CN109672246B - Flyback multi-path equalizing circuit based on Buck_boost unit and control method thereof - Google Patents
Flyback multi-path equalizing circuit based on Buck_boost unit and control method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN109672246B CN109672246B CN201910038118.6A CN201910038118A CN109672246B CN 109672246 B CN109672246 B CN 109672246B CN 201910038118 A CN201910038118 A CN 201910038118A CN 109672246 B CN109672246 B CN 109672246B
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 16
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 13
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 description 9
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003446 memory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
- H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
- H02J7/0014—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries
- H02J7/0019—Circuits for equalisation of charge between batteries using switched or multiplexed charge circuits
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
- H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
- H02M3/158—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
- H02M3/1582—Buck-boost converters
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of lithium battery equalization, in particular to a flyback multi-path equalization circuit based on a Buck_boost unit and a control method thereof; the balancing topology is formed by sequentially connecting n battery cells in series to form a series battery pack, the series battery pack is connected with the input end of a transformer, the output end of the transformer is connected with an energy storage capacitor, two ends of the energy storage capacitor are respectively connected with the input end of a Buck_boost unit, and each battery cell is respectively connected with the output end of the Buck_boost unit. According to the topology, the energy storage capacitor is charged through the transformer, the capacitor stores energy temporarily, then the energy in the capacitor is distributed to the battery cells needing to be balanced through the Buck_boost units by controlling the switching tube in each Buck_boost unit, and the energy of the battery pack is fed back to the battery cells periodically, so that the overall balance of the battery pack is realized. The discharging loop of the battery pack passes through each battery cell, and the capacitor can discharge to the battery cells simultaneously in multiple paths, so that the battery pack has the advantages of high equalization speed, low energy loss and the like.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of lithium battery equalization, in particular to a flyback multi-path equalization circuit based on a Buck-Boost unit and a control method thereof.
Background
The increasingly serious environmental and economic problems promote the development of clean energy sources in various countries, and meanwhile, the urban traffic is also developed towards the directions of cleanness, high efficiency and sustainable development, and the lithium battery has the advantages of high energy density, small volume, no memory effect, long cycle life and the like, and is widely applied to pure electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles. Because of the low voltage of lithium battery cells, it is often necessary to connect a plurality of lithium battery cells in series to achieve a high voltage output in order to achieve application in high voltage applications. However, the lithium battery has some differences in the production process, so that parameters such as the internal resistance of a single battery, the stored energy, the temperature of the working environment and the like are inconsistent, and therefore, the overcharge and overdischarge phenomena of the battery pack can exist in the charge and discharge processes, the efficiency and the capacity of the battery are reduced, and the service life of the battery is shortened more seriously, so that the explosion risk can occur. Therefore, the battery equalization circuit is studied to ensure the voltage consistency problem of the battery in the working process, so that the battery working efficiency is improved and the service life of the battery is prolonged.
At present, researchers have proposed a number of equalization circuit topologies, which can be classified into two major categories according to topology: centralized equalization circuitry and distributed equalization circuitry. The centralized equalization circuit refers to an equalization mode that the whole battery pack shares one equalizer, energy is redistributed to each battery cell through technologies such as voltage division of a converter and the like, and finally energy is transferred between the battery cells and the battery pack. The distributed equalization circuit is that each battery cell is provided with an equalizer, and equalization among the battery cells is realized by the operation of each equalizer. From an energy perspective, the equalization circuit can be further divided into dissipative equalization and non-dissipative equalization. The dissipation type equalization is to consume redundant energy through resistors connected in parallel at two ends of each battery cell to achieve the purpose of equalization, and the method is also the scheme which is originally proposed, but because of the fact that a large amount of energy consumption exists and redundant heat can be generated, the equalization efficiency is greatly reduced, so that a non-dissipation type equalization circuit becomes the main stream direction of research. The non-dissipative equalization circuit is characterized in that energy in a high-voltage battery is transferred to a low-voltage battery through an inductance, a capacitance, a transformer and other energy storage elements, so that energy loss is little in the equalization process, and the equalization circuit has high equalization efficiency. However, in the traditional Buck_boost balancing circuit method, two batteries needing to be balanced are selected through a switch, energy in a high-voltage battery is transferred to a low-voltage battery, and energy transfer is achieved, however, the method can only transfer energy between the two batteries at a time, so that the problem of low balancing speed exists. The equalization circuit based on the multi-winding transformer transfers the energy of the battery pack from the primary side of the transformer to the secondary side multi-winding output end, and transfers the energy to the battery cells to be equalized through the multi-winding output.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the technical problems, the invention provides a flyback multi-path equalizing circuit based on a Buck-Boost unit, which solves the problem of low equalizing speed of the traditional Buck-Boost unit and solves the problem of cross influence of the output ends of a multi-winding transformer.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows:
a flyback multi-channel equalization circuit based on Buck_boost unit comprises n battery cells, a flyback transformer and an energy storage capacitor C 1 N Buck_boost units; each battery cell is respectively connected with the output end of a Buck_boost unit; the n Buck-Boost units are mutually connected in parallel, and the input end after being connected in parallel is connected with the energy storage capacitor C 1 Connecting; the output ends of the Buck_boost units are respectively connected with a battery cell;
n battery monomers are connected in series to form a battery pack; the series battery pack is connected with the primary side of the flyback transformer, and the secondary side of the flyback transformer is connected with the energy storage capacitor C 1 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the A charging control switch tube S is connected between the flyback transformer and the battery pack Q ；
The Buck_boost unit comprises two switching tubes, three diodes and an inductor; one of the switching tube and the two diodes respectively form a resonant circuit with the inductor and the capacitor, and the other switching tube and the other diode form a discharge circuit with the battery cell.
