CN110029626B - Reinforcing treatment method for revetment foundation on soft stratum slope - Google Patents
Reinforcing treatment method for revetment foundation on soft stratum slope Download PDFInfo
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- CN110029626B CN110029626B CN201910213156.0A CN201910213156A CN110029626B CN 110029626 B CN110029626 B CN 110029626B CN 201910213156 A CN201910213156 A CN 201910213156A CN 110029626 B CN110029626 B CN 110029626B
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
- E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
- E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
- E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
- E02B3/128—Coherent linings made on the spot, e.g. cast in situ, extruded on the spot
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
- E02D3/02—Improving by compacting
- E02D3/046—Improving by compacting by tamping or vibrating, e.g. with auxiliary watering of the soil
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- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D3/00—Improving or preserving soil or rock, e.g. preserving permafrost soil
- E02D3/02—Improving by compacting
- E02D3/08—Improving by compacting by inserting stones or lost bodies, e.g. compaction piles
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- Y02A10/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE at coastal zones; at river basins
- Y02A10/30—Flood prevention; Flood or storm water management, e.g. using flood barriers
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Abstract
The invention relates to a soft stratum slope revetment foundation reinforcement treatment method, which belongs to the technical field of soft foundation treatment and specifically comprises the following steps: cleaning a soft soil layer, backfilling a powdery clay layer, arranging pine piles, pouring concrete and detecting a settlement state, wherein the settlement time is shortened and the risk of uneven settlement is reduced because the powdery clay is backfilled and rolled in the soft soil layer; the pine piles are reinforced, so that the compaction effect of the foundation is increased, and the bearing capacity of the foundation is increased; the pond slag backfilling increases the bearing capacity of the side slope foundation, increases the friction force between the foundation and the replacement and filling clay layer, prevents the slide damage of the river channel side slope foundation, and has the advantages of simple construction process, strong adaptability to the site and small occupied construction site; no other noise is generated during construction, and events such as disturbance of residents are avoided.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of soft foundation treatment, and particularly relates to a soft stratum slope revetment foundation reinforcement treatment method.
Background
The soft stratum foundation refers to a foundation consisting of a soft soil layer. Soft soil generally refers to cohesive soil which has large natural water content, high compressibility, low bearing capacity and low shear strength and is in a soft-plastic-flow-plastic state. Engineering often subdivides soft soils into soft cohesive soils, mucky soils, silt, peat, and the like. The high-viscosity natural water-content concrete has the characteristics of high natural water content, large natural pore ratio, high compressibility, low shear strength, small consolidation coefficient, long consolidation time, high sensitivity, high disturbance, poor water permeability, complex soil layer distribution, large difference of physical and mechanical properties among layers and the like. Due to the engineering characteristics, the soft stratum foundation has low bearing capacity, large foundation deformation, large uneven deformation and long deformation duration, so that the damage of settlement, inclination and the like of structures on the soft stratum is often caused, and the structures can be seriously collapsed or cannot be normally used.
In recent years, soft stratum foundations are widely distributed along rivers, lakes, seas and the like in China, and the areas are generally economically developed areas, so that the engineering needs are urgent, and particularly large-scale engineering needs to be developed. The soft stratum foundation has poor bearing capacity, and the sliding damage is often caused by the problems of the soft stratum foundation. Aiming at the engineering characteristics of soft stratum foundations, various soft stratum reinforcing treatment methods are formed on the basis of years of theoretical research and practice, such as a filling and padding layer replacing technology, a foundation prepressing technology, a foundation compacting and tamping technology, a composite foundation technology, a grouting reinforcing technology and the like, the reinforcing mechanism, the construction process, the application range and the advantages and the disadvantages are different, and the method is briefly described as follows:
the method comprises the following steps: chemical strengthening technology. Namely, the pile column is formed by adopting the methods of deep stirring, high-pressure rotary jetting, grouting and the like. Compared with a soft stratum, the pile body has the characteristics of high strength and rigidity, and a composite foundation formed on the soft stratum jointly bears the load of an upper structure, so that the bearing capacity of the soft stratum foundation is improved, and the deformation quantity is reduced. The method has wide application range and remarkable reinforcing effect. However, professional construction mechanical equipment is required to be arranged during construction, and the occupied area is large; the construction process is large in vibration, and is not suitable for an area close to a building, so that disturbance and people disturbance are easy to generate; the earthwork water content index is controlled strictly, so that rubber soil is easy to cause and needs to be researched and used specially.
