CN110033952B - 一种导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:步骤1)、羟基化多壁碳纳米管的胶体水溶液的制备;步骤2)、碳纳米管油/水界面组装;步骤3)、导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的电化学合成;本发明的PPY/FCNTs复合膜实现了PPY与CNTs性能互补,提高复合膜整体导电性,电荷迁移速率及稳定性,同时复合膜特殊的三维网状结构,有助于充放电过程中电子离子的迁移,使得储能性能明显增强。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及导电薄膜制备领域。更具体地说,本发明涉及一种导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法。
背景技术
导电聚合物,如聚苯胺(PANI)、聚吡咯(PPY),聚3,4-乙撑二氧噻吩(PEDOT)等,在掺杂态下具有良好的导电性、高电荷储存能力、环境友好稳定性以及优良的可逆性[1-3]等特点,被广泛用于能量存储等领域,如超级电容器、太阳能电池等。然而导电聚合物电极材料在充放电过程中容易发生溶胀和收缩的现象,使得导电聚合物基电极在循环使用过程中,力学性能变差,电容性能衰减。目前将具有大比表面积、高导电性及良好循环稳定性的纳米材料引入导电聚合物,合成导电聚合物复合材料是提高导电聚合物循环性能及比电容的有效途径之一。碳纳米管(CNTs)为多层碳原子套构而成的同轴空心管体,导电和力学性能优异,同时具有大比表面积与良好的双电层电容,与导电聚合物复合可有效提高导电聚合物的比电容、快速充放电性能与循环稳定性。
目前导电聚合物与CNTs复合材料的合成常以羧基化CNTs为模板,通过化学或电化学方法将聚合物单体在CNTs表面聚合。化学法合成的产物为粉末状,需要经过抽滤、分离等繁琐过程,在电极制作过程中还需加入粘接剂,导致材料导电性降低。而电化学法制备导电聚合物/CNTs复合物的方法主要分为两种:一是将导电聚合物直接电沉积在CNTs修饰的电极表面或阵列上;二是将CNTs进行化学修饰或改性,使聚合物单体分散在CNTs的水溶液中,电化学原位共沉积复合材料。但是用这两种方法合成复合物很难精确控制其中CNTs的含量与分散性,同时合成产物大小会受到电极大小的限制。
发明内容
为了实现以上目的,本发明提供一种导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤1)、羟基化多壁碳纳米管的胶体水溶液的制备
将多壁碳纳米管与酸混合,并加热回流,冷却后抽滤,并用去离子水洗涤至中性,干燥,得到羟基化多壁碳纳米管,并将之超声分散在纯水中,得到既定浓度的羟基化多壁碳纳米管的胶体水溶液;
步骤2)、碳纳米管油/水界面组装
依次加入有机溶液和酸的水溶液,形成油/水界面,再向其中加入羟基化多壁碳纳米管的胶体水溶液,机械振荡,羟基化多壁碳纳米管从水相转移到油/水界面,起初在油/水界面形成乳泡,静置等待乳泡破裂融合,在油/水界面上形成一层柔性的羟基化多壁碳纳米管薄膜;
步骤3)、导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的电化学合成
将吡咯投入步骤2)的有机溶液中,静置,直至形成平整稳定的油/水界面,将将直径0.5mm的Pt工作电极缓慢垂直插入油/水界面,使Pt工作电极在两相中浸入的长度相等;以铂环电极为对电极,硫酸亚汞电极为参比电极,将对电极与参比电极分别插入上层水溶液中,调整Pt工作电极使其位于铂环电极中心,参比电极靠近Pt工作电极;采用恒电位法电化学合成目标产物导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜。
优选的是,所述的导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,步骤1)中,多壁碳纳米管与酸的比例为2g多壁碳纳米管配比100ml酸;
其中,酸为体积1:3的浓硫酸与浓硝酸。
优选的是,所述的导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,步骤1)中加热温度130-150℃。
