimming technology utilizes pollution-free water as an energy transmission medium, so that the influence on the environment is greatly reduced, the water quantity required by the minimum water beam diameter (which depends on the diameter of a nozzle) is small, and the micro-water-guided laser trimming has unique processing advantages at present when the environmental protection consciousness is deepened into the heart of people.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of the grinding wheel tangential fine truing of step 2 in the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged view of a portion B of FIG. 1 according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of radial dressing of the circular arc grinding wheel in step 4 of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is an enlarged view of a portion C of FIG. 3 according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a laser water beam according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is an enlarged view of a portion D of FIG. 5 in accordance with the present invention;
wherein, 2, laser water beam; 3 an abrasive layer; 4. a substrate; 5. finishing the position of the cutter pair; 6. a fine shaping feed path; 7. the tool setting position of radial sharpening; 11. a laser beam; 12. micro water beam; 13. a focusing mirror; 14. a coupling cavity; 15. the effective working length of the laser water beam; 16. an incident window; 17. a water inlet; 18. and (4) a nozzle.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention clearer, the technical solutions in the embodiments will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the drawings in the embodiments of the present invention, and the following embodiments are used for illustrating the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1 to 6, the method for dressing a circular arc diamond grinding wheel according to the present invention comprises the following steps:
And 3, setting smaller micro-water-guided laser energy parameters and carrying out tool setting, wherein the radial sharpened tool setting position 7 is shown in the attached drawing 3, and the tool setting method is the same as that in the step 1 and is not repeated. Only the binder material is removed in this step, so the laser beam energy set is small and should be kept at 107W/cm2Magnitude.
And 4, radially dressing, wherein the grinding wheel rotates at the rotating speed of 500rev/min, the laser water beam 2 radially enters the surface of the grinding wheel and is axially fed along the grinding wheel at the scanning speed of variable speed, the bonding agent material with the same depth h is uniformly removed from the arc working surface of the grinding wheel, so that the abrasive particles are edged for a certain height, the edge-cutting height of the abrasive particles is detected on line every 2 times of scanning, and the edge-cutting height is better after dressing when the edge-cutting height is 1/4-1/3 of the particle size of the corresponding abrasive particles. In the step, the absorptivity A of the grinding wheel material to the laser water beamcOnly with respect to the incident angle α, and the absorption rate gradually decreases as the incident angle increases, in this embodiment, the laser beam 2 is scanned axially along the wheel, the incident angle decreases from 53 ° to 0 ° and then increases to 53 °, and the absorption rate increases from 0.43 to 0.58 and then decreases to 0.43.
Where f is the index of refraction and k is the extinction coefficient for bronze materials, f is 12.8 and k is 6.4. the incident angle α is related to the axial depth of feed a of the laser beam by:
wherein D is the width of the grinding wheel, D0Is the diameter of the laser beam, r0Establishing a coordinate system for the radius of the laser water beam and the radius of the target circular arc, wherein different water beam sections ① and ② correspond to different incidence angles α and absorption rates AcAnd the volume W of binder to be removed1、W2The energy absorbed by the surface of the grinding wheel at the water beam cross-section ① is denoted as E1The energy absorbed at the water beam cross-section ② is denoted as E2Wherein, in the step (A),
wherein P is the output power of the laser beam, β is the attenuation coefficient of the water beam to the laser, the value is 0.09, T is the distance between the surface of the grinding wheel and the nozzle hole of the micro water beam (not more than 90mm of the crushing length of the water beam), v is the axial feeding speed of the water beam, the water beams are overlapped by controlling the scanning speed of the laser water beam, so that the surface material of the grinding wheel in each water beam section absorbs the energy of the corresponding material volume, namely:
finishing to obtain:
therefore, the relation between the scanning speed of the laser water beam and the incident angle is obtained as shown in the formula, and the relation between the scanning speed of the laser water beam and the axial feeding depth can be obtained according to the relation between the incident angle and the axial feeding depth a of the laser water beam, so that the purposes of controlling the scanning speed of the water beam and uniformly removing the bonding agent material are achieved.
As shown in fig. 5-6, the laser water beam 2 is output by a water beam laser coupling device, the laser beam 11 passes through a focusing mirror 13, the water beam laser coupling device is located right below, the laser beam 11 passes through an incident window 16 of a coupling cavity 14, water enters a water storage cavity from a water inlet 17 and is output by a nozzle 18, the laser water beam 2 consists of a micro water beam 12 and the laser beam 11, an effective working length 15 of the laser water beam is formed, the purpose of adjusting the energy of the laser water beam 2 is achieved by controlling the power of the laser beam 11, and the focusing problem and the change of defocusing amount are not required to be considered.
The processing mode of fine water-guide laser and low heat damage can ensure the profile precision and the trimming quality of the formed grinding wheel. The method has the advantages that chips can be smoothly removed in the sharpening process, the sharpening efficiency is high, the surface of the grinding wheel after sharpening is almost free from the adhesion of melts, the diamond abrasive particles are free from graphitization, the tool setting precision of the micro water beams is high, the axial and radial deviations of the profile formed by trimming can be greatly reduced, and the relative position precision of the formed profile on the surface of the grinding wheel can be ensured.
