CN101376141B - 汽车轮毂挤压成形方法及其配套成形模具 - Google Patents
汽车轮毂挤压成形方法及其配套成形模具 Download PDFInfo
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- CN101376141B CN101376141B CN2008102117601A CN200810211760A CN101376141B CN 101376141 B CN101376141 B CN 101376141B CN 2008102117601 A CN2008102117601 A CN 2008102117601A CN 200810211760 A CN200810211760 A CN 200810211760A CN 101376141 B CN101376141 B CN 101376141B
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种汽车轮毂挤压成形方法，轮毂挤压件采用分工序等温挤压成形，该方法包括如下步骤：取外径尺寸与所要成形的轮毂外径尺寸相当的饼坯，依次经过正挤压、复合挤压、扩口工序进行加工成形，其中：正挤压成形出轮辐部分，并使其余金属初步均匀聚集在轮辐周缘位置；复合挤压预成形出桶状轮辋及轮辋的上下轮缘；扩口工艺使轮辋成形。本发明还涉及三套模具，包括正挤压成形模具、复合挤压成形模具和轮辋扩口模具。本发明的技术方案可以减小成形力，减少设备与模具投入，降低生产成本，提高成形产品质量。
Description
汽车轮毂挤压成形方法及其配套成形模具
技术领域
[0001] 本发明属于镁、铝合金挤压成形技术，特别涉及一种镁合金汽车轮毂挤压件挤压 成形方法及其配套成形模具。
背景技术
[0002] 汽车工业作为国民经济的支柱产业，发展极其迅速。如何限制能源用量，提高能源 利用率，减少废气排放量，对保护生态环境和人们的生活环境尤为重要。节省油耗的一个最 有效途是减轻汽车自重，汽车轮毂作为车辆运行的基本承载部件，其性能好坏将直接影响 车辆的行驶安全、能耗及外观质量。
[0003] 铝合金车轮轮毂具有质轻、防腐、导热性好可降低轮胎使用过程中的温度、提高其 寿命等优点，成形工艺性也比较好，在现代汽车制造中正取代传统的钢制轮毂而被广泛地 推广应用。
[0004] 镁合金材料的密度低（相对密度为1. 7〜1. 8)、比强度与比刚度都比较高，采用镁 合金作轮毂对车辆的轻量化、提高燃油效率和减少(X)2的排放量都具有重要意义；镁合金具 有较高的减振性和抗冲击性，非常适合车轮的使用条件。因此，以镁合金代替铝合金作轮毂 是小轿车的发展趋势。
[0005] 汽车轮毂的成形主要分为铸造式和锻造式两种。铝合金轮毂的铸造工艺已比较成 熟，而镁合金轮毂铸造方法，由于力学性能等难以满足使用要求，还存在一定的局限性，其 实际应用还少见报导。由于轮毂的锻造法普遍存在生产工序多、生产效率较低、设备吨位 大，模具尺寸大，成本远高于铸造法，一直限于特殊用途轮毂的小批量生产，如在赛车和高 档轿车上应用，其制造成本普通轿车还难以承受。
[0006] 近年来，镁合金轮毂的锻造成形技术已有很大发展，美国专利US005902424A公开 了一种镁合金成型的加工方法，采用铸造坯料一锻造-T6处理-旋锻-轧制等工艺制造汽 轮毂，制品具有良好组织和机械性能，但其工艺极其复杂，所需的设备较多，投资大，生产成 本很高。
[0007] 专利号为：ZL031008933的发明公开了镁合金汽轮毂铸挤复合成形方法，其主要 工艺过程包括：铸造制坯-预成形-墩挤成形-等温挤压-精整形。制品晶粒细化，组织 致密，机械性能和表面质量较高，但其工艺还是比较复杂，成形力大、轮缘成形困难、难以脱 模，所需设备压力较大。
[0008] 专利号ZL200510010214.8的发明专利采用固态热挤压方法一次成形镁合金轮 毂，工序最少，但变形程度大导致单位挤压力大，当轮毂尺寸较大时，模具尺寸就非常大，需 要设备吨位也很大，致使成本提高。