The method 2 comprises the following steps: and (4) prepressing a foundation. The foundation is subjected to preloading or vacuum preloading on the foundation, or the preloading and the vacuum preloading are jointly used to form the consolidated and compacted foundation. The method mainly refers to a sand well loading pre-compaction foundation, and has the characteristics of high consolidation speed, simple construction process, good effect and the like, and the application range is wide. A lot of drainage sand wells are driven into a soft clay or alluvial soil foundation containing saturated water, a sand cushion layer is laid on a pile top, loading and prepressing are carried out on the sand cushion layer in stages, so that pore water in a soil layer continuously rises through the sand wells until the sand cushion layer is discharged out of the ground surface, most of foundation soil is drained and consolidated in advance before building construction, the settlement of a building is reduced, and the stability of the foundation is enhanced. The prepressing foundation is suitable for treating saturated viscous soil foundations such as mucky soil, silt, filling soil and the like, needs to prepare special construction equipment, has higher requirements on construction process, is suitable for reinforcing large-area flat sites, and has long construction period and higher manufacturing cost.
The method 3 comprises the following steps: and (4) a pad replacement technology. The soft soil layer or uneven soil layer in a certain range under the bottom surface of the foundation is excavated, other materials with stable performance, no erosion and higher strength are backfilled, and the formed cushion layer is tamped and compacted. When the filling technology is used for treating the soft soil foundation, detailed analysis is firstly carried out on the geology, and a reasonable construction plan is formulated; secondly, selecting proper filling materials or filling soil according to actual conditions, wherein the materials for filling mainly comprise soil materials, rock blocks, pond residues and the like under normal conditions; and finally, controlling the filling density, and carrying out rolling compaction and tamping on the filling material to a certain extent in a mode of manpower or mechanical equipment and the like to ensure the engineering quality. The treatment method is only suitable for foundation treatment of shallow soft soil layers or uneven soil layers, and the replacement and filling thickness is 0.5-3.0 m. The construction process is simple, the construction equipment is simple and convenient, and the materials are easy to obtain.
The method 4 comprises the following steps: pine stump technology. For part of small and medium-sized hydraulic engineering revetment foundations, 4.0m long and small pine piles are often adopted for soft stratum reinforcement treatment. The depth of the soft stratum of the small and medium-sized hydraulic engineering is generally not more than 3.0m, the stress acting on the soft stratum is not high, and the small and medium-sized hydraulic engineering buildings are usually linear, under the condition, if a large-scale conventional soft stratum treatment technology is adopted, the problems of difficult transition of large-scale equipment, poor construction site conditions, difficult transportation of construction materials, excessive treatment of foundations, high cost, long construction period and the like exist. The method is characterized in that various factors such as economy, technology, quality, progress and the like are considered comprehensively, pine pile processing construction is often carried out in the engineering, the progress is fast, and the cost is low. The key of the technology is that the pine pile penetrates through a soft stratum with poor geological conditions or even a fluid plastic soil layer to reach a harder bearing layer so as to play a role of a pile foundation, otherwise, the pine pile can slide along with soft soil, the foundation is unstable, the upper structure is damaged by sliding, and the pine pile cannot be normally used.
Above-mentioned several kinds of prior art can play the reinforcement foundation effect, but in river course protection process, soft stratum is in old river course position, and when being in the revetment side slope, prior art's reinforcement mode can produce the problem, and the side slope after the processing can slide along with the weak soil under the superstructure load effect, and then makes the foundation unstable, leads to superstructure can't satisfy normal use requirement.
