CN110193598B - 一种制造奥氏体铁合金的方法 - Google Patents
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- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 124
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 135
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 64
- 238000001513 hot isostatic pressing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 41
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 abstract description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 28
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 28
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 19
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910001347 Stellite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- AHICWQREWHDHHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium;cobalt;iron;manganese;methane;molybdenum;nickel;silicon;tungsten Chemical compound C.[Si].[Cr].[Mn].[Fe].[Co].[Ni].[Mo].[W] AHICWQREWHDHHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005121 nitriding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910001021 Ferroalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000009689 gas atomisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005552 hardfacing Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002788 crimping Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004663 powder metallurgy Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CXOWYMLTGOFURZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanylidynechromium Chemical compound [Cr]#N CXOWYMLTGOFURZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007712 rapid solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
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- C23C8/00—Solid state diffusion of only non-metal elements into metallic material surfaces; Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive gas, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种制造奥氏体铁合金的方法。具体地,该方法包括将奥氏体铁合金粉末放入罐中(12),从罐中排空空气和其他气体(14),向罐中供应氮气(16),密封罐(18)和然后对罐中的奥氏体铁合金粉末进行热等静压以将氮扩散到奥氏体铁合金粉末中和制备富氮的奥氏体铁合金棒(20),并且移除罐以取出富氮的奥氏体铁合金棒(22)。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及制造奥氏体铁合金或奥氏体钢的方法。