[0009] 发明申请20061001¾¾. 9发明了一种汽车轮毂省力成形方法及装置，工艺过程 为铸造坯料-均勻化处理一预成形制坯-反挤压-墩挤前轮缘-扩口后轮缘-精整工序， 采用多道工序的目的是减小成形力，但工序过于复杂，使成本较高。发明内容
[0010] 本发明的目的是针对现有技术存在的不足，对其进一步改进，提出了一种镁合金 汽车轮毂挤压成形方法，以减小成形力，降低设备投入和生产成本，提高成形产品质量。同 时，本发明还提供了与上述方法配套的成形模具。
[0011] 本发明的技术方案为：一种汽车轮毂挤压成形方法，轮毂采用分工序等温挤压成 形，该方法包括如下步骤：取外径尺寸与所要成形的轮毂的外径尺寸相当的饼坯，依次经过 正挤压、复合挤压、扩口工序进行加工成形，其中：正挤压预成形出轮辐四周的辐条结构及 轮辐中心的轴承座结构，并使其余金属初步均勻聚集在轮辐周缘位置；复合挤压预成形出 桶状轮辋及轮辋的上下轮缘；扩口工艺使轮辋成形。
[0012] 所述的饼坯由棒料毛坯通过镦粗制坯工艺制成。
[0013] 所述的镦粗制坯工艺的压缩比不小于2. 5，使其坯料具有足够的变形能，在后续成 形时能够产生动态再结晶。
[0014] 所述的毛坯的成形温度为250〜420°C，模具温度与成型温度一致。
[0015] 所述的正挤压、复合挤压、扩口工序中，各工序的变形程度不超过72%。
[0016] 正挤压采用半封闭成形，使少量多余坯料流入上轮缘槽，以保证成形部分精度和 减少压力。
[0017] 复合挤压采用半封闭成形，将模具下轮缘槽适当加长，以储存多余坯料，保证成形 部分精度和减少压力。
[0018] 所述的扩口工序采用上下双凸模结构与凹模配合，使上下轮缘及轮辋一次扩口成 形。
[0019] 所述的凹模采用分体式凹模，对胀形进行约束。
[0020] 所述的扩口工序采用无凹模约束扩口模具，一次扩口成形轮辋中部过渡较平缓时 的轮辋。
[0021] 与上述方法配套的一种汽车轮毂挤压成形的正挤压模具，所述的模具（图2)主 要包括上凸模101、下凸模104、顶管105、凹模106、垫板107、小顶杆108、顶板110、大顶杆 111、下模板109，其中，上凸模101、下凸模104的模头形状与所要成形的轮辐结构吻合，凹 模106、垫板107与下模板109间由螺钉连接，顶管105吻合设置在凹模106内，下凸模104 周围吻合设置在顶管105内，下凸模104座置在垫板107上，小顶杆108穿过垫板107上的 对应通孔与顶管105、顶板110、大顶杆111共同组成顶出机构。
[0022] 下凸模104模头周围与凹模106之间设置有容料腔，该腔的底部被顶管105的上 端封闭，用于存储轮辋部分金属，上凸模101模头周围与凹模106之间设置有开放轮缘槽， 用于存储成形后的多余金属。
[0023] 在上凸模101、下凸模104内部分别设置有电炉丝加热器，凹模106的外面设置有 加热电炉丝炉，各加热装置均采用温控装置控温。
[0024] 上下凸模及凹模与固定装置间均设置有隔热保温棉。
[0025] 与上述方法配套的一种汽车轮毂挤压成形的复合挤压模具，所述的模具主要包括 上凸模201、下凸模204、凹模206、导柱205、顶杆207、下模板208，其中，凹模206与下模板 208间由螺钉连接，上凸模201模头周围与凹模206之间形成预成形轮辋上轮缘的封闭轮缘 槽，下凸模204与凹模206之间形成预成形轮辋及轮辋下轮缘的半封闭环槽，导柱205与下凸模204配合防止下凸模转动，下凸模204通过顶杆207与压力机顶出缸连接。
[0026] 凹模206的外面设置有加热电炉丝炉，凹模内接近坯料变形区位置设置有测控热 电偶，凹模、下凸模与下模板间设置有隔热保温棉。
