CN109790687B - 处理含有纤维素的废水污泥用于制造挂面纸板和生产纤维素乙醇的方法 - Google Patents
处理含有纤维素的废水污泥用于制造挂面纸板和生产纤维素乙醇的方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明的方法涉及从废水处理设施例如纸浆厂或制浆造纸厂产生的初沉污泥的处理。本发明还涉及在纤维素乙醇的生产中使用初沉污泥的方法。本发明还涉及经处理的初沉污泥在再生挂面纸板制造中的用途。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及从废水处理设施如纸浆厂或制浆造纸厂生产的初沉污泥的处理,其中纤维素纤维是固体废物的重要部分。本发明还涉及在纤维素乙醇的生产中使用由废水产生的初沉污泥的方法。它还涉及初沉污泥在再生挂面纸板制造中的用途。
背景技术
纸的制造涉及在水中将纸浆材料(通常为纤维素纤维)与填料例如粘土和其他添加剂混合以产生在此称为纸浆的原料浆料混合物。然后通过造纸机处理纸浆以形成纸幅。然后从纸幅中提取水,再将纸幅压榨并干燥,从而形成纸产品。提取的水或工业排放物流含有一定量的废物固体,其主要是纤维和填料。
含有这些废物固体的工业排放物流不能通过例如造纸厂“白水回收”装置直接再循环,由污水系统输送到废水处理厂设施。工业排放物流根据废水处理设施的特定设置经过一系列操作,以使废物固体浓缩和脱水,产生污泥。最后,工业排放物流通过压滤机,在那里废物固体被浓缩成初沉污泥,来自压机的过滤废水在曝气池中进一步处理,产生含有生物废物的二次沉淀污泥或细菌活性污泥,以及适合排放或再利用的水。
然而,该流的最大部分是从废水处理设施产生的初沉污泥。脱水后,固体含在浓缩的通常为40%-60%固含量的污泥中。该污泥的主要成分是纤维素纤维和填料如粘土和硅酸盐。
如上所述,从初沉污泥中分离出的过滤水仍然含有溶解的或细悬浮的有机物质,为了安全排放,所述有机物质需要减少。该流在活性污泥工艺中进一步处理并送至曝气池。作为生物过程的产物的二次沉淀污泥通常在垃圾填埋场处理。一些造纸工艺重复利用初沉污泥,然而,除了强度性能问题之外,还发现造纸污泥对施胶有不利影响并导致施胶逆转(size reversion)。
“污泥”是由纸浆和造纸产生的固体残余物的通称。污泥通常在处理来自工业设施的废水的过程中在两个步骤中产生。通过初级澄清器处理的第一阶段回收含有排放物流的大部分悬浮固体的初沉污泥。初级澄清通常通过沉降或通过压滤机进行,但也可以通过溶气浮选进行。在沉淀中,待处理的废水被泵入到大型沉淀池中,固体从池底移出。这些固体可以为1.5%至6.5%,取决于材料的特性。溢出或澄清的水被送到二次处理。
如果工业排放物通过压滤机,则收集初沉污泥,并将过滤的排放物输送回用于二级处理的过程。
由初沉污泥分离产生的废水通常含有溶解的有机物质以及一些细悬浮固体。在水流可以安全地排出或重新使用之前,需要减少或消除这些。二次处理通常是一个生物过程,其中微生物在消耗氧气的同时将废物转化为二氧化碳和水。然后如在初级处理中那样,将所得固体再通过澄清。产生的二次沉淀污泥或生物污泥被送到沉淀池。通常,初沉污泥比第二阶段产生的二次沉淀污泥或生物污泥更容易脱水。这种二次沉淀污泥或生物污泥通常被送到垃圾填埋场。
造纸工业目前使用几种方法来处理纸浆和纸张生产中产生的污泥,例如在可以利用田地的夏季进行土地铺展,以及在冬季蒸汽需求较大时用于产生蒸汽的焚烧。目前,由纸浆厂或制浆造纸厂产生的大多数污泥被脱水和填埋。这些垃圾填埋场可以是由工厂建造和运营的工业垃圾填埋场,也可以是独立拥有的,需要工厂为污泥处理支付“倾倒费”。目前的垃圾填埋场正在达到容量,并且由于更严格的环境要求,新的垃圾填埋场难以选址和建造。
