CN110195663B - 油井废油气回收发电的方法与设备 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明提供了油井废油气回收发电的方法与设备，将油田的废油废气排空放散装置、收集装置，由火炬或气囊改为油井废油气回收发电的设备。设备包括配套的分离储气设备、燃料电池、外燃机、内燃机，并且增加废气洗气装置和烟尘收集装置；提供利用海上平台、近海油田临近海水的优势，利用海水洗气和煮盐收集海水盐分；兼顾回收燃烧烟灰中的金、铂、钯等贵金属；具有直接就近将油田废油气分门别类地回收利用，综合利用废热，减少浪费，并减少公知的排空放散装置污染环境的有益效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明属于石油天然气开发和三废利用领域，具体而言，涉及一种油井废油气化学能和重金属回收发电的方法与设备。
背景技术
公知技术中常用的油气田废气、废油处理方法，一般是以火炬燃烧。而据实际观察，火炬燃烧仍然产生大量的废烟尘污染空气，而且，当石油本身是高硫石油或者其中的天然气难以运用的时候，燃烧还会产生大量的气体污染物，特别的，在渤海湾油田的油田废油成分中，还含有1ppm以上的金，焚烧后会富集在烟灰中。如果按照公知技术的油田火炬燃烧法直接焚烧，那么按照2017年金价换算，每吨废油所浪费的贵金属价值将超过200元。燃烧产生的烟尘直接排入大气构成污染物形成可吸入颗粒物，不利于环保。
废气废油处理，首先的可行思路是直接收集废气废油，例如对比文件CN200910014278.3提供的油井废气回收装置，但是考虑到很多海上石油钻井平台位置偏远，如果直接建设收集用的收气皮囊，或者其等同物大型储罐，那么将会增加平台的体积，储罐直接收集，建设成本高。如果油气里面有熔点低或易分解出固相的成分，那么压缩后会堵塞管道，管道、储罐的维护也将带来高额的成本。而且，南海、加勒比海等地区的油气田经常受到热带风暴的影响，储罐、皮囊一旦泄漏，将会带来潜在的毁灭性环境风险，因此这种方案有一定局限性。
发明内容
本发明目的在于提供一种油井废油气回收发电的方法与设备。其不仅利用油田废油气发电，还兼顾回收燃烧烟灰、废热，因为现有废油炼化设备体积庞大，只能适用于陆上油田，所以考虑到设备兼容性，关注到废油燃烧产生的烟尘是由燃烧不完全造成的，因此在提供的设备中要增设储气罐储存压缩空气或氧气。外燃机直接燃烧后产生的废渣、废气中会富集金，铂，钯等贵金属，必须加以回收，而且当储存的压缩空气中含有氮的时候，燃烧废气容易含有硝酸盐，应当尽量使用压缩氧气。
为了解决上述问题，本发明将油田的废油废气排空放散装置、收集装置，由火炬或气囊改为油井废油气回收发电的设备。设备包括配套的分离储气设备、燃料电池、外燃机、内燃机，并且增加废气洗气装置和烟尘收集装置，提供利用海上平台、近海油田临近海水的优势，利用海水洗气和煮盐收集海水盐分，制备熔融盐发电的方法，综合利用废热的实施例，因此油井废油气回收发电的设备包括海水收集设备、蒸馏水收集设备、海盐收集设备、熔融盐发电设备。
油井废油气回收发电的设备包括配套的分离储气设备，直接通过管道或下端开口液封的钟形集气罩连接废油气来源，并根据沸点不同储藏废油气；燃料电池，负极与分离储气设备通过管道连接，正极通入压缩空气或氧气，直接将废油气化学能变为电能；外燃机，内燃机，回收贵金属的废气洗气装置和烟尘收集装置，海水收集设备、蒸馏水收集设备、海盐收集设备、熔融盐发电设备；油井废油气回收发电的方法，步骤包括：步骤一，收集和分开储存废气、废油；步骤二：准备压缩氧气，判断废弃物沸点高于0℃；步骤三a：废气沸点低于0℃的组份压缩储存，导入燃料电池负极，压缩氧气通入正极，输出电能；步骤三b：废气沸点高于0℃的组份与压缩氧气混合导入外燃机或内燃机发电机，输出电能；步骤四a：回收步骤三b废渣中的贵金属，输出贵金属；步骤三b尾气导入步骤三a燃料电池负极，输出电能；步骤四b：输入海水，步骤三b的废热用于加热蒸干海水和制备熔融盐，输出蒸馏水、粗盐、熔融盐；步骤五：熔融盐储能发电输出电能。
