CN109693083A - 一种大长径比钛合金壳体的塑性成形方法 - Google Patents
一种大长径比钛合金壳体的塑性成形方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109693083A CN109693083A CN201910125978.3A CN201910125978A CN109693083A CN 109693083 A CN109693083 A CN 109693083A CN 201910125978 A CN201910125978 A CN 201910125978A CN 109693083 A CN109693083 A CN 109693083A
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 [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23P—METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; COMBINED OPERATIONS; UNIVERSAL MACHINE TOOLS
- B23P15/00—Making specific metal objects by operations not covered by a single other subclass or a group in this subclass
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C23/00—Extruding metal; Impact extrusion
- B21C23/02—Making uncoated products
- B21C23/20—Making uncoated products by backward extrusion
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
- B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
- B21C29/00—Cooling or heating work or parts of the extrusion press; Gas treatment of work
Abstract
本发明公开了一种大长径比钛合金壳体的塑性成形方法。将钛合金坯料在600℃加热，保温2小时，迅速加热至相变点以下10℃～15℃，保温30分钟；接着将钛合金坯料取出，迅速放入预成形模具中，合模，以5mm/s的速度进行挤压，挤压完成后开模取出预制坯，冷却；接着换入终成形模具，并将终成形模具中的挤压垫加热并控制保持恒温，终成形模具中的凹模进行分区加热并控制各分区保持恒温；重复坯料加热步骤后，将预成形坯料放入终成形模具中，合模，采用挤压设备对钛合金预成形坯料进行拉‑压应力交互加载式挤压成形，最终完成整个钛合金壳体的成形。本发明可以解决大长径比钛合金壳体成形设备要求高，吨位和工作高度不够的难题，工艺操作简便，生产效率高。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种大长径比钛合金壳体的成形方法。
背景技术
钛合金作为在航空航天领域广泛应用的优质轻合金，具有高强、高韧、高耐蚀等优点；但另一方面，由于钛合金是难变形材料，变形抗力大，塑性流动性差，特别是大长径比的钛合金零件，挤压行程长，温降快，若加热温度不够，极易出现挤压裂纹，和挤压力过大无法继续成形的情况；而加热温度过高，又会形成魏氏组织，导致产品延伸率大幅下降。目前钛合金壳体的成形一般采用反挤压的传统成形工艺，但对于大长径比钛合金壳体构件，采用反挤压工艺对设备和工装要求高，需要有足够空间的工作台尺寸和足够大的挤压吨位，工装的材料也要求很高的耐磨和耐热性，制备的钛合金壳体壁厚差往往也难以控制，故而这类大长径比钛合金壳体常直接采用大直径棒料机械加工制造，与塑性成形制坯的工艺相比，构件性能较差且成本高，效率低。
发明内容
本发明要提供一种操作简便、材料利用率高、性能高、成本低的大长径比钛合金壳体塑性成形方法。
为解决上述技术问题：本发明提出了一种大长径比钛合金壳体的塑性成形方法，包括如下步骤：
步骤一、下料
将钛合金棒料车削为所需尺寸的坯料；
步骤二、加热
将步骤一获得的坯料进行阶梯升温：在600℃加热，保温2小时，接着迅速加热至相变点以下10℃～15℃，保温30分钟；
步骤三、壳体预成形
