CN110269142A - 一种利用水生植物制作牛羊饲料的制备方法 - Google Patents

一种利用水生植物制作牛羊饲料的制备方法 Download PDF

Info

Publication number
CN110269142A
CN110269142A CN201910633349.1A CN201910633349A CN110269142A CN 110269142 A CN110269142 A CN 110269142A CN 201910633349 A CN201910633349 A CN 201910633349A CN 110269142 A CN110269142 A CN 110269142A
Authority
CN
China
Prior art keywords
parts
water
effect
dandelion
water plant
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
CN201910633349.1A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
王平
王勇
戴晓丽
陈元
潘桂华
丁海琴
戚小明
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nantong Jin Weinong Animal Husbandry Science And Technology Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Nantong Jin Weinong Animal Husbandry Science And Technology Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nantong Jin Weinong Animal Husbandry Science And Technology Co Ltd filed Critical Nantong Jin Weinong Animal Husbandry Science And Technology Co Ltd
Priority to CN201910633349.1A priority Critical patent/CN110269142A/zh
Publication of CN110269142A publication Critical patent/CN110269142A/zh
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23KFODDER
    • A23K10/00Animal feeding-stuffs
    • A23K10/30Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23KFODDER
    • A23K50/00Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
    • A23K50/10Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for ruminants
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/28Asteraceae or Compositae (Aster or Sunflower family), e.g. chamomile, feverfew, yarrow or echinacea
    • A61K36/282Artemisia, e.g. wormwood or sagebrush
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/28Asteraceae or Compositae (Aster or Sunflower family), e.g. chamomile, feverfew, yarrow or echinacea
    • A61K36/288Taraxacum (dandelion)
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/62Nymphaeaceae (Water-lily family)
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/185Magnoliopsida (dicotyledons)
    • A61K36/64Orobanchaceae (Broom-rape family)
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/88Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/88Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
    • A61K36/884Alismataceae (Water-plantain family)
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/88Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
    • A61K36/888Araceae (Arum family), e.g. caladium, calla lily or skunk cabbage
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/88Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
    • A61K36/89Cyperaceae (Sedge family)
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/88Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
    • A61K36/899Poaceae or Gramineae (Grass family), e.g. bamboo, corn or sugar cane
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K36/00Medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof, e.g. traditional herbal medicines
    • A61K36/18Magnoliophyta (angiosperms)
    • A61K36/88Liliopsida (monocotyledons)
    • A61K36/902Sparganiaceae (Bur-reed family)
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/04Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for ulcers, gastritis or reflux esophagitis, e.g. antacids, inhibitors of acid secretion, mucosal protectants
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P1/00Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
    • A61P1/16Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for liver or gallbladder disorders, e.g. hepatoprotective agents, cholagogues, litholytics
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04Antibacterial agents
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12Antivirals
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/04Immunostimulants

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Natural Medicines & Medicinal Plants (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Botany (AREA)
  • Mycology (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Alternative & Traditional Medicine (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Communicable Diseases (AREA)
  • Oncology (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Virology (AREA)
  • Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
  • Physiology (AREA)
  • Birds (AREA)
  • Fodder In General (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)

Abstract

本申请公开了利用水生植物制作牛羊饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:包括蒲公英15‑45份、柳蒿芽15‑45份、水生植物15‑45份、水10‑24份,其制备步骤如下:将蒲公英、柳蒿芽、芦苇叶、荷叶分别粉碎,过10‑15目筛,加入水,按比例分别称取混合均匀即可制得。本申请充分利用了蒲公英和水生植物的抗菌及抗病毒作用,利于提高免疫功能的作用,抗微生物效应和预防疾病作用,抗胃损伤和保肝胆作用;柳蒿芽的抗微生物效应作用;防风的解热、抗炎、抗惊厥、抗病毒、抑菌和增强机体免疫功能的作用。

