CN109862978B - 用于使用于构件的增材制造的机器的腔室快速惰化的方法和对应的机器 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于使用于构件的增材制造的机器(1)、尤其是LMF机器或SLS机器的腔室(2)惰化的方法，具有以下方法步骤：在腔室出口(4)打开的情况下通过对扩张体(10)充注以加压流体(17)使扩张体(10)在腔室(2)中扩张，以便将处于腔室(2)中的气体体积至少部分地、尤其完全地通过腔室出口(4)排挤出腔室(2)；和接着在同时排空扩张体(10)的情况下通过打开的腔室入口(3)用惰性气体(17)充注腔室(2)。根据本发明，对应的机器(1)具有能以加压流体(16)充注并且能在腔室(2)中扩张的扩张体(10)，所述扩张体在已在腔室(2)中扩张的位态中至少部分地、尤其完全地充满在腔室(2)中存在的自由容积。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于使用于构件的增材制造的机器、尤其是LMF(Laser MetalFusion，激光金属熔合)机器或SLS(Selective Laser Melting，选择性激光熔化)机器的腔室快速惰化的方法以及一种对应的用于构件的增材制造的机器。例如在EP 3 023 228 A1中描述了一种这类机器。
背景技术
在用于构件的增材制造的机器中，通过在构建腔室或工艺腔室中将粉末层(金属、陶瓷、热塑性塑料)施加到基底板上并且用激光束固化来处理反应性材料。如果粉末层被激光束熔化，则称之为激光金属熔合(LMF)或选择性激光熔化(SLM)。如果粉末层仅被激光束烧结，则称之为选择性激光烧结(SLS)。随后，将基底板下降一个粉末层厚度并施加新的粉末层，并且重新固化，直到制成三维构件。
对于呈易氧化和可燃金属粉尘形式的反应性材料，通常在关闭机器之后将处于过压下的惰性气体例如氮气或氩气引导穿过工艺腔室(“惰化”)，使得不会有污染物由于过压而从外部侵入到工艺腔室中。工艺腔室中的氧含量和必要时还有其他污染物(水、有机残留物)部分通过排挤而逐渐被“稀释”，直到可以用激光束安全地开始熔化，而不会发生不希望的粉末反应，例如爆炸或燃烧的传播(这会导致对工艺过程的干扰，关系到构件质量损失直至废品)。然而，这种稀释过程的缺点是需要很长持续时间，因为进入的惰性气体不仅排挤反应气体，而且也排挤已经存在于工艺腔室中的惰性气体。
当今的LMF构建工艺需要限定的保护气体氛围(例如O2含量或H2O含量)。当今，惰化几乎完全在机器主时间内进行。随着对高的保护气体质量(例如残余O2含量<50ppm)和较大构建空间的需求提高，机器的装备时间或者说停机时间也由于惰化持续时间而呈指数增加。由方案所决定，当更换作业时，机器会定期打开，从而腔室充满空气。通过连续输入惰性气体并监视气氛的调节变量(例如O2含量)来进行惰化，直至达到腔室中的目标值。在这里存在这样的风险：机器的一些区域(例如对接的溢流容器)由于流动而不能充分地被惰化并且来自“死区”的空气质量可能在该过程中才开始(由于粉末的排挤)运动并且干扰构建过程。
为了加速工艺腔室的惰化，已知，在惰化之前对工艺腔室施加真空。这具有以下优点：反应气体非常快速地被从工艺腔室中移除并且在接着用惰性气体充注工艺腔室之后仅还构成非常小的比例。可以重复该过程，以进一步降低反应气体的比例。通过惰性气体的轻微过压，可以防止污染物从外部侵入已惰化的工艺腔室中。这节省了惰性气体和在工艺腔室中建立惰性气氛的时间，但缺点是，机器必须设计为既用于接近0巴的压力、也用于轻微的气氛过压。尽管对工艺腔室抽真空比仅用惰性气体充入更有效，但可能总是更耗费时间。
发明内容
与现有技术相比，本发明的目的是，提供一种用于快速并且节省气体地惰化机器腔室的替代方法，而腔室不必设计成用于较大的负压。
根据本发明，该目的通过一种用于使用于构件的增材制造的机器、尤其是LMF机器或SLS机器的腔室惰化的方法实现，该方法具有以下方法步骤：