For example, the Chinese patent application number is: patent CN201710996795.X discloses a high and steep slope reinforcement greening device and a high and steep slope reinforcement greening method. The invention comprises a reinforced three-dimensional polypropylene mesh pad, a U-shaped nail, an anchor rod, vegetation seeds, a soil improvement fiber mixture, an anti-erosion fiber mixture, a fiber filter pipe and a wedge. The reinforced three-dimensional polypropylene net pad is fixed on the slope of a high and steep slope through the anchor rods and the U-shaped nails, and then a fiber filter pipe is paved, and a mixture of vegetation seeds and a soil improvement fiber mixture and a mixture of the vegetation seeds and an anti-erosion fiber mixture are sprayed in sequence. The method can effectively improve the soil habitat of plant growth, provide nutrient elements necessary for plant growth and metabolism, and solve the technical defects that the existing high and steep slope reinforcement method is easy to be washed by heavy rain, causes secondary landslide and poor collapse water-retaining property, and causes secondary pollution to the environment. However, the invention cannot be directly applied to the river course protection process.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a soft stratum slope revetment foundation reinforcement treatment method, which comprises the following steps:
step 1, cleaning a soft soil stratum:
step 1.1, uniformly pressing a conical probe into the soil at a constant speed by adopting static pressure, inputting a sensor in the conical probe into a recorder in the form of an electric signal and recording the electric signal, converting the electric signal into pressure by a calibration coefficient to obtain a pressure curve changing along with the depth, dividing soil layers in a construction area according to the curve, and determining the depth and the range of a soft soil stratum;
step 1.2, excavating drainage ditches and water collecting wells along the edge of the soft soil stratum range, wherein the width of each drainage ditch is 50cm, and the depth of each drainage ditch is 80 cm; the depth of the water collecting well is 2m multiplied by 3m and 2 m;
step 1.3, paving a steel plate on a track travelling route of an excavator, and excavating and cleaning soft soil by adopting the excavator matched with a dump truck;
step 2, backfilling a powdery clay layer:
step 2.1, backfilling silty clay layer by layer to the bottom of the revetment structure to design a height marking line, and measuring the ground elevation of the landfill site by using a leveling instrument;
step 2.2, after the powdery clay layer is laid, firstly performing static rolling and leveling for one time, then performing vibration rolling, wherein the advancing speed is 1.5-2.0 km/h, performing rolling by an advancing and retreating method, repeatedly pressing the soft soil layer range for 2 times, overlapping 1/2 wheel widths during advancing, returning in situ, reciprocating to the whole section to obtain 2 times, and recycling for 1 time to obtain 4 times; after vibrating and rolling for 6 times, carrying out static rolling again;
step 3.1, constructing a pine pile into a soft soil stratum by adopting an excavator static pressure mode to form a composite foundation, wherein the pine pile construction is arranged according to a quincunx shape;
step 3.2, erecting a template at a position 50cm away from the two sides of the pine pile, and pouring concrete, wherein the thickness of the concrete is 10 cm-20 cm; vibrating along the river direction by adopting a flat vibrator, fully contacting the flat vibrator with concrete, vibrating for at least 1min at each position until the surface is discharged, slowly moving forwards until the flat vibrator covers the edge of the vibrated part after stopping sedimentation, and repeating the vibrating step;
step 4, detecting the settlement state:
step 4.1, adopting a timber pile and a steel chisel to nail into the soil, and detecting the settlement by using a leveling instrument for observation; if the settlement meets the requirements of relevant specifications, constructing an upper bank protection structure; if not, performing stone throwing treatment, after slope toe protection, performing contour trimming according to a design section line, and performing settlement observation;
further, in the step 2, when the soft soil layer range is larger than 2m below the river bottom elevation, filling a pond slag layer with the thickness of 80-100 cm from the river bottom elevation to the lower part of the earthwork in the range from the center of the river channel to the slope foot of the river bottom as a substrate and compacting;
further, in step 2.1, the thickness of each layer of the powdery clay is set to be 25 cm.
Furthermore, in step 3.1, the end of the pine pile is cut into a cone shape, so that the pine pile can smoothly penetrate into the foundation during piling, and the resistance is reduced.
