CN110279896B - 一种具有药物缓释功能的多孔pcl-tcp人工骨支架及其制备方法 - Google Patents

一种具有药物缓释功能的多孔pcl-tcp人工骨支架及其制备方法 Download PDF

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CN110279896B
CN110279896B CN201910583957.6A CN201910583957A CN110279896B CN 110279896 B CN110279896 B CN 110279896B CN 201910583957 A CN201910583957 A CN 201910583957A CN 110279896 B CN110279896 B CN 110279896B
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郭征
王宁
伍苏华
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Abstract

一种具有药物缓释功能的多孔PCL‑TCP人工骨支架的制备方法,该方法制备的PCL‑TCP人工骨支架,具有生物活性和规则的孔径,孔隙率≥60%,孔径300‑500μm,抗压强度:≥20MPa,抗压模量:0.5‑1GPa,PCL‑TCP人工骨支架的降解时间从边缘层向中间层逐渐增加,支架中间层的降解时间为1‑3年,边缘层的降解时间为2‑6个月,且与壳聚糖微球/胶原丝材复合打印,壳聚糖微球包裹促进骨形成的药物,发挥药物的缓释功能。本发明制备的PCL‑TCP人工骨具有与自然骨组织相近的弹性模量及机械强度,多孔结构及其内部壳聚糖微球能缓释促骨形成药物,诱导新生骨组织长入,解决了骨‑材料界面结合问题,达到良好的骨整合效果,具有比金属材料更好的力学相容性与骨整合能力,为骨缺损患者的骨愈合不良提供理想材料和制备方法。