a.在腔室出口打开的情况下通过对扩张体充注以加压流体使扩张体在腔室中扩张，以便将处于腔室中的气体体积至少部分地、尤其完全地通过腔室出口排挤出腔室；和
b.接着在同时排空扩张体(的惰性气体)的情况下通过打开的腔室入口用惰性气体充注腔室。
根据本发明，不是耗费时间地用惰性气体稀释工艺腔室中存在的气氛，直至达到预给定的氧含量，而是使柔性的、气密的扩张体如气囊或波纹管在腔室中扩张，直到它几乎将在腔室中存在的这个自由容积充满，因而将受污染的气氛或者说氧化气氛几乎完全通过腔室出口从腔室排出。接着将腔室用惰性气体充注并将扩张体排空，从而在腔室中仅存在少量反应气体/污染物。如在真空情况下那样，该过程可以一次或多次重复，以便越来越降低腔室中反应气体的比例。在最简单的情况下，通过充注压缩空气或惰性气体来进行扩张体的扩张。优选地，腔室入口和腔室出口配备有阀，这些阀由机器控制装置相应地操控。
根据本发明的惰化方法与常规方法相比尤其具有以下优点：
-更短的惰化持续时间和从而减少的装备时间或空闲时间；
-降低的惰性气体消耗量；
-简单的监控，腔室内没有花费多的O2传感器；
-有效地并且与腔室中的粉末充注高度无关地惰化难以接近的机器区域(例如溢流容器)。
优选地，在腔室出口关闭的情况下进行用惰性气体充注腔室，其中，用惰性气体充注腔室和排空扩张体相应地在相反方向上进行。由于封闭的腔室出口，在腔室中建立的惰性气体过压可以在整个过程期间得以保持。
替换地，只要腔室中的惰性气体始终处于过压下，也可以在腔室出口打开的情况下进行用惰性气体充注腔室。
尤其为了保护扩张体免受腔室中的过高温度并且为了在该过程中不影响保护气体流动，扩张体不是永久地保留在腔室中，而是在处于其非扩张的初始位态中时有利地安置在真正的腔室之外，例如安置在朝向腔室敞开的收藏室中，该收藏室可以用盖子相对于腔室封锁。通过充注以加压流体，扩张体可以从收藏室扩张到腔室中。在腔室被充注以惰性气体并且已经排空的扩张体通过流入的惰性气体或者手动地通过带手套介入又被安置在收藏室中之后，可以再用盖子关闭收藏室。当扩张体再次被排空时，腔室在没有花费高的监测的情况下完全惰化。
在另一方面，本发明还涉及一种用于构件的增材制造的机器，尤其是LMF机器或SLS机器，其具有可惰化的腔室，该腔室具有用于惰性气体的入口和出口，其中，根据本发明，该机器具有可充注以加压流体、可在腔室中扩张的扩张体，该扩张体在已在腔室中扩张的位态中至少部分地、尤其完全地充满存在于腔室中的自由容积。
附图说明
从说明书、附图得知本发明的主题的其他优点和有利构型。上面提到的和进一步列出的特征也可以单独使用或以多种任意组合来使用。所示出和说明的实施方式不应被理解为穷举，而是具有用于描述本发明的示例性特性。
附图中：
图1a-1c示意性地示出了用于构件的增材制造的LMF机器的工艺腔室，具有扩张体，该扩张体在图1a中以非扩张的初始位态示出，在图1b中以扩张后的最终位态示出，而在图1c中以部分扩张的中间位态示出。
具体实施方式
在图1a-1c中所示的LMF机器1用于构件的增材制造，并且包括可惰化的工艺腔室2，该工艺腔室具有用于惰性气体的腔室入口3并具有腔室出口4。在工艺腔室2中，将粉末层(金属、陶瓷、热塑性塑料)施加到基底板5上并用激光束(未示出)熔化并从而固化。接着，将基底板5下降一个粉末层厚度并施加新的粉末层，重新固化，直到制造出三维构件。
由于呈易氧化和可燃的金属粉尘形式的反应性粉末材料，工艺腔室2必须在层施加过程之前被惰化，即以处于高压下的惰性气体(例如氮气或氩气)充注，使得不会发生不希望的粉末反应并且由于过压而不会有污染物从外部侵入到工艺腔室2中。这种惰化在机器辅助时间内进行。
腔室入口3通过入口阀6连接到惰性气体管路7上，腔室出口4通过出口阀8连接到气氛9。机器1还具有气密的扩张体10，其在图1a中以其未扩张的初始位态示出，而在图1b中以其扩张的最终位态示出。扩张体10也可以构造为波纹管，取代如在示出的实施例中那样构造为气囊。扩张体10可以通过二位三通换向阀11或者连接到压缩空气管路12上(或着说惰性气体管路7上)，或者与气氛9连接。