Further, in the step 3.1, the pile length of the pine pile is 4.0-6.0 m, the slightly diameter is larger than 12cm, the distance is 1m, the row spacing is 0.5m, and the pile top elevation is 5cm higher than the designed elevation line at the bottom of the revetment structure;
the invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the method for reinforcing the soft stratum slope revetment foundation, the soft stratum backfill silty clay is removed and rolled, so that the sedimentation time is shortened, and the risk of uneven sedimentation is reduced; the pine piles are reinforced, so that the compaction effect of the foundation is increased, and the bearing capacity of the foundation is increased; the pond sediment is backfilled and is increased side slope foundation bearing capacity, increases the basement and trades the frictional force of filling clay layer, prevents that river course side slope basis from appearing the sliding damage.
2. The method for reinforcing the soft stratum slope revetment foundation has the advantages of simple construction process, strong adaptability to site and small occupation of construction site; no other noise is generated during construction, and events such as disturbance of residents are avoided.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a reinforcing structure of the soft stratum slope revetment foundation reinforcing treatment method of the invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a pine pile arrangement structure of the soft stratum slope revetment foundation reinforcement treatment method of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic structural diagram of the reinforcement treatment method for the soft stratum slope revetment foundation of the invention for the reinforcement treatment of the slope foundation with thicker sludge;
in the figure: 1-silty clay layer, 2-silt layer, 3-pine pile, 4-shore protection structure bottom design elevation line, 5-pond slag layer and 6-river bottom.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings.
Example 1
As shown in fig. 1, the soft stratum slope revetment foundation reinforcement treatment method includes the following steps:
step 1, cleaning a soft soil stratum:
step 1.1, uniformly pressing a conical probe into the soil at a constant speed by adopting static pressure, inputting a sensor in the conical probe into a recorder in the form of an electric signal and recording the electric signal, converting the electric signal into pressure by a calibration coefficient to obtain a pressure curve changing along with the depth, dividing soil layers in a construction area according to the curve, and determining the depth and the range of a soft soil layer;
step 1.2, excavating a drainage ditch and a water collecting well along the side line of the soft soil stratum range; the width of the drainage ditch is 50cm, and the depth is 60 cm; the length, width and height of the water collecting well are 2m multiplied by 1.5 m;
step 1.3, paving a steel plate on a track travelling route of an excavator, and excavating and cleaning soft soil by adopting the excavator matched with a dump truck;
step 2, backfilling a powdery clay layer 1:
step 2.1, backfilling silty clay layer by layer to the design elevation line 4 at the bottom of the bank protection structure, setting the thickness of each layer of the silty clay to be 25cm, and measuring the ground elevation of the landfill site by using a leveling instrument;
step 2.2, after the powdery clay layer 1 is laid, firstly performing static rolling and leveling for one time, then performing vibration rolling, wherein the advancing speed is 1.5-2.0 km/h, performing rolling by an advancing and retreating method, repeatedly pressing the soft soil layer range for 2 times, overlapping 1/2 wheel widths when advancing, returning in situ, reciprocating to the whole section, namely 2 times, and recycling for 1 time, namely 4 times; after vibrating and rolling for 6 times, carrying out static rolling again;
step 3.1, constructing the pine piles 3 into a soft soil stratum by adopting an excavator static pressure mode to form a composite foundation, wherein the pine piles 3 are arranged according to a quincunx shape, the pile length of each pine pile 3 is 6.0m, the minor diameter of each pine pile is not less than 12cm, the spacing is 1m, the row spacing is 0.5m, and the pile top elevation of each pine pile 3 is 5cm higher than the design elevation line at the bottom of the revetment structure;
step 3.2, erecting a template at a position 50cm away from the two sides of the pine pile 3, pouring concrete, wherein the thickness of the concrete is 10cm,
vibrating along the river direction by adopting a flat vibrator, fully contacting the flat vibrator with concrete, vibrating for at least 1min at each position until the surface is discharged, slowly moving forwards until the flat vibrator covers the edge of the vibrated part after stopping sedimentation, and repeating the vibrating step; the pouring quality of the concrete is ensured, and the integral stability of the pine pile 3 and the replacement and filling clay layer is ensured;
step 4, detecting the settlement state:
step 4.1, adopting a timber pile and a steel chisel to nail into the soil, detecting the settlement by using a leveling instrument for observation, wherein the settlement meets the requirements of relevant specifications, and constructing an upper revetment structure;
further, in step 3.1, the end of the pine pile 3 is cut into a cone shape, so that the pine pile can smoothly penetrate into the foundation during piling, and the resistance is reduced.