Description

一种具有药物缓释功能的多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架及其制备 方法
技术领域
本发明属于大段骨缺损骨融合内固定领域,具体涉及一种具有药物缓释功能的多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架及其制备方法。
背景技术
目前临床上用来治疗骨缺损的方法有自体骨移植、异体骨移植和人工骨支架移植。自体骨移植造成患者供区损伤;异体骨移植来源受限,具有疾病传播和免疫排斥的潜在风险;可降解人工骨支架克服了自体骨和异体骨的缺陷,但目前常用的磷酸三钙(tricalcium phosphate,TCP)、聚乙酸内酯(polycaprolactone,PCL)、多聚L乳酸 (poly(L-lacticacid),PLLA)和聚乳酸-羟基乙酸(poly(lactic acid-hydroxyacetic acid),PLGA)等人工骨支架仍存在机械强度不足、缺乏生物活性等缺点。为了弥补单一支架材料在材料刚性或脆性等方面的不足,课题组将生物陶瓷TCP与PCL混合,并研发专用的低温多喷头打印设备,采用3D打印方法制备PCL-TCP椎间融合器,并植入动物体内。术后12月实现羊颈椎间融合修复。但是,仍然存在支架机械强度较低,骨长入速度慢等问题亟待解决。
导致骨愈合困难的因素很有,例如炎性反应,血糖高等,都会抑制骨形成。例如:在全球范围内,超过4.25亿人患有糖尿病,其中2型糖尿病患者人数约占总人数的 90%,且具有高致残率和高死亡率。不仅如此,与正常人相比,2型糖尿病患者因创伤、炎症等疾病引发的骨缺损修复困难,可导致骨不愈合和肢体残疾,造成巨大的经济和社会负担。因此,糖尿病患者的骨缺损修复难题成为国内外研究的热点。
糖尿病导致骨缺损难以愈合的主要原因是由于血糖的紊乱产生血糖氧化产物破坏骨组织微血管和肌肉内分泌功能从而降低成骨细胞的活性和骨重建功能,从而导致皮质骨微孔化和骨强度降低。因此,改善成骨细胞的功能,促进骨重建,有助于促进糖尿病患者骨缺损的愈合。胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)是一种重要的肠道激素,有研究显示GLP-1受体敲除小鼠骨吸收作用明显增强。GLP-1受体激动剂Exendin-4可以改善老龄大鼠以及OVX小鼠的骨质疏松,促进间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化,提高骨小梁的数量和厚度,从而促进骨形成。因此,可以将Exendin-4包裹在壳聚糖微球中同时与胶原丝材混合,与PCL-TCP支架复合打印,植入糖尿病患者的骨缺损处,促进骨缺损愈合,从而解决糖尿病患者骨缺损愈合困难的临床问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种具有足够支撑强度用以维持骨稳定性,又能够通过其内部缓释的促进骨形成的药物,诱导骨长入材料内部,形成良好骨整合的具有药物缓释功能的多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架及其制备方法。
为达到上述目的,本发明的制备方法如下:
1)采用乳化交联法制备载有药物的壳聚糖微球
首先,取100mg~1500mg壳聚糖溶于8~75ml体积浓度为1~5%的稀醋酸溶液中,超声离散使壳聚糖完全溶解得壳聚糖溶液;其次,按1:1~8:1的体积质量比将促骨形成药物加入到体积浓度为1%~10%的醋酸锌溶液中于4℃孵育24~48h,冻干收集Zn-药物粉末;
然后,按5:1~30:1的体积质量比将壳聚糖溶液与Zn-药物粉末搅拌混合均匀后,缓慢加入50ml~300ml体积浓度为1%-5%的司盘80的液体石蜡溶液,搅拌均匀,然后向其中滴加50μl~2000μl的戊二醛,使壳聚糖发生交联,滴加完毕后继续搅拌后静置待沉淀析出;
最后,将沉淀用石油醚、无水乙醇反复漂洗,抽滤,冷冻干燥,得载有促进骨形成的壳聚糖微球,60Co照射灭菌后密封避光-80℃保存;
2)多孔载药PCL-TCP人工骨支架的制备
按所需制备的多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架,将模型数据输入3D打印设备中,按1: 1~10:1的质量比取PCL和TCP混合,PCL/TCP丝材通过熔融挤出固化成型,载有药物的壳聚糖微球通过溶液挤出凝固的方式成型,两种丝材交替打印,最后冻干得到具有药物缓释功能的多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架。
所述步骤1)的壳聚糖采用分子量为50000~190000Da,脱乙酰度为75~85%的医用低分子量壳聚糖。
所述步骤1)的促骨形成药物采用甲状旁腺激素、氟化物、生长激素或他汀类药物。
所述步骤1)冻干时间为48~72h。
所述步骤1)搅拌是在室温下继续搅拌1h~4h。
按以上制备方法制成的可缓释药物的多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架,人工骨支架由PCL/TCP丝材以及壳聚糖包裹的药物/胶原丝材构成。
该生物活性多孔PCL-TCP人工骨具有300-500μm规则的孔径,孔隙率≥60%,抗压强度:≥20MPa,抗压模量:0.5~1GPa。
本发明期望在进一步改善PCL-TCP支架力学性能的基础上,促进骨形成药物作为生物活性成分与支架复合,促进支架内部骨长入速度和骨长入量,促进骨修复愈合。
