CN110156841B - 一种Pt(IV)离子型配合物及其制备方法 - Google Patents
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- C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
- C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
- C07F15/0086—Platinum compounds
- C07F15/0093—Platinum compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种Pt(IV)离子型配合物及其制备方法和用途,它是一种高水溶性、离子型的奥沙利铂的Pt(IV)前药,化学结构如下,化学式:cis,trans,cis‑[Pt(IV)(1R,2R‑diaminocyclohexane)(H2O)2Cl2](CH3SO3)2,简称为SPt‑2,它属于奥沙利铂的一种前药,为离子型配位化合物,具有高水溶性和稳定的优点。在癌细胞内,它被还原为cis‑[Pt(II)(1R,2R‑diaminocyclohexane)Cl2]而发挥抗癌作用。SPt‑2体外和体外均显示出很高的抗癌活性、优于奥沙利铂,可以用于癌症的治疗,
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及Pt(IV)离子型配合物和制备方法及作为抗癌药物的用途,它一种高水溶性、离子型的奥沙利铂的前药,属于化学制药领域。
背景技术
以顺铂(Cisplatin)、卡铂(Carboplatin)和奥沙利铂(Oxaliplatin)为代表的铂类抗癌药物,是临床用于治疗常见多发的恶性肿瘤的一线药物[1],已列入美国、日本、欧盟、中国等大部分国家和地区的药典中,在世界范围内得到普遍的临床应用。据最新统计,目前50%的临床联合化疗方案是以铂类药物为主或参与配伍[2]。
上述为顺铂、卡铂和奥沙利铂的化学结构。奥沙利铂属于第三代铂类抗癌药物,对结肠癌有很好的疗效,与5-氟尿嘧啶联合,是结肠癌化疗的首选方案。同时,它对耐受顺铂的癌细胞有效,也用于肝癌、胃癌和卵巢癌的化疗。尽管如此,奥沙利铂的临床疗效仍然非常有限,并且,作为细胞毒性药物,它与其他铂类药物一样,存在较大的毒副作用,如骨髓抑制、胃肠道不良反应、神经毒性。特别是神经毒性,为奥沙利铂的剂量限制性毒性,表现为感觉迟钝、感觉异常,遇冷加重,偶见可逆性急性咽喉感觉异常,临床上尚无有效的预防措施。因此,如何通过结构改造来提高铂类药物疗效、降低毒性一直是抗癌药物领域的研究热点。
在对奥沙利铂早期的研发中,科研人员发现:以氯离子为离去基团的cis-[Pt(1R,2R- 二氨基环环己烷)Cl2](结构式2)的抗癌活性明显高于cis-[Pt(1R,2R-二氨基环环己烷)C2O4](即奥沙利铂),但其水溶性非常低(<0.1mg/ml)且水溶液一般不稳定,氯离子很快会被水分子取代而降解,难于成药。为了提高水溶性和水溶液稳定性,日本科学家采用了草酸根替代氯离子作为离去基团,提高了水溶性(≈8mg/ml),同时螯环配位也增加了化合物的水溶液稳定性,使得cis-[Pt(1R,2R-二氨基环环己烷)C2O4]成为批准上市的第三代铂类药物。如下为cis-[Pt(1R,2R-二氨基环环己烷)Cl2]和奥沙利铂的化学结构:
但是,氯离子的替换和草酸根的引入不但降低cis-[Pt(1R,2R-二氨基环环己烷)Cl2] 抗癌活性,也带来了较大的神经毒性。现有很多研究表明,奥沙利铂在注射给药进入体内后,会发生化学解离反应,释放出药效基团cis-[Pt(1R,2R-二氨基环己烷)]2+和离去基团草酸根(C2O42-),药效基团与癌细胞的DNA结合,破坏其的结构与功能,从而抑制 DNA的复制。离去基团C2O42-会与在细胞内的钙离子反应,生成草酸钙沉淀,导致钙离子代谢和信号传导的紊乱。草酸静脉给药具有高毒性,主要表现在神经系统的毒性,症状与奥沙利铂类似。因此很多学者认为奥沙利铂的神经系统毒性至少部分来自它的草酸根。基于这些思路,国内外科学家对奥沙利铂的离去基团草酸根作了大量的更换,采用了几乎可以作为离去基团的所有有机酸,包括二羧酸根(如丙二酸根及其衍生物、1,1 -环丁烷二羧根及其衍生物)α-羟基羧酸根及其衍生物(如乙醇酸根,乳酸根),但所得到的目标化合物或是不溶于水(<1mg/ml)或是水溶液不稳定,成药性差。
上述所列参考文献如下:
1.韩锐,孙燕主编.新世纪癌的化学预防与药物治疗.人民军医出版社,2005,北京.