Example 2
On the basis of embodiment 1, when reinforcing a slope foundation with thick sludge, on the basis of embodiment 1, as shown in fig. 3, the method for reinforcing a soft stratum slope revetment foundation comprises the following steps:
step 1, cleaning a soft soil stratum:
step 1.1, uniformly pressing a conical probe into the soil at a constant speed by adopting static pressure, inputting a sensor in the conical probe into a recorder in the form of an electric signal and recording the electric signal, converting the electric signal into pressure by a calibration coefficient to obtain a pressure curve changing along with the depth, dividing soil layers in a construction area according to the curve, and determining the depth and the range of a soft soil stratum;
step 1.2, excavating a drainage ditch and a water collecting well along the side line of the soft soil stratum range; the width of the drainage ditch is 50cm, and the depth is 80 cm; the length, width and height of the water collecting well are 2m multiplied by 3m multiplied by 2 m.
Step 1.3, paving a steel plate on a track travelling route of an excavator, and excavating and cleaning soft soil by adopting the excavator matched with a dump truck;
step 2, river bottom replacement:
the soft soil layer range is more than 2m below the river bottom elevation, and in the range from the river channel central line to the slope toe, the pond slag layer 5 with the thickness of 80cm is filled downwards from the elevation of the river bottom 6 to serve as a substrate and compacted to enhance the integral rigidity and stability of the river bottom, and the pond slag layer and the pine pile 3 are compacted mutually, so that a larger friction force is generated between the pine pile 3 and the pond slag substrate, and the bearing capacity of the foundation is improved;
step 3.1, backfilling the silty clay to the bottom of the revetment structure in a layered manner to design a height marking line, measuring the ground elevation of the landfill site by adopting a leveling instrument, and setting the thickness of each layer of the silty clay to be 25 cm;
step 3.2, after the powdery clay layer 1 is laid, firstly performing static rolling and leveling for one time, then performing vibration rolling, wherein the advancing speed is 1.5-2.0 km/h, performing rolling by an advancing and retreating method, repeatedly pressing the soft soil layer range for 2 times, overlapping 1/2 wheel widths when advancing, returning in situ, reciprocating to the whole section, namely 2 times, and recycling for 1 time, namely 4 times; after vibrating and rolling for 6 times, carrying out static rolling again;
step 4, setting a pine pile 3:
step 4.1, constructing the pine piles 3 into a soft soil stratum by adopting an excavator static pressure mode to form a composite foundation, wherein the pine piles 3 are arranged according to a quincunx shape, the pile length of each pine pile 3 is 6.0m, the minor diameter of each pine pile is not less than 12cm, the spacing is 1m, the row spacing is 0.5m, and the pile top elevation of each pine pile 3 is 5cm higher than the design elevation line at the bottom of the revetment structure;
step 4.2, erecting a template at a position 50cm away from two sides of the pine pile 3, and pouring concrete, wherein the thickness of the concrete is 10 cm; vibrating along the river direction by adopting a flat vibrator, fully contacting the flat vibrator with concrete, vibrating for at least 1min at each position until the surface is discharged, slowly moving forwards until the flat vibrator covers the edge of the vibrated part after stopping sedimentation, and repeating the vibrating step; the pouring quality of the concrete is ensured, and the integral stability of the pine pile 3 and the replacement and filling clay layer is ensured;
step 5, detecting the settlement state:
and 5.1, adopting a method of nailing a wooden pile and a steel chisel into the soil and observing by using a level gauge to detect the settlement, wherein the settlement meets the requirements of relevant specifications, and carrying out the construction of the upper revetment structure.