背景技术
通常将氮添加到奥氏体铁合金(奥氏体钢)中,以对奥氏体铁合金或奥氏体钢提高强度和/或提高耐腐蚀性和/或提供奥氏体相稳定性。通常在奥氏体铁合金的原材料的生产过程中将氮添加到奥氏体铁合金中,例如在铸造过程中,例如通过使用具有相对高氮含量的母合金。可以在制造组件期间将氮添加到奥氏体铁合金中,例如通过氮化奥氏体铁合金组件。奥氏体铁合金的氮化在相对高的温度下进行,这可能影响奥氏体铁合金组件的机械性能。此外,必须掩蔽不需要氮化的奥氏体铁合金组件的区域以防止它们被氮化,这增加了氮化过程的时间和成本。
发明内容
奥氏体铁合金组件可以通过将合金铸造到模具中来制造。奥氏体铁合金组件也可以通过粉末冶金制造。这包括将奥氏体铁合金粉末放入罐中,从罐中排空空气和其他气体,密封罐和然后对罐进行热等静压(hot isostatically pressing)以制备奥氏体铁合金棒。然后移除罐以取出奥氏体铁合金棒,和然后使用奥氏体铁合金棒制造组件。
根据第一方面,提供一种制造奥氏体铁合金的方法,包括将奥氏体铁合金粉末放入罐中,从罐中排空空气和其他气体,向罐中供应氮气,密封罐和然后对罐中的奥氏体铁合金粉末进行热等静压以将氮扩散到奥氏体铁合金粉末中和制备富氮的奥氏体铁合金棒,并且移除罐以取出富氮的奥氏体铁合金棒,所述富氮的奥氏体铁合金由12至41重量%的铬,7至9重量%的锰,4至5重量%的硅,4至6重量%的镍,至多2.5重量%的碳,小于0.2重量%的氮和余量铁以及附带的杂质组成。
所述奥氏体铁合金粉末可以包括奥氏体铁合金粉末,或者奥氏体铁合金粉末与铁合金粉末的一种或多种其他相的混合物。
奥氏体铁合金粉末和铁合金粉末的一种或多种其他相的混合物可以包括奥氏体铁合金粉末和铁素体(ferritic)铁合金粉末的混合物。
氮降低了奥氏体铁合金的整个奥氏体基体中的堆垛层错能。
奥氏体铁合金粉末可以包括尺寸不大于150微米的粉末颗粒。
奥氏体铁合金粉末可以包括尺寸不小于50微米的粉末颗粒。
所述罐可以包括低碳钢(mild steel)罐。
所述方法可以包括在1000℃至1200℃的温度下对罐中的奥氏体铁合金粉末进行热等静压。该方法可以包括在1110℃至1130℃的温度下对罐中的奥氏体铁合金粉末进行热等静压。该方法可以包括在1120℃的温度下对罐中的奥氏体铁合金粉末进行热等静压。
该方法可以包括在80 MPa至140 MPa的压力下对罐中的奥氏体铁合金粉末进行热等静压。该方法可以包括在90 MPa至110 MPa的压力下对罐中的奥氏体铁合金粉末进行热等静压。该方法可以包括在100 MPa的压力下对罐中的奥氏体铁合金粉末进行热等静压。
所述富氮的奥氏体铁合金可以由28重量%的铬,9重量%的锰,5重量%的硅,6重量%的镍,至多2.5重量%的碳,小于0.2重量%的氮和余量的铁加上附带的杂质组成。
所述富氮的奥氏体铁合金可以包含0.8至1.2重量%的碳。所述富氮的奥氏体铁合金可以包含1.7至2.0重量%的碳。所述富氮的奥氏体铁合金可以包含2.2至2.5重量%的碳。
所述富氮的奥氏体铁合金可以包含0.08至0.2重量%的氮。
所述富氮的奥氏体铁合金不含钴。
所述富氮的奥氏体铁合金可以用于制造组件或在组件上提供涂层。
所述组件可以是核反应堆的组成部分。更一般地,所述富氮的奥氏体合金可以构成制品或构成制品的涂层,例如硬饰面(facing)。
所述奥氏体铁合金可以是奥氏体钢。
本领域技术人员将理解,除非相互排斥,否则关于任何一个上述方面描述的特征可以在必要的变更后(mutatis mutandis)应用于任何其他方面。此外,除非相互排斥,否则本文描述的任何特征可以应用于任何方面和/或与本文描述的任何其他特征组合。
现在将参考附图仅通过示例的方式描述实施方案。
附图说明
图1是说明制造奥氏体铁合金的方法的流程图。
图2是显示用于排空制造奥氏体铁合金的方法中使用的罐和向该罐供应氮气的装置的示意图。
图3是显示用于制造奥氏体铁合金的方法的热等静压炉的示意图。
具体实施方式