[0027] 与上述方法配套的一种汽车轮毂扩口工序的扩口模具，所述的模具主要包括上凸 模301、下凸模306、分体凹模307、凹模板308、固定板309、垫板310、内顶杆311、外顶杆 312、顶板313、大顶杆314、下模座315、限位螺钉302、弹簧304及紧固螺钉；各分体凹模通 过斜滑槽安装在凹模板内；凹模板308通过限位螺钉302、弹簧304安装在下模座315，受力 时可以上下移动；下凸模306通过固定板309和垫板310用紧固螺钉固定于下模座上；上凸 模301与分体凹模307的上口部配合成形轮辋的上轮缘，下凸模306与分体凹模307的下 部配合成形轮辋及轮辋的下轮缘；内顶杆穿过垫板310、下凸模306和挤压件接触与顶板和 大顶杆一起组成挤压件的顶出机构，外顶杆穿过垫板310、固定板309与分体凹模307接触 和顶板及大顶杆一起组成分体凹模307的顶出机构。
[0028] 在下凸模内安装有带有热电偶测控温的电阻丝加热器。
[0029] 分体凹模307为四个凹模镶块构成，分别通过斜滑槽与凹模板308连接，合模时， 组成凹模型腔。
[0030] 与上述方法配套的一种汽车轮毂扩口工序的简易扩口模具，所述的模具主要包括 上凸模501、下凸模504、顶杆505构成，上凸模501成形轮辋的上轮缘，下凸模504成形轮 辋及轮辋的下轮缘。
[0031 ] 下凸模内部或外部设置有带有热电偶测控温的加热炉。
[0032] 本发明一种汽车轮毂挤压成形方法及装置与现有技术比较，具有实质性技术特点 和显著技术效果是：
[0033] 1)优化了成形工艺，简化了工序，并使每一工序的变形程度最小，其最大变形程度 约72%，因而减少了变形抗力，最大单位压力只有llOMPa，不存在充满困难问题。
[0034]幻成形压力的减小，使模具尺寸减小，设备吨位显著降低，生产成本下降。
[0035] 3)利用再结晶超塑性，降低了变形抗力，减少了能耗，且使组织细化，提高了制件 的力学性能。
[0036] 4)模具工装结构简单，自动化程度高，脱模方便。
[0037] 5)采用等温挤压，产品尺寸精度和表面精度高，易于成形，材料利用率高；
[0038] 6)本发明提出的汽车轮毂成形方法及装置，主要用于镁合金汽轮毂成形，也可用 于铝合金汽轮毂及类似的铝、镁合金零件的成形。
附图说明
[0039] 图1是一种汽车轮毂成形方法的工艺流程图。
[0040] 图2是正挤压模具示意图； [0041 ] 图3是复合挤压模具示意图；
[0042] 图4是轮缘扩口模具示意图；
[0043] 图5是轮缘扩口模具的分体凹模示意图；
[0044] 图6是无凹模约束轮缘扩口模具示意图。具体实施方式
[0045] 以下结合附图就具体实施方式进行详细说明。
[0046] 图1所示，为一种汽车轮毂成形方法的工艺流程图。一种汽车轮毂的成形方法包 括镦粗制坯-正挤压-复合挤压一扩口工艺，其中正挤压工艺成形轮毂的轮辐部分，复合挤 压工艺将轮辋部分预成形为桶形，扩口工艺最终使轮辋部分成形。该工艺流程是根据汽车 轮毂的结构特点制定的分步成形工艺方案，既便于金属的流动成形，没有难以充满的角偶， 每一工序的变形抗力都最小，从而可以有效减小模具尺寸和设备吨位。
[0047] 镦粗制坯工艺，使坯料镦粗成要求直径的坯料，并通过一定压缩比（> 2.幻的镦 粗变形，使金属组织具有一定的能量，从而可以通过再结晶使晶粒细化，其晶粒小于ίο μ m, 以减小后续挤压成形时的变形抗力（通过动态再结晶超塑性）和提高制件力学性能。还可 以改变压头的形状对镦粗坯料不同直径的高度进行分配，使形状更合理，后续成形工序压 力减小。
[0048] 正挤压工艺，主要预成形出轮毂的轮辐四周的辐条结构及轮辐中心的轴承座结 构，并使多余金属存入轮辋部分附近，该步工序的变形程度只有72%左右，因而其单位变形 抗力约llOMPa，挤压成形力较低。
[0049] 复合挤压工艺，可以预成形出轮辋部分，将其挤压成桶形。成形时，上下凸模同 时压住轮辐部分使其不能变形，上凸模继续下行，并克服压机顶出缸设定的回程阻力（背 压），使下凸模和挤压件同步下行，完成轮辋部分的预成形。该方案不仅可以同时完成轮辋 的上下部分的预成形，复合挤压也可以减小成形力。该步工序的变形程度只有68%左右，单 位变形抗力小于llOMPa，其挤压成形力更低。