优选地，步骤三a电极都是多孔碳电极，废电极的贵金属也由步骤四a回收，回收的方法是在具有高锰酸钾液封的密闭容器中，氯气气氛燃烧后溶于氰化物或硫氰酸铵溶液，溶解金、铂、钯，并且用电解法回收。
优选地，回收步骤三b废渣中的贵金属时，应当同步骤三b尾气导入步骤三a燃料电池产生的废电极一同回收。
优选地，外燃机、内燃机的散热设备废热也用于海水加热蒸干，步骤四b输入的海水使用多级闪急蒸干方法浓缩海水输入步骤三b的废热加热，至不能再在常温蒸发出水蒸气的状态后直接蒸干制备粗盐。
优选地，外燃机、内燃机也可以替换为磁流体发电机，此时磁流体发电机的外围必须有液冷换热器防止永磁体升高至居里温度，且可以增设与磁流体发电机共用永磁体的钆轮磁场制冷机，钆轮磁场制冷机位于磁流体发电机永磁体内侧和外侧，或外燃机、内燃机永磁转子内侧。
从上述关于本发明的描述、实践内容可知，本发明与现有技术相比，其有益效果在于：直接将油田废油气分门别类地回收利用，且回收了痕量贵金属，增加了能源利用效率，减少了浪费。
附图说明
图1是本发明其中一个实施例的流程示意图。
具体实施方式
为了令本发明的目的、特征、优点更加明显易懂，下面结合附图中涉及的具体实施方式对本发明的实施例进行清楚、完整地描述。显然，所描述的实施例仅为本发明的一部分实施例，而不是全部实施例。基于本发明的实施例，本领域技术人员在未进行创造性劳动前提下获得的所有其它实施例，都属于本发明保护的范围。
本发明目的在于提供一种油井废油气回收发电的方法与设备。其不仅利用油田废油气发电，还兼顾回收燃烧烟灰、废热，因为现有废油炼化设备体积庞大，只能适用于陆上油田，所以考虑到设备兼容性，关注到废油燃烧产生的烟尘是由燃烧不完全造成的，因此在提供的设备中要增设储气罐储存压缩空气或氧气。外燃机直接燃烧后产生的废渣、废气中会富集金，铂，钯等贵金属，必须加以回收，而且当储存的压缩空气中含有氮的时候，燃烧废气容易含有硝酸盐，应当尽量使用压缩氧气。
为了解决上述问题，本发明将油田的废油废气排空放散装置、收集装置，由火炬或气囊改为直接安装在油井或钻井平台的废油气回收发电的设备。设备包括配套的分离储气设备、燃料电池、外燃机、内燃机，并且增加废气洗气装置和烟尘收集装置，提供利用海上平台、近海油田临近海水的优势，利用海水洗气和煮盐收集海水盐分，制备熔融盐发电的方法，综合利用废热的实施例，因此油井废油气回收发电的设备包括海水收集设备、蒸馏水收集设备、海盐收集设备、熔融盐发电设备。
油井废油气回收发电的方法，步骤包括：步骤一，收集和分开储存废气、废油；步骤二：准备压缩氧气，判断废弃物沸点高于0℃；步骤三a：废气沸点低于0℃的组份压缩储存，导入燃料电池负极，压缩氧气通入正极，输出电能；步骤三b：废气沸点高于0℃的组份与压缩氧气混合导入外燃机或内燃机发电机，输出电能；步骤四a：回收步骤三b的废气洗气装置和烟尘收集装置废渣中的贵金属，输出贵金属；步骤三b尾气导入步骤三a燃料电池负极，输出电能；步骤四b：输入海水，步骤三b的废热用于加热蒸干海水和制备熔融盐，输出蒸馏水、粗盐、熔融盐；步骤五：熔融盐储能发电输出电能。
优选地，步骤三a废电极的贵金属也由步骤四a回收，回收的方法是在具有高锰酸钾液封的密闭容器中，氯气或氧气气氛燃烧后溶于氰化物或硫氰酸铵溶液，溶解金、铂、钯，并且用电解法回收。此时废电极必须是碳电极或硫化物电极。
优选地，回收步骤三b废渣中的贵金属时，应当同步骤三b尾气导入步骤三a燃料电池产生的废电极一同回收。