如图1所示,制造奥氏体铁合金的方法包括将奥氏体铁合金粉末放入罐中12,从罐中排空空气和其他气体14,将氮气供应到罐中16,密封罐18和然后对罐中的奥氏体铁合金粉末进行热等静压以将氮扩散到奥氏体铁合金粉末中并制造富氮的奥氏体铁合金棒20,和移除罐以取出富氮的奥氏体铁合金棒22。热等静压将奥氏体铁合金粉末颗粒34合并(例如压缩和扩散结合)成奥氏体铁合金棒20。奥氏体铁合金粉末最初通过气体雾化产生,这包括熔化铁合金以产生液态铁合金和然后将液态铁合金气体雾化以快速产生固体粉末铁合金。由于液态铁合金气体雾化过程中液态铁合金的快速凝固,奥氏体铁合金粉末可以包括奥氏体铁合金粉末或者奥氏体铁合金粉末与铁合金粉末的一种或多种其他相的混合物,例如奥氏体铁合金粉末和铁素体铁合金粉末的混合物。铁合金粉末的组成和铁合金粉末在热等静压过程中的热加工的组合产生了经合并的奥氏体铁合金棒中的奥氏体相。
图2示出了用于从罐中排空空气和其他气体并向罐供应氮气的装置30。图2显示了包含奥氏体铁合金粉末34的罐32。所述奥氏体铁合金可以是奥氏体钢。罐32可以包括低碳钢罐。放入罐32中的奥氏体铁合金粉末34包括尺寸不大于150微米的粉末颗粒。放入罐32中的奥氏体铁合金粉末34包括尺寸不小于50微米的粉末颗粒。泵36布置成经由管道38从罐32的内部排空空气和其他气体,并且氮气源40布置成经由管道42和阀44向罐的内部供应氮气。泵36布置成通过管道38从罐32的内部排空气体和然后通过任何合适的技术(例如焊接或压接和焊接)密封管道38。一旦管道38已经被密封,打开阀44以通过管道42将氮气供应到罐32的内部。当向罐32中供应足够量的氮气时,通过任何合适的技术(例如焊接或压接和焊接)密封管道42以形成完全密封的罐32。然后将密封的罐32从氮气供应源40、阀44和泵36移除并准备进行热等静压。
图3显示了在热等静压(HIP)容器50中含有奥氏体铁合金粉末的密封的罐32。HIP容器50具有加热器和管道52以及阀54,以将惰性气体供应到HIP容器50中。向HIP容器50供应惰性气体,并且增加HIP容器50内的温度和压力以对罐32中的奥氏体铁合金粉末34进行热等静压,以将氮扩散到奥氏体铁合金粉末34中并产生富氮的奥氏体铁合金棒。
所述方法包括在1000℃至1200℃的温度下对罐32中的奥氏体铁合金粉末34进行热等静压。该方法包括在1110℃至1130℃的温度下对罐32中的奥氏体铁合金粉末34进行热等静压,并且例如包括在1120℃的温度下对罐32中的奥氏体铁合金粉末34进行热等静压。该方法包括在80 MPa至140 MPa的压力下对罐32中的奥氏体铁合金粉末34进行热等静压。该方法包括在90 MPa至110 MPa的压力下对罐32中的奥氏体铁合金粉末34进行热等静压,并且例如该方法包括在100 MPa的压力下对罐32中的奥氏体铁合金粉末34进行热等静压。热等静压包括将温度和压力保持恒定数小时。在一个实例中,该方法包括将罐32中的奥氏体铁合金粉末34在1120℃的温度和100 MPa的压力下热等静压4小时。如果使用低于1120℃的温度,则适当地增加热等静压奥氏体铁合金粉末的压力和时间。如果使用高于1120℃的温度,则适当地降低热等静压奥氏体铁合金粉末的压力和时间。加热速率可以是每分钟10℃,和冷却速率可以是每分钟10℃。
所得的富氮的奥氏体铁合金棒包含不超过0.2重量%的氮。所得的富氮的奥氏体铁合金可以包含高达2.5重量%的碳,碳的添加产生奥氏体钢合金。富氮的奥氏体铁合金由12至41重量%的铬,7至9重量%的锰,4至5重量%的硅,4至6重量%的镍,小于0.2重量%的氮和余量的铁加上附带的杂质组成。例如,富氮的奥氏体铁合金由28重量%的铬,9重量%的锰,5重量%的硅,6重量%的镍,小于0.2重量%的氮和余量的铁加上附带的杂质组成。富氮的奥氏体铁合金可以包含0.08至0.2重量%的氮。应注意,所述奥氏体铁合金不含钴。
在一个实施方案中,奥氏体铁合金具有按重量计0.8至1.2重量%的碳。这产生了具有与Stellite 6相当的碳化物含量的合金。在另一个实施方案中,奥氏体铁合金具有按重量计1.7至2.0重量%的碳。这产生具有与Stellite 12相当的碳化物含量的合金。在另一个实施方案中,奥氏体合金具有按重量计2.2至2.5重量%的碳。这产生具有与Stellite 3相当的碳化物含量的合金。Stellite是注册商标。
返回参照图1,所得的富氮的奥氏体铁合金棒可用于制造组件或提供组件上的涂层24。所得的富氮的奥氏体铁合金棒可机械加工成件,这些件随后机械加工、成形或成型为制品,或者所得的富氮的奥氏体铁合金棒可以加工成粉末形式以用于提供在制品上的涂层,或者所得的富氮的奥氏体铁合金棒可以机械加工成件,这些件随后机械加工、成形或成型为用于制品的成形涂层或成形衬里。所述制品可以是核反应堆的组成部分。更一般地,所述富氮的奥氏体合金可以构成制品或构成制品的涂层,例如硬饰面。