优选的是,所述的导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,所述有机溶液为CHCl3,CH2Cl2或C7H8中的任意一种。
优选的是,所述的导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,所述酸的水溶液为HClO4,HBF4,C7H10O4S中的任意一种。
优选的是,所述的导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,所述酸的水溶液的浓度为0.1-1mol·L-1;
优选的是,所述的导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,步骤3)中,将吡咯投入步骤2)的有机溶液中,形成吡咯的水有机溶液,其浓度为0.1-1mol·L-1。
优选的是,所述的导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,步骤2)中,羟基化多壁碳纳米管在油水界面的分散浓度不超过0.2μg·mm-2。
优选的是,所述的导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,相对于硫酸亚汞电极为参比电极,步骤3)中的聚合电位为0.6V-0.8V。
其中,多壁碳纳米——MWCNTs;羟基化多壁碳纳米管——FCNTs;羟基化多壁碳纳米管的胶体水溶液——FCNTs水溶液;
本发明至少包括以下有益效果:本发明方法制备的PPY/FCNTs复合膜产量不受电极大小的限制,聚合效率高,同时产物实现了聚吡咯——PPY与碳纳米管——CNTs之间性能互补,提高复合膜整体导电性,电荷迁移速率及稳定性,同时复合膜特殊的三维网状结构,有助于充放电过程中电子离子的迁移,使得储能性能明显增强。
本发明的其它优点、目标和特征将部分通过下面的说明体现,部分还将通过对本发明的研究和实践而为本领域的技术人员所理解。
附图说明
图1为本发明中界面电化学聚合PPY/FCNTs复合膜过程示意图;
图2为恒电位(0.6V vs.Hg/Hg2SO4)聚合PPY/FCNTs复合膜生长过程;
图3为PPY/FCNTs复合膜电极循环伏安特性;
图4为PPY/FCNTs复合膜电极恒流充放电曲线;
图5为PPY/FCNTs复合膜的循环寿命曲线(a)及电化学阻抗图(b)。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明做进一步的详细说明,以令本领域技术人员参照说明书文字能够据以实施。
一、实验部分
实施例1
1.1原材料
吡咯(Pyrrole,Py);多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs,直径10-20nm,长度10-30μm,纯度>95%);高氯酸(HClO4);三氯甲烷(CHCl3);浓硫酸(H2SO4)。
1.2羟基化MWCNTs的制备及碳纳米管油/水界面组装(多壁碳纳米——MWCNTs)
1.2.1羟基化MWCNTs的制备
取一定量MWCNT置于250mL圆底烧瓶中,加入100mL体积比为1:3浓硫酸与浓硝酸,轻轻摇匀,加热至140℃,回流约3小时,冷却后抽滤,滤饼用去离子水洗涤至中性,并在50℃下真空干燥24h,得到羟基化MWCNTs,记为FCNTs。酸化后的FCNTs超声分散在二次水中,得到FCNTs胶体水溶液。取10mL FCNTs水溶液置于烧杯中,通过称量法测得FCNTs水溶液的浓度为1850mg·L-1。
1.2.2FCNTs碳纳米管油/水界面组装
配制0.2mol·L-1HClO4溶液。在反应容器中依次加入10mL的CHCl3溶液与10mL配制好的HClO4水溶液,形成油/水界面,再加入50μL的FCNTs水溶液,机械振荡5-10min,FCNTs从水相转移到油/水界面,起初在油/水界面形成乳泡,静置10min后,乳泡破裂融合,在油/水界面上形成一层柔性的FCNTs薄膜,此时FCNTs在油水界面的分散浓度为0.082μg·mm-2。
1.3PPY/FCNTs复合膜电化学合成
取一定量Py单体加入上述反应容器内的CHCl3溶液中,Py单体浓度为0.1mol·L-1,静置10min,形成平整稳定的油/水界面。将直径0.5mm的Pt工作电极(Pt)工作电极缓慢垂直插入油/水界面,使Pt工作电极在每一相中浸入的长度相等。以铂环电极为对电极,硫酸亚汞电极(Hg/Hg2SO4(固),SO4 2-(a=1))为参比电极,将对电极与参比电极分别插入上层水溶液中,调整工作电极使其位于铂环电极中心,参比电极靠近Pt工作电极。实验过程如图1所示。