一些替代方法,例如流化床系统,似乎更环保。微生物处理仍然相对较新,尚未大规模使用。如果可以在工厂附近找到用户并且可以获得长期合同,那么污泥灰的替代用途,例如砖和水泥,是一个很好的选择。然而,从制浆造纸厂污泥开发的新产品需要有市场以使其在经济上可行。开发和创造没有市场的产品是没有意义的。
尽管有几种应用,其中初沉污泥中的纤维素纤维可用于经济效益,例如用于乙醇生产或用于再循环纤维素产品,但主要障碍是初沉污泥中的纤维被系统中天然存在的生物剂快速降解。这降低了污泥中纤维的价值。为了减轻纤维的生物降解,希望在分离之前向废水中加入防腐剂。然而,防腐剂也将在分离过程后存在于废水中,因此降低了二次处理步骤中生物剂的效力。因此,希望有一种防腐剂,该防腐剂将显著降低初沉污泥中纤维素纤维的生物降解,而不会影响废水的二次生物处理步骤中COD降低的动力学。虽然已经尝试使用各种组合物和加工技术处理污泥,但是仍然需要找到新的方法和应用,其中初沉污泥可以用作新产品的可再生来源,同时保持二次处理步骤的功效。
发明内容
本发明提供一种处理含有纤维素纤维的工业排放物流或废水流并从排放物流中产生用于生产纤维素乙醇的初沉污泥的方法。
还提供了在再生挂面纸板或硬纸板的制造中使用初沉污泥的方法,挂面纸板和硬纸板的术语在下文中可互换使用。
更具体地,所述方法包括添加包含苯扎氯铵、次氯酸钠和氧四环素的防腐剂到工业排放物流中,将废物固体排放物流浓缩到初沉污泥中,进一步处理和澄清过滤的废水。然后,初沉污泥可用于生产纤维素乙醇或制造再生硬纸板或挂面纸板。
最后,提供了一种用防腐剂处理废水处理设施的工业排放物流的方法,其中废水设施的曝气池或废物处理池中的生物有机活性不受影响。
附图说明
图1显示了典型的废水处理设施的示意图。
具体实施方式
本发明的方法提供处理废水处理设施的工业排放物流,其中所产生的初沉污泥可用于生产纤维素乙醇。该方法还允许初沉污泥用于再生硬纸板或挂面纸板的制造。本方法可用于任何含有至少20重量%纤维素纤维的工业排放物流,例如由纸浆厂或制浆造纸厂产生的那些。
在本发明的方法中,将包含苯扎氯铵、次氯酸钠和氧四环素的防腐剂在废水处理设施中,在产生初沉污泥的压滤机之前或压滤机处或其组合,加入到工业排放物流中。更特别地,苯扎氯铵相对于总活性物的量可以为40-75%,次氯酸钠的量可以为8-20%,以及氧四环素的量可以为0.1-1%。将排放物压滤,产生初沉污泥和过滤的废水流。然后,初沉污泥可用于生产纤维素乙醇或再生硬纸板。过滤的废水流在生物(活性污泥)过程中进一步处理,其中废水中的残余有机物被生物有机体消耗并澄清,进一步将生物废物固体与废水分离。澄清的废水被排放回环境中,废物固体返回曝气池,继续作为活性污泥工作。过量的该污泥进入污泥浓缩机,离心后产生二次沉淀污泥或生物污泥,该二次沉淀污泥或生物污泥通常被送到垃圾填埋场。离心废水可以返回曝气池再次处理。
在优选的方法中,参考图1,工业排放物流2从工业设施1排放到废水处理设施23。在该特定形式中,工业排放物流经过第一沉降池3开始浓缩废物固体。废水经过另外的处理例如冷却塔13,其中微生物有机物分解有机物质14的曝气池,第二沉降池15,澄清器21,最终排出到例如河流22中。在图1中,废物固体继续通过转鼓预浓缩机4,这些主要用于使造纸机损纸脱水以及预浓缩废浆。防腐剂8可以在压滤机之前或压滤机处或其组合,添加到系统中的任何地方。在图1中,在转鼓预浓缩机4和/或压滤机5处加入防腐剂8。将过滤的排放物7例如在冷却塔13之后,通过管道输送回工业排放物流中用于二次处理。