The foregoing is a more detailed description of the invention in connection with specific preferred embodiments and it is not intended that the invention be limited to these specific details. For those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains, several simple deductions and substitutions can be made without departing from the spirit of the invention, and all shall be considered as belonging to the protection scope of the invention.
Claims (6)
1. The method for dressing the circular arc diamond grinding wheel is characterized by comprising the following radial dressing steps:
the laser water beam is radially incident to the surface of the shaped circular arc-shaped diamond grinding wheel along the grinding wheel, and the laser water beam circularly scans along the axial direction of the grinding wheel at the scanning speed of variable rate, so that the bonding agent is uniformly removed to enable the abrasive particles to be uniformly edged;
in the step, the control method for circularly scanning the laser water beam along the axial direction of the grinding wheel at the scanning speed of variable speed comprises the following steps: according to the difference of the material volumes corresponding to different water beam sections, the water beam energy of the ratio of the corresponding volumes is absorbed by different section positions of the grinding wheel, and in the step, the absorption rate of the grinding wheel material to the laser water beamA c Only with angle of incidenceαAnd the absorption rate gradually decreases with increasing incidence angle;
in the formulafIn order to be the refractive index,kis an extinction coefficient; angle of incidenceαAxial feed depth of laser beamaThe relationship of (1) is:
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,Dthe width of the grinding wheel is the width of the grinding wheel,d 0 is the diameter of the laser water beam,r 0 is the radius of the laser water beam,Restablishing a coordinate system with different water beam sections ①, ② corresponding to different incident anglesαAnd absorption rateA c And the volume of binder to be removedWThe energy absorbed by the surface of the wheel at the water beam cross-section ① is recorded asE 1 The energy absorbed at the water beam cross-section ② is recorded asE 2 Wherein, in the step (A),
in the formula (I), the compound is shown in the specification,Pis the output power of the laser beam and,βis the attenuation coefficient of the water beam to the laser, and has the value of 0.09,Tthe distance from the surface of the grinding wheel to the nozzle hole of the laser water beam,vthe axial feeding speed of the water beam is adopted,fin order to be the refractive index,d 0 is the diameter of the laser water beam,r 0 is the laser water beam radius; overlapping the water beams by controlling the scanning speed of the laser water beams, and enabling the surface material of the grinding wheel in each water beam section to absorb the energy of the corresponding material volume, namely:
finishing to obtain:
therefore, the relation between the scanning speed of the laser water beam and the incident angle is obtained, and the axial feeding depth of the laser water beam is obtained according to the incident angleaThe relation between the laser water beam scanning speed and the axial feeding depth can be obtained, so that the purposes of controlling the water beam scanning speed and uniformly removing the bonding agent material are achieved.
2. The sharpening method according to claim 1, wherein in the step, the sharpening height information of the abrasive grains on the surface of the grinding wheel is detected on line every 1-20 times of scanning of the laser water beam until the sharpening height reaches the standard.
3. A dressing process according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in said step, suitable height of the edge is 1/4-1/3 of the particle size of the respective abrasive particle.
4. The dressing process of claim 1 wherein the wheel is a bronze bond diamond wheel and the wheel width is the sameD= 8-12 mm, thickness of abrasive layerMThe grinding wheel is 6-10 mm, the diameter of the grinding wheel is 80-120 mm, the grain size of abrasive grains is 100-140 mu m, and the target circular arc radius of the circular arc grinding wheel is 4-8 mm.
5. The sharpening method according to claim 1, wherein the diameter of the nozzle is 25-30 μm, the diameter of the actually output laser water beam is 20-25 μm, and the effective working length is 50-90 mm.
6. The sharpening method of claim 1 wherein in said step, the energy of the laser beam is 107W/cm2Magnitude.
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| CN112571282B (en) * | 2020-11-25 | 2021-11-12 | 湖南科技大学 | Laser trimming device and method for superhard abrasive material forming grinding wheel |
| CN113183032B (en) * | 2021-05-17 | 2022-03-08 | 中国工程物理研究院激光聚变研究中心 | Efficient precise in-place dressing method and device for cup-shaped arc grinding wheel |
| CN114603484B (en) * | 2022-03-08 | 2023-02-21 | 湖南科技大学 | Metal bond grinding wheel microwave direct finishing method and system |
| CN114523418B (en) * | 2022-03-24 | 2023-06-30 | 湖南科技大学 | Laser large-cutting-depth trimming device and method for forming grinding wheel |
| CN114932458A (en) * | 2022-05-30 | 2022-08-23 | 南京茂莱光学科技股份有限公司 | Method for trimming arc-shaped working surface profile of lens polishing trimming die |
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| US6561880B1 (en) * | 2002-01-29 | 2003-05-13 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Apparatus and method for cleaning the polishing pad of a linear polisher |
| CN106392885A (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2017-02-15 | 山东大学 | Combined precise trimming device and trimming method for ultrahard grinding sand wheel |
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| FI88938C (en) * | 1991-08-09 | 1993-07-26 | Tampella Papertech Oy | Method and apparatus for sharpening the surface of the wood grinder's lipstick |
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| US6561880B1 (en) * | 2002-01-29 | 2003-05-13 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Apparatus and method for cleaning the polishing pad of a linear polisher |
| CN106392885A (en) * | 2016-09-23 | 2017-02-15 | 山东大学 | Combined precise trimming device and trimming method for ultrahard grinding sand wheel |
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