将坯料放入模具中，合模，采用挤压设备对钛合金坯料进行反挤压预成形，挤压出定位底座和内孔，完成挤压后，放入空气中冷却；
步骤四、换模
将钛合金壳体终成形模具装入挤压设备中；
步骤五、模具准备
将步骤四终成形模具中的挤压垫加热并控制保持恒温，终成形模具中的凹模进行分区加热并控制各分区保持恒温；
步骤六、加热
将步骤三获得的预成形坯料进行阶梯升温：在600℃加热，保温2小时，接着迅速加热至相变点以下10℃～15℃，保温30分钟；
步骤七、壳体终成形
将预成形坯料放入终成形模具中，合模，采用挤压设备对钛合金预成形坯料进行拉-压应力交互加载式挤压成形，完成挤压后，放入空气中冷却。
进一步，所述步骤三、步骤七中的挤压设备均为卧式挤压机。所述步骤五中的凹模加热控温设备为分区感应加热控温设备。
本发明具有以下有益效果：
1、本发明不仅能够克服钛合金深孔壳体零件传统反挤压时挤压行程长、成形缺陷多、挤压力过大的难题，亦能够避免钛合金挤压中出现魏氏组织导致性能降低的问题。
2、应用本发明，可制备长径比≤4.5的钛合金壳体锻件。
3、应用本发明，可显著提高钛合金壳体的壁厚差；
4、本发明可操作强，效率高，成本低，可工程化大规模生产。
附图说明
图1为挤压预成形步骤（1）示意图；
图2为挤压预成形步骤（2）示意图；
图3为挤压终成形步骤（1）示意图；
图4为挤压终成形步骤（2）示意图；
图5为实施例1中一种大长径比钛合金壳体的分区加热控温示意图。
图中，1-挤压筒 2-预成形凸模 3-凹模 4-预制坯 5-挤压垫 6-终成形凸模 7-终成形坯料。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图对本发明作进一步详细描述，有必要在此指出的是，以下具体实施方式只用于对本发明进行进一步的说明，不能理解为对本发明保护范围的限制，该领域的普通技术人员可以根据上述发明内容对本发明做出一些非本质的改进和调整。
实施例1：
一种大长径比钛合金壳体的塑性成形方法，包括如下步骤：
1、下料：将φ200mm的Ti12LC钛合金棒料车削为φ196mm×100mm的坯料；
2、加热：将预制坯料在电阻加热炉中加热至600℃，保温2小时，接着迅速加热至930℃，保温30min；（该钛合金相变温度为945℃）；
3、壳体预成形：将钛合金预制坯料放入模具中，合模，以5mm/s的挤压速度进行反挤压预成形（其中凹模的内孔底径为φ135mm，凸模外径为φ118mm），凸模挤入深度78mm，完成挤压成形后，放入空气中冷却；
4、换模：将钛合金壳体终成形模具装入挤压设备中；
5、模具准备：将挤压垫加热至895℃并保持恒温，凹模进行分区加热并保持恒温，高温区为920℃，中温区为900℃，低温区为850℃。
6、加热：将步骤3获得的预成形坯料进行阶梯升温：在600℃加热，保温2小时，接着迅速加热至930℃，保温30分钟；
7、壳体终成形：将预成形坯料放入终成形模具中，合模，采用挤压设备对钛合金预成形坯料进行拉-压应力交互加载式挤压成形（其中凹模的内径为φ145mm，凸模外径为φ118mm），完成挤压后，放入空气中冷却。
8、按照钛合金壳体锻件技术要求对步骤6完成的壳体锻件进行检验。
采用本发明制备的钛合金深孔壳体构件，φ外径138mm，长度440mm，内孔深390mm，壁厚差＜0.2mm，经热处理后抗拉强度大于1100MPa，延伸率大于12.5％，表面无缺陷，满足锻件技术要求。
实施例2：
一种大长径比钛合金壳体的塑性成形方法，包括如下步骤：
1、下料：将φ250mm的Ti12LC钛合金棒料车削为φ246mm×125mm的坯料；
2、加热：将预制坯料在电阻加热炉中加热至600℃，保温2小时，接着迅速加热至970℃，保温30min；（该钛合金相变温度为980℃）；
3、壳体预成形：将钛合金预制坯料放入模具中，合模，以5mm/s的挤压速度进行反挤压成形（其中凹模的内孔底径为φ172mm，凸模外径为φ156mm），凸模挤入深度100mm，完成挤压成形后，放入空气中冷却；
4、换模：将钛合金壳体终成形模具装入挤压设备中；
5、模具准备：将挤压垫加热至930℃并保持恒温，凹模进行分区加热并保持恒温，高温区为950℃，中温区为930℃，低温区为880℃。
6、加热：将步骤3获得的预成形坯料进行阶梯升温：在600℃加热，保温2小时，接着迅速加热至970℃，保温30分钟；
7、壳体终成形：将预成形坯料放入终成形模具中，合模，采用挤压设备对钛合金预成形坯料进行拉-压应力交互加载式挤压成形（其中凹模的内径为φ185mm，凸模外径为φ156mm），完成挤压后，放入空气中冷却。
8、按照钛合金壳体锻件技术要求对步骤6完成的壳体锻件进行检验。