由压滤机产生的污泥被认为是初沉污泥6并且可具有约30%至约60%固体的稠度,并且其中纤维占污泥干重的至少约20%,可以为污泥干重的约35%纤维,可以为污泥干重的约45%纤维。
防腐剂8是包含苯扎氯铵、次氯酸钠和氧四环素的制剂。更特别地,苯扎氯铵相对于总活性物的量可以为40-75%,次氯酸钠的量可以为8-20%,以及氧四环素的量可以为0.1-1%。在图1中,在转鼓预浓缩机4和/或压滤机5处加入防腐剂。但是,它可以添加在这些地方之前的其他位置。防腐剂的加入量可为污泥干重的约100份每百万份(ppm)至约1000ppm。
将图1中过滤的排放物7用管道输送回系统并与来自第一沉降池3和冷却塔13的废水混合。排放物继续通过曝气池14和第二沉降池15,所述曝气池14提供有效的方式去除有机组分并移动固体以产生受控混合模式。第二沉降池15进一步将固体废物与废水分离,产生进一步处理的污泥和澄清的排放物21。然后将澄清的排放物21排放到例如河流22中。
返回到曝气池16的过量的这种污泥在被泵入储罐18之前进一步浓缩,并且在进入离心机之后,产生二次沉淀污泥。二次沉淀污泥可以在排入垃圾填埋场之前任选地用防腐剂处理。图1显示了在二次沉淀污泥浓缩机17之前和之后任选添加的防腐剂。任选存在的防腐剂可用于帮助将细菌数量保持在可接受的水平。通常,使用平板培养方法时,细菌数量应不超过100,000。
工业废物设施可以以许多不同方式配置。例如,过滤的排放物7以及来自离心机19的排放物可以在冷却塔13之前在均压罐(未示出)处用管道输送回系统。从冷却塔流出的排放物将经过与所述相同的过程,其中排放物通过曝气单元14,然后是第二沉降池15,其中污泥再循环16回到曝气单元14,任何多余的污泥进入二次沉淀污泥浓缩机17和离心机19,产生二次沉淀污泥或活性污泥,该二次沉淀污泥或活性污泥通常被送到垃圾填埋场20。然后,来自离心机19的排放物可以在冷却塔之前或之后再循环回到该过程中。
如上所述,在第二沉降池15之后,在二次沉淀污泥浓缩机17中收集的废物固体可以在通过二次沉淀污泥浓缩机17之前,期间或之后或其组合,任选地进行处理。在优选的实施方案中,在二次沉淀污泥中防腐剂的剂量可以为0至约1,200ppm。
以下实施例进一步说明了本发明的方法,并且它们无意以任何方式限制所要求保护的方法的范围。
实施例
实施例1
进行以下操作以评估防腐剂控制细菌的效率。从制浆造纸厂废水中收集初沉污泥样品,并通过下述平板培养方法分析,用培养基PCA(平板计数琼脂)培养至总细菌的生长。
培养平板或平板培养揭示了能够在合适的培养基中和在合适的培养条件下繁殖并形成菌落的微生物的数量。形成的每个菌落都来自一个功能单位。
样品的制备
将100克初沉污泥加入到两个200ml锥形烧瓶中。样品1是不使用防腐剂的初沉污泥,而样品2是含有500ppm防腐剂的初沉污泥。对于每个锥形烧瓶,通过向每个试管中加入9毫升(ml)蒸馏水制备六个灭菌试管。分别将1ml的样品1和2转移到第一试管中。搅拌第一个试管,取出1ml样品放入下一个或第二个试管中,搅拌,从第二个试管中取出1ml样品放入第三个试管中,依此类推至第六个试管。
表面平板培养方法-“涂布平板”
我们在高压釜中合并培养基(将材料从固体传递到液相)(这也可以通过微波完成);将样品1和样品2的每一个的浇注培养物分配在皮氏培养皿中并使其凝固;用移液管加入0.1毫升(ml)的每个样品,用于皮氏培养皿表面的所有稀释液;使用经过灭菌的Drigalsky带将样品涂布在皮氏培养皿中合并培养基的表面上。将培养物在35℃下培养48至72小时,直至菌落完全形成,这通常在48至72小时后,并计数菌落总数中形成的菌落。