采用恒电位法(potentiostatic method)电化学合成PPY/FCNTs复合膜。聚合电位为0.6V(vs.Hg/Hg2SO4)。电化学聚合反应均采用电化学工作站。
1.4形貌表征及性能测试
PPY/FCNTs复合膜微观形貌表征:采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察复合膜正反两面微观形貌;
PPY/FCNTs复合膜电容性能测试:将PPY/FCNTs复合膜(直径约为1cm)反复清洗后直接压于钛网或泡沫镍网(直径约为1cm)上作为工作电极。采用石墨棒和硫酸亚汞(Hg/Hg2SO4)电极分别作为对电极与参比电极,采用循环伏安法(cyclic voltammetry,CV)和计时电位法(Galvanostatic charge-discharge,GCD)和电化学阻抗法测试PPY/FCNTs复合膜电极在1mol·L-1硫酸电解液中的电容性能和电化学阻抗。
实施例2
步骤同上,只是在步骤3)中加入适当含量的FCNTs水溶液,使其在油水界面的分散浓度为0.033μg·mm-2,静置待用。
实施例3
步骤同上,只是在步骤3)中加入适当含量的FCNTs水溶液,使其在油水界面的分散浓度为0.132μg·mm-2,静置待用。
实施例4
步骤同上,只是在步骤3)中加入适当含量的FCNTs水溶液,使其在油水界面的分散浓度为0.182μg·mm-2,静置待用。
二、结果分析
2.1界面电化学聚合PPY/FCNTs复合膜
PPY/FCNTs复合膜的生长过程如图2所示。反应开始前,可以清楚地看到在油水界面上组装的一层FCNTs薄膜。反应开始后,明显观察到在FCNTs薄膜上靠近Pt丝电极表面有黑色圆形产物生成,而这个黑色物质正是PPY,说明随着反应进行,PPY包覆着油水界面上分散的FCNTs生长,形成PPY/FCNTs复合膜。复合膜以Pt工作电极为中心,沿油水界面向四周辐射生长,聚合时间越长,复合膜表观面积也越大,800s时能长满整个油水界面,生成独立自支撑复合膜。因此,不同于传统电化学法,界面电化学法能合成任意大小的复合膜,不会受到电极大小限制,只要反应容器足够大,便可在其中组装更大的FCNTs薄膜网络,将其与Pt丝接触,形成新的工作电极,合成尺寸,FCNTs含量可控的复合膜。
2.2PPY/FCNTs复合膜电容性能
图3为PPY/FCNTs复合膜在1mol·L-1H2SO4水溶液中不同扫速下的CV曲线及比电容值。可以看出,PPY/FCNTs复合膜表现出良好的电容性能。在5mV·s-1和200mV·s-1扫速下,CV曲线都近似矩形,特别是在较大极化电阻的高扫速下,CV曲线的变化也没有那么陡峭,说明PPY/FCNTs复合膜具有良好的快速充放电性能。在50mV·s-1扫速下,纯PPY表现出理想的超级电容器特性,而相比PPY,PPY/FCNTs复合膜表现出更小的电阻,说明FCNTs提高了复合膜的导电性与双电层电容,又由于复合膜较薄,缩短离子扩散距离,加快复合膜电荷传输速率。通过理论估算,复合膜中FCNTs只占总质量的0.65%,但相比纯PPY比电容却有显著提高,在不添加粘接剂与导电剂的条件下,5mV·s-1和200mV·s-1扫速下复合膜比电容可达到180和260F·g-1。PPY/FCNTs复合膜的GCD曲线也说明复合膜具有典型超级电容器赝电容特性,如图4,可以看到,不同电流密度下,电位随时间几乎呈线性变化,GCD曲线呈近似等腰三角形,说明复合膜具有优异的充放电效率与可逆性。相比PPY,PPY/FCNTs复合膜比电容有明显增大,同时表现出更小的IR降,说明复合膜具有更小的等效串联电阻。在0.5A·g-1下复合膜比电容能达到350F·g-1,而在20A·g-1的高电流密度下,复合膜比电容还能达到200F·g-1,表现出快速充放电性能。
图5给出PPY与PPY/FCNTs复合膜充放电循环寿命曲线与交流阻抗图谱。可以看到相比PPY,复合膜循环寿命有所提高。在2A·g-1的大电流密度下充放电循环1000次后,PPY/FCNTs复合膜比电容保持率为71%。循环500次后复合膜比电容不再发生衰减,基本保持稳定,而PPY比电容仍发生衰减。从阻抗图谱可看出电解液及电极与电解液的接触电阻为0.57Ω,电荷的传递电阻为0.6Ω;在中频区有一小段斜率为45°的直线,对应warberg阻抗扩散,在低频区为一斜率接近90°的直线,表明复合膜电极具备良好的电容性。