2.S.Dhara,S.J.Lippard.Mitaplatin,potent fusion of cisplatin and theorphan drug dichloroacetate.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA,2009,106,22199-22204.
3.X.Chen1,Y.Wu1,H.Dong,C.-Y.Zhang and Y.Zhang.Platinum-based agentsfor individualized cancer treatment.Curr.Mol.Med.,2013,13,1603-1612 1603
4.L.Kelland.The resurgence of platinum-based cancerchemotherapy.Nature Rev.Cancer, 2007,7,573-584.
5.C.A.Rabic,M.E.Dolan.Molecular mechanisms of resistance and toxicityassociated with platinating agents.Cancer Treat.Rev.,2007,33,9-13.
6.I.Ali,W.A.Wani,K.Saleem,A.Haque.Platinum compounds:a hope forfuture cancer chemotherapy.Anti-Cancer Agents Med.Chem.,2013,13,296-306.
7.X.Han,J.Sun,Y.Wang,Z.He.Recent advances in platinum(IV)complex-based delivery systems to improve platinum(II)anticancertherapy.Med.Res.Rev.,2015,35,1268-1299
8.J.J.Wilson,S.J.Lippard.Synthetic methods for the preparation ofplatinum anticancer complexes.Chem.Rev.,2014,114(8),4470-4495
9.X.Wang,Z.Guo.Targeting and delivery of platinum-based anticancerdrugs.Chem. Soc.Rev.,2013,42,202-224.
10.L.M.Pasetto,Oxaliplatin-related neurotoxicity:How and why?,Critical Reviews in Oncology
/Hematology,2006,59,159-168
11.M.Fanelli,M.Formica,V.Fusi,L.Giorgi,M.Micheloni,P.Paoli.New trendsin platinum and palladium complexes as antineoplastic agents.Coord.Chem.Rev.,2016,310, 41-79
12.T.C.Johnstone,K.Suntharalingam,S.J.Lippard.The next generation ofplatinum drugs: targeted Pt(II)agents,nanoparticle delivery and Pt(IV)prodrugs.Chem.Rev.,2016,DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00597
13.S.Dilruba,G.V.Kalayda.Platinum-based drugs:past,present andfuture.Cancer Chemother.Pharmaco.,2016,DOI:10.1007/s00280-2976-z.
发明内容
采用Pt(IV)配合物是目前发展铂类抗癌药物的一种主流策略,以具有cis,trans,cis- [Pt(IV)A2Y2X2]化合物为代表,其中A为氨或胺配体,Y为Cl-或有机单羧酸,X为离去基团,它属于Pt(II)抗癌药物的前药(Prodrug),在癌细胞内被还原为相应的Pt(II) 药物而发挥抗癌作用(如化学反应式1)。Pt(IV)化合物为六配位,具有八面体构型,与相应Pt(II)的比较,配位取代反应属于动力学惰性,水溶液性质稳定,同时可以通过轴向配体Y的调控,可以获得相应的化学特性的配合物。
化学反应式1:
迄今为止,有三个Pt(IV)配合物进入了临床试验,它们分别是Iproplatin,Satraplatin,Tetraplatin(化学结构式如下),虽然具有一定的口服活性,但也存在水溶性差(≤ 1mg/ml),药代动力学性质不理想缺点,未能获准上市。因此,发展高水溶性的铂类药物一直是本研究小组的一个重要目标。