测试结果表明,没有防腐剂的初沉污泥的细菌数为300,000,而用本发明的防腐剂处理的初沉污泥的细菌数为5,000。与没有添加防腐剂的初沉污泥相比,本发明的防腐剂通过将细菌数量减少百倍来抑制细菌生长。
实施例2-测量DO水平
废水排出设施用曝气池来悬浮废水中的微生物。离开初级处理阶段后,将污水泵入曝气池中。污泥中装载有微生物并与空气或纯氧混合。当空气被鼓入曝气池时,它增加了这些微生物的活性,并有助于保持有机废物充分混合。将溶解氧(DO)添加到曝气池中以通过向需氧微生物提供氧来增强氧化过程,从而它们可以成功地将有机废物转化为无机副产物或“活性”污泥。大多数设施保持约1.5毫克/升(mg/L)至约3.5mg/L的DO,因此活性污泥中含有的微生物也可以获得氧气。
使用来自Emerson Process Management的499ADO型溶解氧探测器进行以下测试。氧气通过探测器的透气膜扩散并在阴极处还原。这在阳极和阴极之间产生电流,由EmersonProcess Management制造的54eA型电流分析仪测量该电流。
监测该过程的曝气系统的DO水平增加或减少。如果DO水平突然增加到超过3.5mg/L,而曝气系统没有任何变化,则表明过滤的排放物中的残留防腐剂正在影响活性污泥中细菌的活力。在本发明使用防腐剂的测试中,平均DO为3.0mg/L,表明防腐剂不影响活性污泥中细菌的活力。
实施例3-测量BOD水平
生化需氧量(BOD)(也称为生物需氧量)是需氧生物有机体在特定时间内在特定温度下分解给定水样中存在的有机物质所需的溶解氧的量。BOD值最通常表示为在20℃下培养5天(以下称为BOD5)期间每升样品消耗的氧气毫克数,并且通常用作水的有机污染程度的替代。
BOD5可用作废水处理设施效力的衡量标准。它被列为美国清洁水法案中的常规污染物。
稀释方法
水和废水检验标准方法中的方法5210B是美国环境保护局(EPA)认可的标准方法。为了获得废水排出物样品中的BOD和溶解氧(DO)浓度,在上述制备的样品的培养期之前和之后测量样品,并通过样品相应的稀释因子(即试管稀释1-6)进行适当调整。
使用300毫升(ml)培养瓶进行分析,其中缓冲稀释水中加入种子微生物,并在20℃的暗室中储存5天,以防止通过光合作用产生DO。样品培养期间溶解氧(DO)消耗的稀释通常为初始DO的40%至70%。除了BOD样品的各种稀释液之外,还可以使用稀释水空白,葡萄糖谷氨酸(GGA)对照和种子对照。稀释水空白用于确认用于稀释其他样品的稀释水的质量。这是必要的,因为稀释水中的杂质可能导致结果的显著改变。GGA对照是确定种子质量的标准化解决方案,其推荐的BOD5浓度为198mg/L±30.5mg/L。为了测量含碳BOD(cBOD),在将稀释水加入样品后加入硝化抑制剂。该抑制剂阻碍氨氮的氧化,所述氨氮提供含氮BOD(nBOD)。在进行BOD5测试时,通常的做法是仅测量cBOD,因为氮需求不能反映有机物的需氧量。这是因为nBOD是由蛋白质的分解产生的,而cBOD是由有机分子的分解产生的。
大多数干净的河流将具有低于1mg/L的5天含碳BOD5。中度污染的河流可能具有2mg/L至8mg/L的BOD5值。通过三阶段处理过程有效处理的市政污水的BOD5值为约20mg/L或更低。
在将防腐剂添加到系统之前和之后,在设施处监测BOD。测试显示在废水处理过程开始时平均BOD为619mg/L,在最终处理的排放物中为9mg/L,即BOD减少超过98%。