三、结论
(1)在不添加导电剂与粘接剂条件下,PPY/FCNTs复合膜表现出高的比电容,快的充放电性能及良好的循环稳定性。0.5A·g-1低电流密度下,比电容达到350F·g-1,20A·g-1高电流密度下,比电容可达到200F·g-1。相比纯PPY,比电容显著增长,循环寿命也明显改善;
(2)PPY/FCNTs复合膜实现了PPY与CNTs性能互补,提高复合膜整体导电性,电荷迁移速率及稳定性,同时复合膜特殊的三维网状结构,有助于充放电过程中电子离子的迁移,使得储能性能明显增强。
尽管本发明的实施方案已公开如上,但其并不仅仅限于说明书和实施方式中所列运用,它完全可以被适用于各种适合本发明的领域,对于熟悉本领域的人员而言,可容易地实现另外的修改,因此在不背离权利要求及等同范围所限定的一般概念下,本发明并不限于特定的细节和这里示出与描述的图例。
Claims (9)
1.一种导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
步骤1)、羟基化多壁碳纳米管的胶体水溶液的制备
将多壁碳纳米管与酸混合,并加热回流,冷却后抽滤,并用去离子水洗涤至中性,干燥,得到羟基化多壁碳纳米管,并将之超声分散在纯水中,得到既定浓度的羟基化多壁碳纳米管的胶体水溶液;
步骤2)、碳纳米管油/水界面组装
依次加入有机溶液和酸的水溶液,形成油/水界面,再向其中加入羟基化多壁碳纳米管的胶体水溶液,机械振荡,羟基化多壁碳纳米管从水相转移到油/水界面,起初在油/水界面形成乳泡,静置等待乳泡破裂融合,在油/水界面上形成一层柔性的羟基化多壁碳纳米管薄膜;
步骤3)、导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的电化学合成
将吡咯投入步骤2)的有机溶液中,静置,直至形成平整稳定的油/水界面,将Pt工作电极缓慢垂直插入油/水界面,使Pt工作电极在两相中浸入的长度相等;以铂环电极为对电极,硫酸亚汞电极为参比电极,将对电极与参比电极分别插入上层水溶液中,调整Pt工作电极使其位于铂环电极中心,参比电极靠近Pt工作电极;采用恒电位法电化学合成目标产物导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜。
2.如权利要求1所述的导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1)中,多壁碳纳米管与酸的比例为2g多壁碳纳米管配比100ml酸;
其中,酸为体积1:3的浓硫酸与浓硝酸。
3.如权利要求1所述的导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤1)中加热温度130-150℃。
4.如权利要求1所述的导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述有机溶液为CHCl3,CH2Cl2或C7H8中的任意一种。
5.如权利要求1所述的导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述酸的水溶液为HClO4,HBF4,C7H10O4S中的任意一种。
6.如权利要求1所述的导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,所述酸的水溶液的浓度为0.1-1mol·L-1。
7.如权利要求1所述的导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤3)中,将吡咯投入步骤2)的有机溶液中,形成吡咯的水有机溶液,其浓度为0.1-1mol·L-1。
8.如权利要求1所述的导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,步骤2)中,羟基化多壁碳纳米管在油水界面的分散浓度不超过0.2μg·mm-2。
9.如权利要求1所述的导电聚合物碳材料复合薄膜的制备方法,其特征在于,相对于硫酸亚汞电极为参比电极,步骤3)中的聚合电位为0.6V-0.8V。
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