[0050] 扩口工艺，主要完成轮辋最后成形。采用整体式凸模轴向加载（图4)，一次完成轮 辋上下轮缘部位向外胀形实现扩口成形。使用4镶块分体式凹模（图幻在扩口成形后，通 过顶出即可使凹模分型和挤压件顺利脱模。凹模的作用只是防止轮辋扩口时的失稳，受力 较小，加之采用4镶块分体式结构，横向开模行程短，所以凹模尺寸可以较小。该步工序成 形力极低，压制力不足2吨，校正力不足20吨。
[0051] 当轮毂的轮辋中间部分过渡比较平滑时，可以采用无约束扩口工艺（图6)，不需 要凹模，使模具结构非常简单。
[0052] 本发明的成形装置有三套模具，包括正挤压成形模具、复合挤压预成形模具和轮 辋扩口模具。
[0053] 图2所示，为正挤压成形模具原理图，所述的模具主要包括上凸模101、下凸模 104、顶管105、凹模106、垫板107、小顶杆108、顶板110、大顶杆111、下模板109，其中，上 凸模101、下凸模104的模头形状与所要成形的轮辐结构吻合，凹模106、垫板107与下模板 109间由螺钉连接，顶管105吻合设置在凹模106内，下凸模104周围吻合设置在顶管105 内，下凸模104座置在垫板107上，小顶杆108穿过垫板107上的对应通孔与顶管105、顶板 110、大顶杆111共同组成顶出机构。下凸模104模头周围与凹模106之间设置有容料腔， 该腔的底部被顶管105的上端封闭，用于存储轮辋部分金属。上凸模101模头周围与凹模 106之间设置有开放的上轮缘槽，用于存储成形后的多余金属。
[0054] 根据工艺要求和坯料的形状特点，本工序主要目的是成形出轮辐部分及轮辐中心 的轴承座结构，并使多余金属流入模腔下部的容料腔，为后续的轮辋部分成形做准备。为了
6使金属充满模腔下部，并不使成形力增加太多，图2所示模具采用半封闭结构，使金属充满 模腔下部后有少量余料流进上轮缘槽。
[0055] 为了实现等温挤压，在上凸模101、下凸模104内部分别设置了电炉丝加热器，凹 模106的外面采用电炉丝炉加热，加热效率非常高，各加热器均采用温控装置控温；为了减 少热量损失，上下凸模及凹模与固定装置间均采用保温棉隔热。
[0056] 图3所示，为复合挤压模具原理图，是为了轮辋部分的预成形。所述的模具主要包 括上凸模201、下凸模204、凹模206、导柱205、顶杆207、下模板208，其中，凹模206与下模 板208间由螺钉连接，导柱的作用是防止下凸模转动，下凸模通过顶杆与压力机顶出缸连 接。先使下凸模在顶出位置放置毛坯，成形时上凸模下行，利用顶出缸的定压排油使下凸模 和毛坯一起下行，顶出时下凸模先上行使挤压件台肩露出凹模一定高度，在其中垫入分体 卸料器（图中未画出），再使下凸模回程，即可脱出挤压件。
[0057] 根据成形时金属流动充模顺序，将下轮缘槽适当加高，使金属充满模腔后，多余金 属流到加高部分。
[0058] 采用电炉丝炉加热，电炉置于凹模206的外面，测控热电偶设置在凹模内接近坯 料变形区；为了减少热量损失，凹模、下凸模与下模板间可用保温棉隔热。
[0059] 图4所示，为扩口模具原理图，模具主要包括上凸模301、下凸模306、分体凹模 307、凹模板308、固定板309、垫板310、内顶杆311、外顶杆312、顶板313、大顶杆314、下模 座315、限位螺钉302、弹簧304及紧固螺钉；分体凹模通过斜滑槽安装在凹模板内；凹模板 308通过限位螺钉302、弹簧304安装在下模座315上，受力时可以上下移动；下凸模306通 过固定板309和垫板310用紧固螺钉固定于下模座上；上凸模301与分体凹模307的上口 部配合成形轮辋的上轮缘，下凸模306与分体凹模307的下部配合成形轮辋及轮辋的下轮 缘；内顶杆穿过垫板310、下凸模306和挤压件接触与顶板和大顶杆一起组成挤压件的顶出 机构，外顶杆穿过垫板310、固定板309与分体凹模307接触和顶板及大顶杆一起组成分体 凹模307的顶出机构。下凸模通过固定板309、垫板310用紧固螺钉装于下模板315上。