Description

一种利用水生植物制作牛羊饲料的制备方法
技术领域
本申请涉及饲料的制备领域,特别是涉及一种利用水生植物制作牛羊饲料的制备方法。
背景技术
能在水中生长的植物,统称为水生植物。水生植物是出色的游泳运动员或潜水者。叶子柔软而透明,有的形成为丝状,如金鱼藻。丝状叶可以大大增加与水的接触面积,使叶子能最大限度地得到水里很少能得到的光照,吸收水里溶解得很少的二氧化碳,保证光合作用的进行。
蒲公英是菊科多年生草本植物,是一种珍贵的野生植物资源,也是我国传统的中药材,我国中医学认为蒲公英具有清热解毒、消肿散结、利尿通淋、抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化等功效,李时珍《本草纲目》记载,蒲公英“清肺、利咳化痰、散结消痛、养阴凉血、通乳益精”,它具有较高的药用价值和营养价值。以蒲公英单组份作为一种天然绿色的优质畜禽饲料添加剂,用于喂牛、喂猪均起到了良好的效果,还可治疗畜禽的多种疾病,已经引起了人们的广泛关注,因此,蒲公英在畜牧业生产中有广阔的应用开发前景。除了蒲公英单组份的饲料添加剂,目前,在国内外还有蒲公英与黄芪、当归、王不留行、甘草、通草等中草药混合饲料添加剂或与其他生物酶制剂混合作饲料添加剂,但上述的饲料添加剂均具有投资大、成本高、适应性不强及长期使用可能存在药物残留等缺陷,而且添加剂组分植物来源有限,因此,如何能找到与蒲公英配合的以天然植物成分为主的、具有抗菌促生长、抗应激、提高机体免疫力的饲料添加剂成了饲料领域新的研究课题。
发明内容
针对现有技术的不足,本申请提出了一种利用水生植物制作牛羊饲料的制备方法。
为实现上述目的,本申请采用如下技术方案:
一种利用水生植物制作牛羊饲料的制备方法,包括蒲公英15-45份、柳蒿芽 15-45份、水生植物15-45份、水10-24份,其制备步骤如下:将蒲公英、柳蒿芽、芦苇叶、荷叶分别粉碎,过10-15目筛,加入水,按比例分别称取混合均匀即可制得。
进一步的,水生植物为荷花、芦苇、香蒲、菰、水葱、芦竹、菖蒲、蒲苇、黑三棱、水烛、泽泻、慈姑的一种或者多种。
蒲公英含有多种有效成分,包括黄酮类、酚酸类、三萜类、植物甾醇类、倍半萜内酯类、香豆素类、生物碱、胆碱、菊糖果胶、维生素C、维生素D、核黄素和胡萝卜素等。药理试验发现,对金色葡萄球菌、溶血性链球菌、肺炎双球菌、脑膜炎球菌、白喉杆菌、绿脓杆菌、变形杆菌、伤寒杆菌、痢疾杆菌以及卡地球菌有一定的杀灭作用,对某些病毒、真菌以及钩端螺旋体也有抑制作用。药理试验证明,蒲公英的药理作用具体如下:(一)具有抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化及抗病毒作用;对奶牛乳房炎主要病原菌均具有较强的抗菌活性。(二)具有提高免疫功能的作用;(三)具有抗微生物效应和预防疾病作用;(四)具有抗胃损伤作用;(五)具有清肝利胆,通乳明目作用;(六)具有清热解毒、消肿散结、利尿通淋作用。柳蒿芽主要含有多糖、黄酮类多种活性成分,且含有丰富的蛋白质、碳水化合物、多种维生素和矿物质,据研究表明,柳蒿芽含蛋白质14.8%,粗脂肪4.0%,粗纤维21.7%,无氮浸出物38.2%,灰分11.7%,钙1.09%,磷1.05%,营养价值高。柳蒿芽具有消炎,清热解毒,去火,利尿等功效,用柳蒿芽全草能够治疗急性痢疾,同时,具有抗自由基、抗氧化、抗肿瘤、抗病毒、抗糖尿病及其并发症、抗衰老等生物活性,还能增加机体的免疫力,对家畜具有较强的免疫调节作用。水生植物也具备消炎,清热解毒,去火,利尿等功效