进入临床研究的三个Pt(IV)化合物的化学结构。
本研究组经过大量的研究和试验,发明了一种全新结构的Pt(IV)抗癌配合物-cis,trans,cis-[Pt(IV)(1R,2R-二氨基环己烷)(H2O)2Cl2](CH3SO3)2,即 cis,trans,cis-[Pt(IV)(1R,2R-diaminocyclohexane)(H2O)2Cl2](CH3SO3)2,化学结构式如下所示,代号SPt-2。它含有奥沙利铂的药效基团,以2个水分子为轴向配体,甲基磺酸根处于配位外界,属于离子型化合物,水溶液的摩尔电导率为288.71Ω-1cm2·mol-1。与其他Pt(II)抗癌药物和Pt(IV)抗癌配合物比较,有很高的水溶性,室温达到50mg/mL。
Pt(II)与水分子和氯离子之间的配位键一般比较弱,容易被其他配体取代,但本发明的SPt-2为Pt(IV)的配合物,配位取代反应属于惰性,Pt(IV)-OH2和Pt(IV)-Cl键被取代的反应活性低,是比较稳定的。我们采用核磁共振谱的方法测定,即:取SPt-2 20mg 样品,溶于2mL D2O中,室温放置,不同时间点采用Bruker AM-500测定1H NMR,比较各个时间点测得的1H NMR与起始1H NMR变化,结果表明:在72h内SPt-2的 1H NMR无明显变化,说明它在水溶液中具有很好的稳定性,能维持稳定至少72h,
本发明的Pt(IV)化合物SPt-2的制备路线如下,以cis-[Pt(II)(1R,2R-二氨基环己烷)Cl2] 为起始原料,在一定温度下与过量的双氧水搅拌反应,得到cis,trans,cis-[Pt(IV)(1R,2R- 二氨基环己烷)(OH)2X2],在水中重结晶提纯后,与化学计算量95-98%的甲磺酸反应,搅拌反应4小时后,浓缩至近干,加水溶解,过滤除去不溶物cis-[Pt(II)(1R,2R-二氨基环己烷)Cl2],母液冷冻干燥得到目标产物,产率约80%,
本发明的Pt(IV)化合物SPt-2体内外具有很高的抗癌活性,体外对人结肠癌细胞株的生长均有HCT-116、人胃癌细胞株MKN-1、人非小细胞肺癌细胞株A549均有明显的抑制作用,呈很好的时效和量效关系,抗癌活性大于奥沙利铂。体内对人结肠癌 HCT116裸小鼠移植瘤也有明显的疗效,量效关系良好,整体疗效优于奥沙利铂。同时,它的水溶性明显大于奥沙利铂,且不含草酸根,可以预测SPt-1的毒性小于奥沙利铂,,显示出良好的临床应用前景。
在研究试验过程中,我们也合成轴向配体为二个水分子的其他类似Pt(IV)化合物,结构如下,但是,它们的抗癌活性经MTT法测定,均不如对应的顺铂和cis-[Pt(II)A2Cl2]。
上述为本发明的合成的双磷酸根的Pt(IV)抗癌化合物。
同时,我们也试图采用酸性更强的硫酸、硝酸替换甲基磺酸,合成对应的Pt(IV)配合物cis,trans,cis-[Pt(IV)(1R,2R-二氨基环己烷)(H2O)2Cl2](SO4)和cis,trans,cis-[Pt(IV) (1R,2R-二氨基环己烷)(H2O)2Cl2](NO3)2,但是发现,由于硫酸、硝酸太强,会将已配位的部分有机胺1R,2R-二氨基环己烷中和而解离,得到的产物是多种化合物的混合体。采用中等强度的磷酸替换甲基黄酸是,由于磷酸的酸度不够,与cis,trans,cis-[Pt(IV)(1R,2R-二氨基环己烷)(OH)2X2]几乎不起定量的溶解反应。
具体实施方式
(1)本发明的化合物SPt-2合成方法
取5.00g(13.2mmol)cis-[Pt(II)(1R,2R-二氨基环己烷)Cl2](1),加入150mL水,在60℃下缓慢滴加H2O2 250mL,一边滴加一边搅拌,加完后,继续搅拌反应5h,自然冷却至室温,析出黄色cis,trans,cis-[Pt(IV)(1R,2R-二氨基环己烷)(OH)2Cl2](2),过滤收集,水洗和丙酮洗涤后,真空干燥,得到4.28g产物,产率为79%。
称取4.10g(10mmol)化合物2,加入约150mL水,在搅拌下加入1.86g(19.4mmol) 甲烷磺酸,继续于60℃下搅拌8h至大部分固体溶解,减压浓缩至近干后,加入50mL 的水溶解,过滤出去未反应的化合物2,滤液经冷冻干燥,得到棕黄色晶状产物5.76g,产率为96%。
SPt-2结构测试结果:
1)元素分析测试值:C 15.81%,N 4.60%,H 4.04%,Pt 32.19%
计算值:C 15.84%,N 4.62%,H 3.96%,Pt 32.18%
2)红外光谱IR(KBr,cm-1):3428(v,vH2O),3190,3061(m,vN-H),2852(w,vCH3),2794(w, δCH3),1415,1396(m,δC-H),1208(vs,vas(SO2)),1170(vs,va(SO2)),781(m,vS-O),591(s,vPt-N), 546(s,vPt-O),336(s,vPt-Cl).