Furthermore, in step 4.1, the end of the pine pile 3 is cut into a cone shape, so that the pine pile can smoothly penetrate into the foundation during piling, and the resistance is reduced.
The present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and any variations, modifications, and substitutions may be made without departing from the spirit of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. A soft stratum slope revetment foundation reinforcement treatment method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step 1, cleaning a soft soil stratum:
step 1.1, uniformly pressing a conical probe into the soil at a constant speed by adopting static pressure, inputting a sensor in the conical probe into a recorder in the form of an electric signal and recording the electric signal, converting the electric signal into pressure by a calibration coefficient to obtain a pressure curve changing along with the depth, dividing soil layers in a construction area according to the curve, and determining the depth and the range of a soft soil stratum;
step 1.2, excavating drainage ditches and water collecting wells along the edge of the soft soil stratum range, wherein the width of each drainage ditch is 50cm, and the depth of each drainage ditch is 80 cm; the depth of the water collecting well is 2m multiplied by 3m and 2 m;
step 1.3, paving a steel plate on a track travelling route of an excavator, and excavating and cleaning soft soil by adopting the excavator matched with a dump truck;
step 2, backfilling a powdery clay layer:
step 2.1, backfilling silty clay layer by layer to the bottom of the revetment structure to design a height marking line, and measuring the ground elevation of the landfill site by using a leveling instrument;
step 2.2, after the powdery clay layer is laid, firstly performing static rolling and leveling for one time, then performing vibration rolling, wherein the advancing speed is 1.5-2.0 km/h, performing rolling by an advancing and retreating method, repeatedly pressing the soft soil layer range for 2 times, overlapping 1/2 wheel widths during advancing, returning in situ, reciprocating to the whole section to obtain 2 times, and recycling for 1 time to obtain 4 times; after vibrating and rolling for 6 times, carrying out static rolling again;
step 3, pine piles are arranged:
step 3.1, constructing pine piles into a soft soil stratum by adopting an excavator static pressure mode to form a composite foundation, wherein the pine piles are arranged according to a quincunx shape, the length of the pine pile is 4.0-6.0 m, the minor diameter is larger than 12cm, the spacing is 1m, the row spacing is 0.5m, and the elevation of the pile top is 5cm higher than the design elevation line at the bottom of the revetment structure;
step 3.2, erecting a template at a position 50cm away from the two sides of the pine pile, and pouring concrete, wherein the thickness of the concrete is 10 cm-20 cm; vibrating along the river direction by adopting a flat vibrator, fully contacting the flat vibrator with concrete, vibrating for at least 1min at each position until the surface is discharged, slowly moving forwards until the flat vibrator covers the edge of the vibrated part after stopping sedimentation, and repeating the vibrating step;
step 4, detecting the settlement state:
step 4.1, adopting a timber pile and a steel chisel to nail into the soil, and detecting the settlement by using a leveling instrument for observation; if the settlement meets the requirements of relevant specifications, constructing an upper bank protection structure; if not, performing stone throwing treatment, after slope toe protection, performing contour trimming according to a design section line, and performing settlement observation.
2. The soft stratum slope revetment foundation reinforcement treatment method according to claim 1, wherein in the step 2, when the soft soil layer range is larger than 2m below the river bottom elevation, a pond residue layer with a thickness of 80 cm-100 cm is filled from the river bottom elevation to the lower part of the earthwork from the river channel center to the river bottom slope foot as a substrate and compacted.
3. The soft stratum slope revetment foundation reinforcement treatment method according to claim 1, wherein in step 2.1, each layer of silty clay is set to have a thickness of 25 cm.
4. The method for reinforcing the soft stratum slope revetment foundation according to claim 1, wherein in step 3.1, the end of the pine pile is cut into a cone shape, so that the pine pile can smoothly penetrate into the foundation during piling to reduce resistance.
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