[0060] 扩口时上轮缘处变形很小，下轮缘处金属和下凸模接触时间较长，为防止下轮缘 部分降温严重影响成形，在下凸模内安装了带有热电偶测控温的电阻丝加热器。
[0061] 图5所示，为扩口模具的外形约束装置，即分体凹模307、凹模板308的机构视图， 凹模由4个凹模镶块构成，分别通过斜滑槽与凹模板连接，合模时，组成凹模型腔。
[0062] 图6所示，为简易扩口模具原理图，所述的模具主要包括上凸模501、下凸模504、 顶杆505。该模具结构非常简单，用于轮辋中部过渡较平缓时的扩口工艺。下凸模的预热同 样可以采用内部安装加热器也可以外置加热炉。
[0063] 以上各模具图中，上凸模和下模与压力机间的连接装置均未画出。
[0064] 实施例1
[0065] 本实施方式的热固态挤压镁合金轮毂的成形方法由下列步骤完成：
[0066] 1、轮毂材料选用铸造或轧制镁合金棒材，型号如42318、426认428(^、42910、1^2、 MB3、MB5、MB6、MB7、MB8、MB11、MB14、MB15、ZM1、ZM5、ZM10 等。改变温度条件也可以用于铝
合金轮毂的成形。
[0067] 2、按要求尺寸采用锯床下料。
[0068] 3、将步骤二的坯料进行加热，加热温度范围为250〜420°C ；[0069] 4、按要求对各模具进行加热，为实现等温挤压成形，正挤压模和复合挤压模的加 热温度和成型温度一致，轮辋扩口模具温度约为250°C。
[0070] 5、将步骤三的加热坯料镦粗到要求尺寸。
[0071] 6、将步骤五的镦粗坯料预热到120〜160°C，涂润滑剂后加热到300〜420°C并保
[0072] 7、将步骤六的加热坯料放入正挤压模具（图2)中，压力机工作，上凸模101下行， 使坯料产生塑性流动充满模腔，上凸模回程，顶出机构上行，通过顶管105将挤压件103顶 出脱模。毛坯材料不同，成形力不同，但不大于llOMPa。
[0073] 8、将步骤七的挤压件参照步骤五进行加热。
[0074] 9、操纵压力机，使复合挤压模具（图幻中的下凸模204处于顶出位置，将步骤八 的挤压件按方向套在下凸模上，上凸模201下行，迫使挤压件与下凸模一起克服顶出缸设 定的背压而下移，从而使坯料的外缘部分在凸凹模的相互作用下分别向上向下流动充模， 形成复合挤压件203 ；上凸模回程后，顶出机构及下凸模上行，使复合挤压件从凹模206中 脱出，当挤压件台肩露出凹模一定高度后，在其中垫入分式体卸料器（图中未画出），然后 顶出机构带动下凸模下行回程，即可脱出挤压件。
[0075] 10、将步骤九的挤压件加热到250〜300°C并保温后放入扩口模具（图4)中，上凸 模301下行，使挤压件上轮缘扩口 ；上凸模继续下行，克服弹簧304弹力和顶出缸设定的背 压，使挤压件与分体凹模307、凹模板308 —起下行，在下凸模306作用下使下轮缘扩口成 形；上凸模回程，顶出机构顶出，挤压件305与分体凹模、凹模板一起回程，与下凸模脱离； 限位螺钉302使凹模板限位，继续顶出，挤压件上行，分体凹模沿导滑槽侧向分型，即可脱 出轮毂挤压件。
[0076] 11、将步骤十的成形件进行时效处理、少量后续切削加工和表面处理即得镁合金 汽车轮毂。
[0077] 实施例2
[0078] 本实施方式与实施例1的不同点是：将经镦粗、涂润滑剂并加热到成形温度的坯 料分别放入三套模具中依次成形，可以避免重复加热，节约能源，实现连续生产，提高生产 效率。
[0079] 实施例3
[0080] 本实施方式与实施例1的不同点是：将步骤九使用的模具改成无凹模约束的模具 (图6)，使扩口模具结构简化，成本降低，操作方便，适合轮辋中部过渡较平缓时的扩口工 艺。
[0081] 实施例4
[0082] 本实施方式与实施例1的不同点是：直接采用正挤压所需直径的饼坯，省去镦粗 制坯工序。
8
Claims (10)
