CN109789785B - 用于开关模式电源的功率部件的基于计时器的热保护 - Google Patents

用于开关模式电源的功率部件的基于计时器的热保护 Download PDF

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CN109789785B
CN109789785B CN201780058745.5A CN201780058745A CN109789785B CN 109789785 B CN109789785 B CN 109789785B CN 201780058745 A CN201780058745 A CN 201780058745A CN 109789785 B CN109789785 B CN 109789785B
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M.扎金
A.费希
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Vitesco Technologies USA LLC
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
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    • B60L1/00—Supplying electric power to auxiliary equipment of vehicles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L3/00—Electric devices on electrically-propelled vehicles for safety purposes; Monitoring operating variables, e.g. speed, deceleration or energy consumption
    • B60L3/04—Cutting off the power supply under fault conditions
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/08—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/24—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to undervoltage or no-voltage
    • H02H3/243—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to undervoltage or no-voltage for DC systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H5/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal non-electric working conditions with or without subsequent reconnection
    • H02H5/04—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal non-electric working conditions with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to abnormal temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H5/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal non-electric working conditions with or without subsequent reconnection
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H5/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal non-electric working conditions with or without subsequent reconnection
    • H02H5/04—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal non-electric working conditions with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to abnormal temperature
    • H02H5/044—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal non-electric working conditions with or without subsequent reconnection responsive to abnormal temperature using a semiconductor device to sense the temperature
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/10—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers
    • H02H7/12—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for converters; for rectifiers for static converters or rectifiers
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J7/0029—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries with safety or protection devices or circuits
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/08—Circuits specially adapted for the generation of control voltages for semiconductor devices incorporated in static converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2210/00—Converter types
    • B60L2210/10—DC to DC converters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/52—Drive Train control parameters related to converters
    • B60L2240/525—Temperature of converter or components thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2240/00—Control parameters of input or output; Target parameters
    • B60L2240/40—Drive Train control parameters
    • B60L2240/52—Drive Train control parameters related to converters
    • B60L2240/527—Voltage
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    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L2260/00—Operating Modes
    • B60L2260/10—Temporary overload
    • B60L2260/16—Temporary overload of electrical drive trains
    • B60L2260/165—Temporary overload of electrical drive trains of converters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2207/00—Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
    • H02J2207/20—Charging or discharging characterised by the power electronics converter
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/32—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection
    • H02M1/327—Means for protecting converters other than automatic disconnection against abnormal temperatures
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Abstract

开关模式电源的外部部件过传导的最大时间由在外部部件被导通之前器件正在运行的实际环境温度确定。因此，当温度低时，外部部件的运行时间因此被延长，并且当温度高时，外部部件的运行时间因此被减少。