如果最终排放物中的BOD水平突然变得高于参考值,则表明防腐剂正在影响活性污泥中细菌的活力,但是如果BOD的水平是根据参考值,这表明防腐剂没有在影响细菌数。当BOD的降低高于98%,并且最终排放物中的BOD水平远低于参考值时,表明防腐剂不影响活性污泥中细菌的活力和一般的处理。
实施例4-测量氮(氨)水平
可以通过比色法直接测定氨氮。然而,批准的用于废水排放物的方法是将氨初步蒸馏到酸吸收溶液中,用于比色、滴定或特定离子电极测定。如果省略初步蒸馏步骤,则必须在实验室中获得比较数据,表明不需要该步骤。
EPA的标准方法351.2可用于测量总凯氏氮(TKN),其是用于确定生物污泥样品中包含的有机氮和氨氮的分析。该分析包括初步细菌分解以将有机氮转化为氨,然后将总氨蒸馏到酸吸收溶液中并通过适当的方法例如上述方法测定氨。
对废水处理设施的最终排放物中的总氮水平进行测试。可接受的水平必须低于30mg/L,氨氮水平必须低于20mg/L以排放到环境中。测试表明,当使用本发明的防腐剂时,最终处理的排放物中的氨氮平均水平为2.6mg/L,远低于可接受的水平。
如果最终排放物中的氮水平突然保持高于典型值,这表明过滤的排放物中的残留防腐剂影响活性污泥中细菌的活力。如果氮水平非常低,并且BDO水平低,则表明过滤的排放物中的防腐剂水平足够。在本发明的测试中,氨氮水平远低于参考值,2.6mg/L对20mg/L。结果表明,本发明的防腐剂一般不影响活性污泥中细菌的活力和废水处理。
Claims (10)
1.一种由工业废水排放物制备用于制造纤维素乙醇的初沉污泥的方法,所述方法包括用包含苯扎氯铵、次氯酸钠和氧四环素的化学组合物处理所述工业废水排放物的步骤。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述初沉污泥的固体包含至少20重量%的纤维素纤维。
3.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中将所述化学组合物以100份每百万份(ppm)至1,000ppm的量加入到所述工业废水排放物中。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述初沉污泥为至少40重量%的总固体含量。
5.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中苯扎氯铵相对于总活性物的量为40-75%,次氯酸钠的量为8-20%,以及氧四环素的量为0.1-1%。
6.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中在压滤机之前将所述化学组合物加入到所述工业废水排放物中。
7.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中在压滤机处将所述化学组合物加入到所述工业废水排放物中。
8.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述初沉污泥中的细菌数小于100,000。
9.一种制备纤维素乙醇的方法,所述方法包括如权利要求1所述由工业废水排放物制备初沉污泥,并在乙醇生产中使用所得的初沉污泥。
10.一种由工业废水排放物制备用于制造再生挂面纸板的初沉污泥的方法,所述方法包括用包含苯扎氯铵、次氯酸钠和氧四环素的化学组合物处理所述工业废水排放物的步骤。
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