3)核磁共谱1H NMR(D2O):δ4.79(s,solvent),3.02(d,2H,N-CH),2.77(s,6H,2CH3SO3),2.21(d,2H,CH2),1.56(d,4H,CH2),1.19(t,2H,CH2)
13C NMR(D2O):δ62.48(s,2C,CH-N),39.29(s,2C,2CH3SO3),30.43(s,2C,CH2),23.21(s, 2C,CH2)
4)热重分析谱DTA/TG:在160℃吸热峰,失重率6.0%,相当于失去轴向配位的两个水分子。
以上测定结果符合SPt-2的组成和结构式。
(2)本发明的化合物SPt-2的体外抗癌活性
对照样品奥沙利铂购自昆明贵研药业有限公司,批号:20180712;癌细胞株购自中国科学院上海生命科学研究院细胞库。
测试样品实验前用5%的葡萄糖溶液溶解,应用标准的MTT法测定对人结肠癌细胞株HCT-116,人非小细胞肺癌细胞株A549、人胃癌细胞株MKM增殖生长的抑制作用,根据各浓度抑制率,根据非线性回归方法计算半数抑制浓度IC50,测定结果见表1.
表1.SPt-2和奥沙利铂对癌细胞生长的半数抑制浓度IC50的比较
如表1结果所示,SPt-2对人结肠癌细胞株HCT-116,人非小细胞肺癌细胞株A549、人胃癌细胞株MKM的生长均有明显的抑制作用,显示出良好的时效关系和量效关系,总体抗癌活性大于对照药物奥沙利铂,特别是对人结肠癌细胞,SPt-2的活性最高,明显高于治疗结肠癌的一线化疗药奥沙利铂。
(3)本发明的化合物SPt-2的体内抗癌作用
BALB/c-nu裸小鼠,SPF级,4-5w龄,雌雄各半,购自北京华阜康生物科技股份有限公司提供,合格证号:SCXK(京)2014-0004;人结肠癌细胞HCT116,购自中国科学院上海生命科学研究院细胞库;对照样品奥沙利铂购自昆明贵研药业有限公司,批号:20180712。测试样品实验前用5%的葡萄糖溶液配制成所需的浓度。
取生长旺盛期的HCT116瘤组织,剪切成约1.5mm3大小的组织块,在无菌条件下接种于裸小鼠右侧腋窝皮下。在接种后大约第14天,去除移植瘤未生长或生长过缓、过速的裸小鼠,选择已形成100-300mm3大小移植瘤的裸小鼠,按溶媒对照、奥沙利铂、 SPt-2随机分组。采用腹腔注射给药,隔天一次。每周测量瘤径和体重2次并记录。待溶媒对照组肿瘤长至较大体积、阳性对照组肿瘤出现明显减小时决定实验结束的时间。每次测量瘤径后计算肿瘤体积(TV)、与溶媒对照组比较,计算试验组小鼠的肿瘤相对增殖率T/C,采用SPSS17.0统计学软件处理分析P值。试验结果见表2。
表2.SPt-2和奥沙利铂对人结肠癌HCT-116裸小鼠移植瘤的疗效
与溶媒组比较,*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001。小鼠第26天的体重为去瘤后测定的。
试验结果表明,SPt-2 1.25μM/kg、2.5μM/kg、5μM/kg给药后,能明显抑制肿瘤的生长,显示出良好的量效关系,T/C分别为53%、40%、、31%,中低剂量对小鼠体重无明显的影响。而奥沙利铂剂量达到5μM/kg才对肿瘤有明显抑制,T/C为44%。在相同摩尔剂量下,SPt-2对对人结肠癌HCT-116裸小鼠皮下移植瘤的疗效优于奥沙利铂。
Claims (1)
1.一种Pt(IV)离子型配合物的制备方法,其特征在于:
所述Pt(IV)离子型配合物以甲基磺酸根为配位外界,其化学式为:cis,trans,cis-[Pt(IV)(1R,2R-diaminocyclohexane)(H2O)2Cl2](CH3SO3)2,其结构式为:
它的制备合成路线为:
即以cis-[Pt(II)(1R,2R-二氨基环己烷)Cl2]为起始原料,在一定温度下与过量的双氧水搅拌反应,得到cis,trans,cis-[Pt(IV)(1R,2R-二氨基环己烷)(OH)2Cl2],在水中重结晶提纯后,与化学计算量95%-98%的甲磺酸反应,搅拌反应4小时后,浓缩至近干,加水溶解,过滤除去不溶物cis-[Pt(II)(1R,2R-二氨基环己烷)Cl2],母液冷冻干燥得到目标产物。
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