Description

用于开关模式电源的功率部件的基于计时器的热保护
背景技术
开关模式电源是众所周知的。它们通常包括或包含集成电路控制器、电感器、电容器和高载流半导体，该高载流半导体通常是二极管和场效应晶体管（FET），其由集成电路控制器控制以切换并且耗散大量功率。除了所谓的智能MOSFET之外，一般与开关模式电源一起使用的二极管和FET不具有热保护并且易受热损坏。
开关模式电源的众所周知的特征是即使当电源的输入电压低或在下降时，它们也能够提供相对恒定的输出电压。在“汽车”应用中，开关模式电源经常需要在车辆的蓄电池端子电压非常低（例如，大约三伏）时运行，这在发动机起动期间经常发生。当车辆中的蓄电池电压的端子电压变低时，开关模式电源必须然后能够承载对应地大量的输入电流以便维持其输出电压。换句话说，为了维持恒定的输出功率，如果仅在短时间段内，开关模式电源的平均输入电流可能必须实质地增加。
还众所周知的是，随着电源的输入电压降低，开关模式电源效率能够降低。效率损失进一步增加了提供恒定输出电压所需的平均输入电流。
由过量电流流过开关模式电源的半导体导致的过度功率耗散将导致器件过早失效。如果这些器件没有其自身的热保护，它们最终将被破坏。
现有技术开关模式电源采用三种不同的技术来避免通过由电流导致的过度热耗散破坏半导体。一种解决方案是加大外部功率部件的尺寸或者有余量地设计用于器件的热同步，使得半导体能够在最坏情况条件下无限期地运行。这种解决方案的明显缺点是超出必要的外部功率部件的增加的尺寸和成本，并且通常是不可接受的解决方案，其中，电子电路的成本和物理尺寸是重要的。
保护器件免受过温度的另一种现有技术解决方案是提供具有其自身内置热保护的半导体。许多半导体制造商提供具有内置热关断机构的所谓“智能MOSFET”。这些部件比未受保护的MOSFET更昂贵，并且由于该原因，使用它们经常是不期望的。
保护半导体免受过温度毁坏的第三种方法是限制其在过大的输入电流下运行的时间，以便限制其温度上升。电源的运行参数被用于确定高于典型值的外部功率部件上的功率耗散。计时器被启动，该计时器确定在关断电源之前能够使用外部部件的时间量。当计时器达到其预定的最大计数时，到半导体的功率被关断，从而防止半导体被毁坏。
关于第三种解决方案，用于优化或最大化半导体能够在不毁坏的情况下运行的时间的方法和设备将是对现有技术的改进。
附图说明
图1是具有用于电源的功率部件的基于计时器的热保护的开关模式电源的框图；以及
图2描绘了保护开关模式电源的外部功率部件免受热损坏的方法的步骤。
具体实施方案
图1描绘了开关模式电源100。电源100包括“功率级”102，该“功率级”102通常包括高载流电感器、二极管、场效应晶体管（FET）和从车辆电池104接收电能的电容器。电池当然具有标称输出电压，并且电池将该电压提供到电源100的输入端，该电源100将该电压转换为运行负载108（通常是发动机控制器单元或ECU）所需的电压106。ECU控制机动车辆的发动机和其它部件。
功率级FET 102通过施加到其栅极端子的电压而被导通和截止。这种电压被认为是控制信号，并且在图1中，从脉冲宽度调制（PWM）控制器110接收该控制信号。来自PWM控制器110的输出信号112以一速率和占空比使功率级晶体管102导通和截止，由此，即使在电池电压104低或在降低时，输出电压106也能够被维持为相对恒定。
电池电压104还被提供到常规的模拟电压比较器114。比较器114将实际电池电压104与参考电压116进行比较，并且当电池电压104降至参考电压116以下时，比较器的输出端118控制（启动和停止）可操作地联接到振荡器122的计时器或计数器120，该振荡器122向计数器120提供定时脉冲。
简而言之，计时器或计数器120提供在来自比较器的输入信号118被计数器120断言（assert）和接收之后经过的时间量的测量。计数器120的输出124是提供到数字比较器126的数字值。能够被实施为处理器或组合逻辑的数字比较器126将计数器120的输出124与最大计数值128进行比较。当计数器值124超过最大计数值128时，数字比较器126向控制器110的控制输入端132提供“禁止”信号130。数字比较器126到控制器110的信号130导致控制器110向功率级102的晶体管提供输出信号112，这导致高载流晶体管关断，从而防止高载流晶体管过热。
换句话说，当电池电压104低于或小于参考电压116时，启动计数器120。当由计数器120测量的经过时间等于或超过被加载到最大计数寄存器128中的最大值时，功率级102的晶体管被关断。图1中描绘的电路因此在电池电压104变得低于加载到最大计数寄存器128中的某个预定值时限制功率级102的晶体管被允许传导的时间量。
通过向最大计数寄存器128提供数字输出计数值142的环境温度传感器140提供一种改进的热保护电路，该热保护电路最大化功率级102的晶体管能够过传导（over-conduct）的时间。环境温度传感器因此有效地将功率级102的晶体管能够传导电流的最大时间量确定为温度的函数。因此能够考虑热保护电路包括计数器120、最大计数寄存器128、数字比较器126和环境温度传感器140。
能够通过许多常规方式来实现将数字计数值142提供到对应于温度的最大计数寄存器128。举例来说，由常规温度传感器提供的电压，例如PN结电压，能够通过常规的A/D转换器转换成数字值。来自A/D转换器的数字值能够被直接提供到最大计数寄存器128，或者使用常规的数字逻辑电路或处理器使其值偏移或者向上或向下“调整”（增加或减少）。
如本文中所使用的，术语“实时”是指发生某事的实际时间。
图2描绘了用于保护开关模式电源的外部功率部件免受热损坏的方法200的步骤。方法200包括第一步骤201，该第一步骤201包括确定功率级部件的热过载是否可能（例如，电池电压水平是否低于预定阈值）。在不可能热过载的情况下，计时器递减（或复位）并且不采取动作来关断功率级的部件208。在可能热过载的情况下，计时器被启用205，并且环境温度值在步骤202处实时获得。环境温度被用于产生或创建数字值，该数字值对应于开关模式电源的载流FET能够传导电流的最大时间量。在替代实施例中，循环计数器能够递增或递减，直到达到一值，其中，FET导通的经过时间由循环计数器运转的速率或速度有效地确定。
在步骤204处，利用使用环境温度获得的计数器值确定允许过电流流过开关模式电源的功率开关晶体管的最大时间量。在步骤206处，允许电流流过晶体管，直到超过或等于最大过电流时间。
在步骤208处向负载提供电流，直到超过最大过电流时间。在使用循环计数器的实施例中，提供电流直到循环计数器终止。
当满足或超过最大过电流时间，或者循环计数器终止时，在步骤210处关断到负载的电流，从而防止外部开关模式电源晶体管受到热损坏，时间量取决于晶体管正在运行的环境温度。
本文中描述的方法以及设备根据外部晶体管的实际运行条件，即根据晶体管开始传导电流的环境温度，延长或减少过电流被提供到开关模式电源的外部晶体管的时间。当环境温度非常低时，外部开关模式电源晶体管能够运行的时间被延长。相反，当环境温度高时，开关模式晶体管在其被损坏之前及早被禁用。
本领域普通技术人员应该认识到，包括功率级102的场效应晶体管是三端子器件。器件的漏极端子通常被连接到电池；源极端子通常被连接到负载。然而，控制FET的栅极被联接到控制器110的输出端。因此，施加到FET的栅极电压确定晶体管是导通和传导的还是截止和不传导的。
众所周知的，开关模式电源的晶体管的频率和占空比使得功率级的晶体管能够以基本上独立于电池电压104的电压向负载提供电流。因此，处理器110确定提供到功率级102的晶体管的控制输入端（即栅极端子）的信号的频率和占空比。
在一个优选实施例中，最大计数寄存器128被实施为一系列D型触发器（flipflop）。最大计数寄存器128还可以被实施为存储器器件中的位置。
在优选实施例中，环境温度传感器140被实施为与图1中所示的其它部件形成在相同的半导体管芯（semiconductor die，或为“半导体裸片”）上的二极管。众所周知，二极管具有取决于其温度的P-N结电压。
以上描述仅用于说明的目的。在所附权利要求中阐述了本发明的真实范围。