本发明制备的人工骨支架具有良好的力学支撑性和可降解特性,同时通过复合打印壳聚糖-药物微球/胶原,在体内可以提高成骨细胞的活性,加速骨长入,实现支架降解与新骨长入的匹配,最后实现自体骨的完全替代,提高骨融合效果,从而为骨愈合困难的患者提供一种理想的人工骨支架修复材料,解决骨愈合不良的临床难题。
本发明的PCL-TCP人工骨支架具有与自然骨组织相近的机械强度,多孔结构允许体液的传输及新生骨组织的长入,同时体液的浸润有利于药物的释放,促进骨长入,提高骨整合效果,具有比目前PCL-TCP人工骨支架和金属钛合金材料支架更好的力学相容性和骨整合能力。通过调整PCL和TCP的配比,提高PCL-TCP支架的机械强度,同时调整支架的降解时间,支架中间层的降解时间为1-3年,边缘层的降解时间为2-6个月,且降解可以提高药物的缓释速度,加速骨长入,提高支架与骨的融合。壳聚糖微球缓释系统通过扩散、载体的逐步分解或溶解实现可控、稳定的释放促骨形成药物,从而能发挥持续的骨诱导作用,促进早期骨整合及骨性融合,达到骨组织的长期稳定。此外,由于支架内部降解时间长,提高药物的释放时间,提高骨长入支架内部的时间和数量,进一步加强骨组织与支架的融合,提高支架的机械强度,从而解决支架降解与机械强度降低的难题,为骨修复愈合困难提供理想的治疗材料。
附图说明
图1为本发明实施例的剖视图;
图2为图1的侧面俯视图;
图3为复合药物的壳聚糖微球后的示意图;
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明作进一步详细说明。
1)采用乳化交联法制备载有促进骨形成药物的壳聚糖微球
首先,取100mg~1500mg壳聚糖溶于8~75ml体积浓度为1~5%的稀醋酸溶液中,超声离散使壳聚糖完全溶解得壳聚糖溶液;其次,按1:1~8:1的体积质量比将促骨形成药物(甲状旁腺激素、氟化物、生长激素或他汀类药物)加入到体积浓度为1%~10%的醋酸锌溶液中于4℃孵育24~48h,冻干收集Zn-药物粉末;
然后,按5:1~30:1的体积质量比将壳聚糖溶液与Zn-药物粉末搅拌混合均匀后,缓慢加入50ml~300ml体积浓度为1%-5%的司盘80的液体石蜡溶液,搅拌均匀,然后向其中滴加50μl~2000μl的戊二醛,使壳聚糖发生交联,滴加完毕后继续搅拌后静置待沉淀析出;
最后,将沉淀用石油醚、无水乙醇反复漂洗,抽滤,冷冻干燥,得载有促进骨形成药物的壳聚糖微球,60Co照射灭菌后密封避光-80℃保存;
2)多孔载药PCL-TCP人工骨支架的制备
按照所需制备的多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架,将模型数据输入3D打印设备中。针对临床转化研究,筛选能提供医疗级生物材料供应商,采用医疗级PCL和TCP材料制备支架,整个组织工程支架打印过程在GMP车间中开展。为满足组织工程支架降解与骨组织长入的匹配难题,本发明按1:1~10:1的质量比取PCL和TCP混合,达到支架梯度降解,实现支架不同层材料的体内不同降解周期。整体支架由两种丝材构成:PCL/TCP丝材以及壳聚糖包裹的药物/胶原丝材,PCL/TCP丝材通过熔融挤出固化成型,包含药物的壳聚糖/胶原丝材通过溶液挤出凝固的方式成型,两种丝材交替打印,最后冻干处理,制备出与所需多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架。
本发明通过多喷头梯度打印技术实现多孔支架的梯度材料打印,来调节支架不同位置的降解时间。
本实施例为如图1,图2所示的圆柱形人工骨支架,规格为:高(H):15mm,直径
Figure BDA0002113876890000051
6mm,平均孔间距(D):300-500μm,孔隙率≥60%,抗压强度:≥20MPa,抗压模量:0.5-1GPa,人工骨支架的降解时间从中间层向边缘层逐渐减少,支架中间层的降解时间为1-3年,边缘层的降解时间为2-6个月。圆柱形设计便于术中将其植入桡骨缺损间隙中。而在实际临床应用中,可以根据患者的不同需求个性化打印。多孔结构复合药物壳聚糖微球后示意图见图3。
本发明多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架的药物缓释系统采用壳聚糖微球缓释技术建立的药物缓释系统。先通过改进的乳化交联法使壳聚糖形成直径0.1μm-50μm左右的微小球状结构,药物与醋酸锌结合,提高药物在壳聚糖中的分散度,构建载药壳聚糖微球。药物在壳聚糖微球中的分布和释放速度与药物的疏水性、载药壳聚糖微球材料、孔径和孔隙率有关,疏水性越高,药物在微球中的分布越均匀,爆释量越低,释放时间更加长久;材料孔径与孔隙率越大,药物释放越高,因此将药物与醋酸锌结合,提高药物的疏水性和在壳聚糖微球中的分布。壳聚糖是一种碱性多糖,具有良好的生物相容性、可降解性、低毒、易被机体吸收和排泄等特点,在生物医药领域,如基因和药物输送体系、组织工程学、伤口愈合材料、抗菌材料等方面具有重要应用。药物例如:Exendin-4,是临床中使用的艾塞那肽的主要成分,在临床中治疗2型糖尿病。研究证明,Exendin-4具有较强的诱导成骨作用,可以显著提高间充质干细胞向成骨细胞分化,同时提高间充质干细胞转移至骨吸收表面,发挥成骨作用,不仅如此, Exendin-4可以促进骨微血管的生成和骨髓巨噬细胞的抗炎因子的分泌。生物可降解支架PCL-TCP复合Exendin-4,既发挥了可降解材料的力学性能以及诱导骨长入特点,又发挥了Exendin-4的生物活性,加速骨长入人工骨支架内,从而为骨缺损尤其是2 型糖尿病患者的骨缺损提供一种理想的人工骨支架修复材料,解决糖尿病患者骨缺损愈合不良的临床难题。