优选地，外燃机、内燃机的散热设备废热也用于海水加热蒸干，步骤四b输入的海水使用多级闪急蒸干方法浓缩海水输入步骤三b的废热加热，至不能再在常温蒸发出水蒸气的状态后直接蒸干制备粗盐。
优选地，外燃机、内燃机也可以替换为磁流体发电机，此时磁流体发电机的外围必须有液冷换热器防止永磁体升高至居里温度，且可以增设与磁流体发电机共用永磁体的钆轮磁场制冷机，钆轮磁场制冷机位于磁流体发电机永磁体内侧和外侧，或外燃机、内燃机永磁转子内侧。
从上述关于本发明的描述、实践内容可知，本发明与现有技术相比，其有益效果在于：直接就近将油田废油气分门别类地回收利用，且回收了痕量贵金属，增加了能源利用效率，减少了浪费。
另外，本申请文件未详细描述的特征，例如储存废油气的设备、方法的特征，海水的多级闪急蒸馏方法，燃料电池内部成分、结构和熔融盐加热发电设备的组成、结构，以及回收废热的换热器的特征，参考公知技术即可以实施。
上述方案，仅为本申请较佳的一个实施方式的描述，但是本申请的保护范围不仅限于此，本申请保护范围应以权利要求保护范围为准。任何熟悉该技术的人能在本申请描述的范围内轻易实现，或不改变权利要求涉及基本原理的变化或替换，例如在实施例中增加输出、储存、运输多余天然气的设备，用燃料电池电解熔融盐制造钠、钾、镁、钙、氯的方法，回收油田以外的废油废气而使用相同的回收方法和结构实质相同的设备，是本领域技术人员可以轻易想到的修饰，因此都应涵盖在本申请的保护范围之内。
Claims (3)
1.油井废油气回收发电的方法，其特征是：
所述油井废油气回收发电的方法，配套的设备包括分离储气设备、燃料电池、外燃机、内燃机、回收贵金属的废气洗气装置和烟尘收集装置、海水收集设备、蒸馏水收集设备、海盐收集设备、熔融盐发电设备；所述分离储气设备直接通过管道或下端开口液封的钟形集气罩连接废油气来源，并根据沸点不同储藏废油气；所述燃料电池的负极与分离储气设备通过管道连接，正极通入压缩空气或氧气，直接将废油气化学能变为电能；
所述油井废油气回收发电的方法，步骤包括：
步骤一，收集和分开储存废气、废油；
步骤二：准备压缩氧气，判断废弃物沸点高于0℃；
步骤三a：废气沸点低于0℃的组份压缩储存，导入燃料电池负极，压缩氧气通入正极，输出电能；
步骤三b：废气沸点高于0℃的组份与压缩氧气混合导入外燃机或内燃机发电机，输出电能；当废电极是碳电极或硫化物电极，步骤三a废电极的贵金属也由步骤四a回收，回收的方法是在具有高锰酸钾液封的密闭容器中，氯气气氛燃烧后溶于氰化物或硫氰酸铵溶液，溶解金、铂、钯，并且用电解法回收；回收步骤三b废渣中的贵金属时，同步骤三b尾气导入步骤三a燃料电池产生的废电极一同回收；
步骤四a：回收步骤三b的废气洗气装置和烟尘收集装置废渣中的贵金属，输出贵金属；步骤三b尾气导入步骤三a燃料电池负极，输出电能；
步骤四b：输入海水，步骤三b的废热用于加热蒸干海水和制备熔融盐，输出蒸馏水、粗盐、熔融盐；
步骤五：熔融盐储能发电输出电能。
2.如权利要求1所述的油井废油气回收发电的方法，其特征是：
所述外燃机、内燃机的散热设备废热用于海水加热蒸干，此时外燃机或内燃机被箱式封闭浸没于水槽，步骤四b输入的海水通入所述水槽，使用多级闪急蒸干方法浓缩海水输入步骤三b的废热加热，至不能再在常温蒸发出水蒸气的状态后直接蒸干制备粗盐。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的油井废油气回收发电的方法，其特征是：
所述外燃机、内燃机替换为磁流体发电机，所述磁流体发电机的外围必须有液冷换热器防止永磁体升高至居里温度，且增设与磁流体发电机共用永磁体的钆轮磁场制冷机，钆轮磁场制冷机位于磁流体发电机永磁体内侧和外侧。
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