Claims (11)

1.一种开关模式电源，包括：
晶体管，所述晶体管被配置为从具有输出电压的电池向负载提供电流，来自所述电池的所述输出电压响应于通过所述晶体管施加到所述电池的负载而改变，所述晶体管具有联接到所述电池的输入节点、联接到所述负载的输出节点以及控制节点，其中，施加到所述控制节点的信号确定所述晶体管是导通和传导的还是截止和不传导的；
处理器，所述处理器具有控制输入端和联接到所述晶体管的所述控制节点的输出端，所述处理器被配置为使所述晶体管导通和截止并且从而控制所述晶体管向所述负载提供电流，来自所述晶体管并提供到所述负载的输出电压独立于从所述电池到所述晶体管的输入电压，但取决于从所述电池流过所述晶体管的电流量，所述处理器附加地被配置为响应于由所述处理器在所述处理器的控制输入端处接收的禁用信号而禁用所述晶体管；
热保护电路，所述热保护电路被联接到所述处理器的控制输入端，所述热保护电路包括环境温度传感器、计数器和比较器，所述热保护电路被配置为响应于以下参数向所述处理器提供禁用信号：
由所述环境温度传感器确定的环境温度；
所述电池电压；以及
所述晶体管导通并向所述负载提供电流的时间量。
2.根据权利要求1所述的开关模式电源，其中，所述热保护电路被配置为改变响应于所述环境温度中的变化而将所述禁用信号提供到所述处理器经过的时间。
3.根据权利要求1所述的开关模式电源，其中，所述计数器是循环计数器。
4.根据权利要求1所述的开关模式电源，其中，所述计数器是计时器。
5.根据权利要求1所述的开关模式电源，其中，所述热保护电路包括：
计数器；
最大计数寄存器；以及
比较器，所述比较器被能够操作地联接到所述计数器和所述最大计数寄存器，所述比较器具有输出端子，所述输出端子被配置为向所述处理器提供所述禁用信号；
其中，所述最大计数寄存器保持计数值，所述计数值由所述环境温度确定。
6.根据权利要求1所述的开关模式电源，其中，所述热保护电路包括循环计数器，并且其中，所述热保护电路被配置为通过由所述循环计数器确定的计数限值来限制所述晶体管导通的时间量。
7.根据权利要求1所述的开关模式电源，其中，所述处理器形成在半导体管芯上，并且其中，所述热保护电路包括也形成在所述半导体管芯上的半导体器件。
8.一种保护开关模式电源的外部功率部件免受热损坏的方法，所述方法包括：
实时确定环境温度；
使用所述环境温度确定允许电流流过所述外部功率部件的最大时间长度；
通过所述外部功率部件向负载提供电流，并且在电流被提供到所述负载的同时启动计时器；
将由所述计时器测量的经过时间与由所述环境温度确定的所述最大时间长度进行比较；以及
当所述经过时间等于或超过由所述环境温度确定的所述最大时间长度时，关断通过所述外部功率部件到所述负载的电流。
9.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中，使用所述环境温度确定允许电流流过所述外部功率部件的最大时间长度的步骤包括：从时间值的表获得最大时间长度，所述时间值通过环境温度值在所述表中索引。
10.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中，使用所述环境温度确定允许电流流过所述外部功率部件的最大时间长度的步骤包括：求解将最大时间长度与环境温度相关联的方程。
11.根据权利要求8所述的方法，其中，使用所述环境温度确定允许电流流过所述外部功率部件的最大时间长度的步骤包括：使用循环计数器确定最大时间长度。
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