本公开的优点在于,由于在粉末冶金加工中将氮添加到奥氏体铁合金中,而奥氏体铁合金在罐中并且在罐被密封并且进行热等静压之前,由于与奥氏体铁合金粉末(而不是大块(液态或固态)奥氏体铁合金)相关的大表面积与体积比,进入奥氏体铁合金中的氮的吸收更有效。利用热等静压(HIP)工艺使氮扩散到奥氏体铁合金中并将奥氏体铁合金粉末合并成奥氏体铁合金棒。因此,热等静压(HIP)工艺同时进行了两个不同但平行的过程。奥氏体铁合金粉末的大表面积与体积比确保了将氮引入到奥氏体铁合金中,使得其在奥氏体铁合金内产生更均匀的氮分布,并且热等静压(HIP)工艺的时间、压力和温度分布可以实现这一目标。氮在奥氏体铁合金或奥氏体钢的整个奥氏体基体中降低了堆垛层错能。添加高于0.2重量%的氮可导致一些氮与铬反应形成氮化铬Cr2N相,这通过减少游离铬的量而使得奥氏体铁合金增加硬度,降低延展性并降低耐腐蚀性。
硬饰面奥氏体铁合金需要低的堆垛层错能,因为低的堆垛层错能使得更容易将内部缺陷置于奥氏体铁合金的晶体结构中。奥氏体铁合金的晶体结构中的内部缺陷使得基体更坚固并且因此更难以变形,这导致更高的耐磨损性(galling resistance),而磨损在硬饰面奥氏体合金的接触表面处会产生永久的塑性变形。因此,较低的堆垛层错能使得更容易产生更多的内部缺陷,因此需要更高的变形应力和因此更高的耐磨损性。
应当理解,本发明不限于上述实施方案,并且在不脱离这里描述的概念的情况下可以进行各种修改和改进。除非相互排斥,任何特征可以单独使用或与任何其他特征组合使用,并且本公开扩展到并包括本文描述的一个或多个特征的所有组合和子组合。
Claims (14)
1.一种制造奥氏体铁合金的方法,包括将奥氏体铁合金粉末放入罐中,从罐中排空空气,向罐中供应氮气,密封罐和然后对罐中的奥氏体铁合金粉末进行热等静压以将氮扩散到奥氏体铁合金粉末中和制备富氮的奥氏体铁合金棒,并且移除罐以取出富氮的奥氏体铁合金棒,所述富氮的奥氏体铁合金由12至41重量%的铬,7至9重量%的锰,4至5重量%的硅,4至6重量%的镍,至多2.5重量%的碳,0.08至0.2重量%的氮和余量铁以及附带的杂质组成。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述奥氏体铁合金粉末包括尺寸不大于150微米的粉末颗粒。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述奥氏体铁合金粉末包括尺寸不小于50微米的粉末颗粒。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述罐包括低碳钢罐。
5.如权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,包括在1000℃至1200℃的温度下对罐中的奥氏体铁合金粉末进行热等静压。
6.如权利要求5所述的方法,包括在1110℃至1130℃的温度下对罐中的奥氏体铁合金粉末进行热等静压。
7.如权利要求6所述的方法,包括在1120℃的温度下对罐中的奥氏体铁合金粉末进行热等静压。
8.如权利要求1至4中任一项所述的方法,包括在80至140 MPa的压力下对罐中的奥氏体铁合金粉末进行热等静压。
9.如权利要求8所述的方法,包括在90至110 MPa的压力下对罐中的奥氏体铁合金粉末进行热等静压。
10.如权利要求9所述的方法,包括在100 MPa的压力下对罐中的奥氏体铁合金粉末进行热等静压。
11.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中富氮的奥氏体铁合金由28重量%的铬,9重量%的锰,5重量%的硅,6重量%的镍,至多2.5重量%的碳,0.08至0.2重量%的氮和余量铁以及附带的杂质组成。
12.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中富氮的奥氏体铁合金包含0.8至1.2重量%的碳。
13.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中富氮的奥氏体铁合金包含1.7至2.0重量%的碳。
14.如权利要求1所述的方法,其中富氮的奥氏体铁合金包含2.2至2.5重量%的碳。
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