Claims (7)

1.一种具有药物缓释功能的多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架的制备方法,其特征在于:
1)采用乳化交联法制备载有促进骨形成药物的壳聚糖微球
首先,取100mg~1500mg壳聚糖溶于8~75mL 体积浓度为1~5%的稀醋酸溶液中,超声离散使壳聚糖完全溶解得壳聚糖溶液;其次,按1:1~8:1的体积质量比将促骨形成药物加入到体积浓度为1%~10%的醋酸锌溶液中于4℃孵育24~48h,冻干收集Zn-药物粉末;
然后,按5:1~30:1的体积质量比将壳聚糖溶液与Zn-药物粉末搅拌混合均匀后,缓慢加入50mL ~300mL 体积浓度为1%-5%的司盘80的液体石蜡溶液,搅拌均匀,然后向其中滴加50μL ~2000μL 的戊二醛,使壳聚糖发生交联,滴加完毕后继续搅拌后静置待沉淀析出;
最后,将沉淀用石油醚、无水乙醇反复漂洗,抽滤,冷冻干燥,得载有促进骨形成药物的壳聚糖微球,60Co照射灭菌后密封避光-80℃保存;
2)多孔载药PCL-TCP人工骨支架的制备
按所需制备的多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架,将模型数据输入3D打印设备中,按1:1~10:1的质量比取PCL和TCP混合,PCL/TCP丝材通过熔融挤出固化成型,载有药物的壳聚糖微球和胶原混匀,形成混合物,通过溶液挤出凝固的方式成型,两种丝材交替打印,最后冻干得到可缓释促进骨形成药物的可用于治疗骨缺损愈合的多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种具有药物缓释功能的多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤1)的壳聚糖采用分子量为50000~190000Da,脱乙酰度为75~85%的医用低分子量壳聚糖。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种具有药物缓释功能的多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤1)的促骨形成药物采用甲状旁腺激素、氟化物、生长激素或他汀类药物。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种具有药物缓释功能的多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤1)冻干时间为48~72h。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种具有药物缓释功能的多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架的制备方法,其特征在于:所述步骤1)搅拌是在室温下继续搅拌1h~4h。
6.一种如权利要求1所述的制备方法制成的具有药物缓释功能的多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架,其特征在于:人工骨支架由PCL/TCP丝材以及壳聚糖包裹具有促进骨形成药物/胶原丝材复合打印而成。
7.一种如权利要求1所述的制备方法制成的具有药物缓释功能的多孔PCL-TCP人工骨支架,其特征在于:该生物活性多孔PCL-TCP人工骨具有300-500μm规则的孔径,孔隙率≥60%,抗压强度:≥20MPa,抗压模量:0.5~1GPa。
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