在初始位态，未扩张的扩张体10在工艺腔室2之外安置在收藏室13中，该收藏室通过腔室开口14向工艺腔室2中打开。在图1a中，腔室开口14由盖子15封闭。
为了快速并且节省气体地惰性工艺腔室2，如下进行：
移除盖子15，具体说，通过手动地带手套介入，或者在电动盖子的情况下通过操控电动机。在入口阀6关闭而出口阀8打开的情况下，通过操纵换向阀11而使扩张体10连接到压缩空气管路12上并被压缩空气16充注。由此，扩张体10穿过腔室开口14扩张到处理腔室2中，直至处于腔室2中的气体体积通过腔室出口4几乎完全被排挤出处理腔室2(图1b)。在对工艺腔室2进行结构设计时，优选，例如在粉末涂层机处、在腔室入口3和腔室出口4处或者在到溢流容器或到基底板5的过渡部处放弃锋利棱边。然后关闭排气阀8并打开进气阀6，由此，工艺腔室2连接到惰性气体管路7上并被充注以惰性气体17。同时，通过操纵换向阀11，扩张体10与气氛9连接并由此排空(图1c)。当扩张体10已完全排空时，惰化过程结束，工艺腔室2完全被充注以处于轻微过压p下的惰性气体17。由于流入的惰性气体17或者手动地通过带手套介入(未示出)，排空后的扩张体10又被安置在收藏室13中。最后将腔室开口14再用盖子15手动地或马达驱动地关闭。
各个阀6，8，11的操控优选借助机器控制装置自动化进行，但原则上也可以手动进行。
Claims (11)
1.用于使用于构件的增材制造的机器(1)的腔室(2)惰化的方法，其中，在所述腔室(2)中借助粉末涂层机将各一粉末层施加到基底板上并且随后用激光束来固化，具有以下方法步骤：
a.在腔室出口(4)打开的情况下通过对扩张体(10)充注以加压流体(16)使扩张体(10)在腔室(2)中扩张，以便将处于腔室(2)中的气体体积至少部分地通过腔室出口(4)排挤出腔室(2)；和
b.接着在同时排空扩张体(10)的情况下通过打开的腔室入口(3)用惰性气体(17)充注腔室(2)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，在腔室出口(4)关闭的情况下进行用惰性气体(17)充注腔室(2)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，在腔室出口(4)打开的情况下进行用惰性气体(17)充注腔室(2)。
4.根据前述权利要求之一所述的方法，其特征在于，重复进行步骤a和步骤b。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其特征在于，扩张体(10)在其未扩张的初始位态中安置在收藏室(13)中并且通过充注以加压流体(16)而从朝向腔室(2)敞开的收藏室(13)扩张到腔室(2)中。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其特征在于，在步骤a中，处于腔室(2)中的气体体积完全地被扩张体(10)通过腔室出口(4)排挤出腔室(2)。
7.用于构件的增材制造的机器(1)，具有可惰化的腔室(2)，所述腔室具有用于惰性气体的腔室入口(3)和腔室出口(4)以及基底板和粉末涂层机，其中，在所述腔室(2)中借助粉末涂层机将各一粉末层施加到基底板上并且随后用激光束来固化，其特征在于，设置有能以加压流体(16)充注并且能在腔室(2)中扩张的扩张体(10)，所述扩张体在已在腔室(2)中扩张的位态中至少部分地充满在腔室(2)中存在的自由容积。
8.根据权利要求7所述的机器，其特征在于，所述扩张体(10)是气囊或波纹管。
9.根据权利要求7或8所述的机器，其特征在于，所述扩张体(10)在其未扩张的初始位态中安置在朝向腔室(2)敞开的收藏室(13)中。
10.根据权利要求9所述的机器，其特征在于，收藏室(13)能够用盖子(15)相对于腔室(2)封锁。
11.根据权利要求7所述的机器，其特征在于，所述扩张体在已在腔室(2)中扩张的位态中完全地充满在腔室(2)中存在的自由容积。
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