1. 一种汽车轮毂挤压成形方法，其特征在于，轮毂挤压件采用分工序等温挤压成形，该 方法包括如下步骤：取外径尺寸与所要成形的轮毂外径尺寸相当的饼坯，依次经过正挤压、 复合挤压、扩口工序进行加工成形，其中：正挤压预成形出轮辐四周的辐条部分及轮辐中心 的轴承座部分，同时余料初步均勻聚集在轮辐周缘位置；复合挤压预成形出桶状轮辋及轮 辋的上下轮缘；扩口工艺使轮辋成形。
2.根据权利要求1所述的汽车轮毂挤压成形方法，其特征在于，所述的饼坯由棒料毛 坯通过镦粗制坯工艺制成。
3.根据权利要求2所述的汽车轮毂挤压成形方法，其特征在于，所述的镦粗制坯工艺 的压缩比不小于2. 5，使其坯料具有足够的变形能，在后续成形时能够产生动态再结晶。
4.根据权利要求1所述的汽车轮毂挤压成形方法，其特征在于，所述的饼坯的成形温 度为250〜420°C，模具温度与成形温度一致。
5.根据权利要求1所述的汽车轮毂挤压成形方法，其特征在于，所述的正挤压、复合挤 压、扩口工序中，各工序的变形程度不超过72 %。
6.根据权利要求1至5任一条所述的汽车轮毂挤压成形方法，其特征在于，正挤压采用 半封闭成形，使少量多余坯料流入上轮缘槽，以保证成形部分精度和减少压力。
7.根据权利要求1至5任一条所述的汽车轮毂挤压成形方法，其特征在于，复合挤压采 用半封闭成形，将模具下轮缘槽适当加长，使少量多余坯料流入此处，以保证成形部分精度 和减少压力。
8.根据权利要求1至5任一条所述的汽车轮毂挤压成形方法，其特征在于，所述的扩口 工序采用上下双凸模与凹模结构，所述凹模可以上下移动，其在上凸模的作用下受力向下 移动与下凸模配合使上下轮缘及轮辋一次扩口成形。
9.根据权利要求8所述的汽车轮毂挤压成形方法，其特征在于，所述的凹模采用可开 合的分体式凹模，对胀形进行约束。
10.根据权利要求1至5任一条所述的汽车轮毂挤压成形方法，其特征在于，所述的扩 口工序采用无凹模约束扩口模具，一次扩口成形轮辋中部过渡较平缓的轮辋。
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| CN202180134U (zh) * | 2010-12-30 | 2012-04-04 | 河南科技大学 | 汽车轮毂的成套组合模具及其上凸模和下模 |
| CN102248114B (zh) * | 2011-06-03 | 2013-08-21 | 刘绍东 | 轻合金整体模锻挤压汽车轮毂成型工艺及模具 |
| CN102989950B (zh) * | 2011-09-19 | 2016-01-20 | 上海交大中京锻压有限公司 | 一种汽车外星轮锻造工艺 |
| CN102397977A (zh) * | 2011-10-25 | 2012-04-04 | 机械科学研究院浙江分院有限公司 | 采用硅碳棒加热方式的钛合金汽轮机叶片超塑性成形方法 |
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| CN102632185A (zh) * | 2012-01-14 | 2012-08-15 | 秦皇岛燕大现代集成制造技术开发有限公司 | 镁合金车轮锻造成形方法及模具 |
| CN102581053B (zh) * | 2012-03-02 | 2014-07-23 | 王静 | 一种正反挤压生产轮毂的制备方法 |
| CN103802248B (zh) * | 2012-11-14 | 2016-04-20 | 汉达精密电子(昆山)有限公司 | 模具的四面抽芯结构 |
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| CN104759839A (zh) * | 2015-04-19 | 2015-07-08 | 山西晋隆发科技有限责任公司 | 一种载货汽车和大客车镁轮毂的锻旋成形方法 |
| CN107598066A (zh) * | 2017-09-27 | 2018-01-19 | 仝仲盛 | 用于镁合金轮毂的反挤压模锻方法 |
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