采用本发明制备的钛合金深孔壳体构件，外径φ176mm，长度600mm，内孔深540mm，壁厚差＜0.2mm，经热处理后抗拉强度大于1080MPa，延伸率大于10％，表面无缺陷，满足锻件技术要求。
实施例3：
一种大长径比钛合金壳体的塑性成形方法，包括如下步骤：
1、下料：将φ220mm的Ti12LC钛合金棒料车削为φ216mm×121mm的坯料；
2、加热：将预制坯料在电阻加热炉中加热至600℃，保温2小时，接着迅速加热至870℃，保温30min；（该钛合金相变温度为885℃）；
3、壳体预成形：将钛合金预制坯料放入模具中，合模，以5mm/s的挤压速度进行反挤压成形（其中凹模的内孔底径为φ152mm，凸模外径为φ125mm），凸模挤入深度85mm，完成挤压成形后，放入空气中冷却；
4、换模：将钛合金壳体终成形模具装入挤压设备中；
5、模具准备：将挤压垫加热至835℃并保持恒温，凹模进行分区加热并保持恒温，高温区为860℃，中温区为840℃，低温区为800℃。
6、加热：将步骤3获得的预成形坯料进行阶梯升温：在600℃加热，保温2小时，接着迅速加热至970℃，保温30分钟；
7、壳体终成形：将预成形坯料放入终成形模具中，合模，采用挤压设备对钛合金预成形坯料进行拉-压应力交互加载式挤压成形（其中凹模的内径为φ163mm，凸模外径为φ125mm），完成挤压后，放入空气中冷却。
8、按照钛合金壳体锻件技术要求对步骤6完成的壳体锻件进行检验。
采用本发明制备的钛合金深孔壳体零件，直径φ155mm，长度450mm，内孔深380mm，壁厚差＜0.2mm，经热处理后抗拉强度大于1120MPa，延伸率大于12％，表面无缺陷，满足锻件技术要求。
Claims (8)
1.一种大长径比钛合金壳体的塑性成形方法，其特征在于：包括如下步骤：
步骤一、下料
将钛合金棒料车削为所需尺寸的坯料；
步骤二、坯料加热
将步骤一获得的坯料进行阶梯升温：在600℃加热，保温2小时，接着迅速加热至相变点以下10℃～15℃，保温30分钟；
步骤三、壳体预成形
将坯料放入模具中，合模，采用挤压设备对钛合金坯料进行反挤压预成形，挤压出定位底座和内孔，完成挤压后，放入空气中冷却；
步骤四、换模
将钛合金壳体终成形模具装入挤压设备中；
步骤五、模具准备
将步骤四终成形模具中的挤压垫加热并控制保持恒温，终成形模具中的凹模进行分区加热并控制各分区保持恒温；
步骤六、坯料加热
将步骤三获得的预成形坯料进行阶梯升温：在600℃加热，保温2小时，接着迅速加热至相变点以下10℃～15℃，保温30分钟；
步骤七、壳体终成形
将预成形坯料放入终成形模具中，合模，采用挤压设备对钛合金预成形坯料进行拉-压应力交互加载式挤压成形，完成挤压后，放入空气中冷却。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种大长径比钛合金壳体的塑性成形方法，其特征在于：步骤一中的坯料直径尺寸为锻件设计外径的1.2～1.5倍。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种大长径比钛合金壳体的塑性成形方法，其特征在于：步骤三中的预成形凹模内孔底径为产品外径的0.95～0.98倍。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种大长径比钛合金壳体的塑性成形方法，其特征在于：步骤三中的预成形凸模外径为产品设计内径。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种大长径比钛合金壳体的塑性成形方法，其特征在于：步骤三中的反挤压预成形凸模挤入深度为坯料长度的0.7～0.8。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种大长径比钛合金壳体的塑性成形方法，其特征在于：步骤五中的挤压垫加热温度为挤压坯料相变点以下50℃。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种大长径比钛合金壳体的塑性成形方法，其特征在于：步骤五中的终成形凹模加热为分区加热控温，高温区为挤压变形部位，温度为挤压坯料相变点以下20℃～30℃，中温区为待变形部位温度为挤压坯料相变点以下40℃～50℃，低温区为变形完成部位，温度为挤压坯料相变点以下80℃～100℃。
8.根据权利要求1所述的一种大长径比钛合金壳体的塑性成形方法，其特征在于：步骤五中的终成形凹模内径为钛合金壳体设计外径的1.05倍。
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