由于采用以上技术方案,本申请的有益效果包括:
1、本申请充分利用了蒲公英和水生植物的抗菌及抗病毒作用,利于提高免疫功能的作用,抗微生物效应和预防疾病作用,抗胃损伤和保肝胆作用;柳蒿芽的抗微生物效应作用;防风的解热、抗炎、抗惊厥、抗病毒、抑菌和增强机体免疫功能的作用。
2、经试验,本申请具有增强抵抗各种病毒及细菌侵害、提高牛羊抗菌免疫的能力;克服化学抗生素和化学激素对家畜的危害;调整机体新陈代谢和提高抗应激能力。长期采用本饲料,使肉牛体增重提高15-25%,奶牛产奶量提高5% -10%,发病率降低20-30%。
3、本申请产品利用的蒲公英、柳蒿芽和水生植物,是绿色植物饲料资源,极为丰富,投资小,成本低,生产工艺简单易行,性质稳定,适口性强,长期使用无药物残留、无毒副作用无污染。
具体实施方式
下面将对本申请实施例中的技术方案进行清楚、完整的描述,显然,所描述的实施例仅仅是本申请一部分实施例,而不是全部的实施例。本领域普通人员在没有做出创造性劳动前提下所获得的所有其他实施例,均属于本申请的保护范围。
实施例1:
一种利用水生植物制作牛羊饲料的制备方法,包括蒲公英15份、柳蒿芽15 份、水生植物15份、水10份,其制备步骤如下:将蒲公英、柳蒿芽、芦苇叶、荷叶分别粉碎,过10目筛,加入水,按比例分别称取混合均匀即可制得。
其中,所述水生植物为荷花、芦苇、香蒲的组合。
实施例2:
一种利用水生植物制作牛羊饲料的制备方法,包括蒲公英45份、柳蒿芽45 份、水生植物45份、水24份,其制备步骤如下:将蒲公英、柳蒿芽、芦苇叶、荷叶分别粉碎,过15目筛,加入水,按比例分别称取混合均匀即可制得。
其中,所述水生植物为水葱、芦竹、菖蒲、蒲苇、黑三棱、水烛、泽泻、慈姑的组合。
实施例3:
一种利用水生植物制作牛羊饲料的制备方法,包括蒲公英25份、柳蒿芽34 份、水生植物30份、水18份,其制备步骤如下:将蒲公英、柳蒿芽、芦苇叶、荷叶分别粉碎,过12目筛,加入水,按比例分别称取混合均匀即可制得。
其中,所述水生植物为荷花、芦苇、香蒲、菰、水葱、芦竹、菖蒲、蒲苇、黑三棱、水烛、泽泻、慈姑的组合。
选用上述三组饲料进行补饲饲喂,饲喂的效果表明,本申请增加了饲料的适口性,增强了抵抗各种病毒及细菌侵害能力,起到了对肠胃细菌性疾病较强的预防作用,有效提高了家畜的免疫力,使肉牛羊体增重提高15%-25%,奶牛产奶量提高5-10%,家畜总发病率降低20%-30%,显著提高了养殖效益。该产品完全符合草原绿色天然植物饲料添加剂的要求,非常实用。
以上所述为本申请的较佳实施例而已,但本申请不应局限于该实施例所公开的内容,所以凡是不脱离本申请所公开的精神下完成的等效或修改,都落入本申请保护的范围。

Claims (2)

1.一种利用水生植物制作牛羊饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:包括蒲公英15-45份、柳蒿芽15-45份、水生植物15-45份、水10-24份,其制备步骤如下:将蒲公英、柳蒿芽、芦苇叶、荷叶分别粉碎,过10-15目筛,加入水,按比例分别称取混合均匀即可制得。
2.如权利要求1所述一种利用水生植物制作牛羊饲料的制备方法,其特征在于:所述水生植物为荷花、芦苇、香蒲、菰、水葱、芦竹、菖蒲、蒲苇、黑三棱、水烛、泽泻、慈姑的一种或者多种。
CN201910633349.1A 2019-07-15 2019-07-15 一种利用水生植物制作牛羊饲料的制备方法 Withdrawn CN110269142A (zh)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201910633349.1A CN110269142A (zh) 2019-07-15 2019-07-15 一种利用水生植物制作牛羊饲料的制备方法

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CN201910633349.1A CN110269142A (zh) 2019-07-15 2019-07-15 一种利用水生植物制作牛羊饲料的制备方法

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
CN110269142A true CN110269142A (zh) 2019-09-24

Family

ID=67964311

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
CN201910633349.1A Withdrawn CN110269142A (zh) 2019-07-15 2019-07-15 一种利用水生植物制作牛羊饲料的制备方法

Country Status (1)

Country Link
CN (1) CN110269142A (zh)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113875890A (zh) * 2021-09-01 2022-01-04 北京麋鹿生态实验中心 一种青贮香蒲饲料的制备方法

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113875890A (zh) * 2021-09-01 2022-01-04 北京麋鹿生态实验中心 一种青贮香蒲饲料的制备方法

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
CN103250877B (zh) 一种天然中草药动物饲料添加剂及其应用
CN102450523B (zh) 一种肉鸭饲料及其中药添加剂
CN102406070B (zh) 用于降低仔猪呼吸道疾病的中草药饲料添加剂及其猪饲料
CN101703171B (zh) 一种天然植物性抗仔猪断奶应激饲料添加剂及应用
CN103704482B (zh) 一种禽畜中药饲料添加剂及其制备方法和应用
AU2021100021A4 (en) Plant feed additive for preventing and treating diarrhea of weaned piglets and preparation method
CN109497286A (zh) 一种仔猪促生长的中草药饲料添加剂及其制备方法
CN114601076B (zh) 一种促进鳜鱼摄食和防治鳜鱼病毒病的配合饲料及制备方法
CN105410346A (zh) 提高养殖对虾存活率的中药制剂及其制备方法
CN112535245A (zh) 一种鱼饲料及其生产方法
CN114568602B (zh) 一种提高肉鸡生长性能和机体免疫的中药复方及其制备方法和应用
CN111905019A (zh) 一种调节养殖动物肠道的中药配方及其制备方法
CN108703265B (zh) 一种促进羊生长的草药添加剂及其制作和使用方法
CN106071401A (zh) 鲟鱼高密度养殖饵料及其制备方法
CN110269142A (zh) 一种利用水生植物制作牛羊饲料的制备方法
CN105707488A (zh) 一种用于增强仔猪免疫力的中药微生态制剂及其制备方法
CN106306548B (zh) 一种防治鸡腺胃炎和肌胃炎的饲料添加剂
CN101731462B (zh) 一种纯天然植物性抗断奶仔猪胃肠道机能障碍的饲料添加剂及应用
CN114176170B (zh) 一种功能型饲料添加剂及其制备方法和应用
CN113229400A (zh) 一种仔猪中草药饲料添加剂的制备方法
CN102488096B (zh) 一种天然植物饲料添加剂、制备方法及饲料
CN104489261A (zh) 中草药生物饲料添加剂及其制备方法
CN116211961B (zh) 一种防治反刍动物瘤胃酸中毒的组合物、包含其的口服制剂及制备方法和使用方法
CN114886030B (zh) 一种母猪用复方中草药饲料添加剂及其制备方法与应用
CN104920914A (zh) 北鹿南养防腹泻的混合饲料添加剂

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
PB01 Publication
PB01 Publication
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
SE01 Entry into force of request for substantive examination
WW01 Invention patent application withdrawn after publication
WW01 Invention patent application withdrawn after publication

Application publication date: 20190924