The control method of the equalization circuit topology comprises the following steps: the energy is released to the battery pack, and then the part of energy is transferred to the low-energy battery cells in the battery pack, so that the balance among the battery cells is realized; the specific process is as follows: the method comprises the steps of controlling a primary side switching tube of a flyback transformer to be conducted, transmitting energy of a battery pack to a secondary side output capacitor through the flyback transformer, controlling a Buck_boost unit input end switching tube corresponding to a low-energy battery cell to be conducted, enabling the capacitor and the inductor to resonate, distributing the energy in the capacitor to each inductor, controlling the Buck_boost unit output end switching tube to be conducted, and transferring the energy in the inductor to the battery cell, so that the process of multi-channel transmission of the energy from the battery pack to the battery cell is achieved.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) Compared with the existing balancing topology of the multi-winding transformer, the balancing topology of the multi-winding transformer only comprises one transformer, the output end is connected with n Buck_boost units, the units are controlled independently of each other, the problem of the influence of the intersection between the output windings of the multi-winding transformer is avoided, and the balancing topology of the multi-winding transformer has the advantages of being small in size and simple in control.
(2) The battery pack discharge loop flows through the whole battery pack, and the battery cells at different positions have the same equalization speed, so that the phenomenon of voltage staggering caused by inconsistent equalization speeds of the battery cells is avoided, and the energy loss is reduced.
(3) The Buck-Boost unit is additionally provided with a switching tube and two diodes on the basis of the original circuit, so that a current path is limited, each mode is ensured to be independent, and the problem of mutual cross influence is avoided.
(4) The invention can realize multi-path simultaneous equalization when transferring the energy of the battery pack to the low-energy battery monomer, thereby improving the equalization speed.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a flyback multi-path equalizing circuit based on a Buck_boost unit.
FIG. 2 shows an embodiment of a four-cell battery B 3 、B 4 Circuit operation timing diagram for example of charging.
Fig. 3 is a circuit diagram of an operation mode 1 in one cycle using a 4-battery pack as an example in the embodiment.
Fig. 4 is a circuit diagram of an operation mode 2 in one cycle using the 4-battery pack as an example in the embodiment.
Fig. 5 is a circuit diagram of an operation mode 3 in one cycle using the 4-battery pack as an example in the embodiment.
Fig. 6 is a circuit diagram of an operation mode 4 in one cycle using the 4-battery pack as an example in the embodiment.
Fig. 7a is an equivalent circuit diagram of the embodiment of fig. 1 in the mode 1 state.
Fig. 7b is an equivalent circuit diagram of the embodiment of fig. 1 in the mode 2 state.
Fig. 7c is an equivalent circuit diagram of the embodiment of fig. 1 in the mode 3 state.
Fig. 7d is an equivalent circuit diagram of the embodiment of fig. 1 in the mode 4 state.
FIG. 8 shows the excitation inductance L in the mode 2 state of the embodiment of FIG. 1 m And capacitor C 1 And (5) a charge-discharge waveform.
FIG. 9 shows the capacitor C of FIG. 1 in the mode 3 state 1 And an inductance L charge-discharge waveform.
Fig. 10 is a flow chart of an embodiment equalization circuit topology control.
Fig. 11 is a schematic diagram of a topology key simulation waveform of an equalization circuit according to an embodiment.
Fig. 12 is a waveform diagram of equalization simulation of the battery pack of example 4.
Fig. 13 is a waveform diagram of equalization simulation of the battery pack of example 6.
Fig. 14 is a waveform of an equalization simulation of a 4-battery pack in a charge mode for an equalization topology of the embodiment.
Fig. 15 is a waveform of an equalization simulation of a 4-cell stack in discharge mode for an equalization topology of an embodiment.
Detailed Description
The invention is further described below with reference to the drawings and the detailed description.
As shown in FIG. 1, a flyback multi-path equalization circuit based on Buck_boost unit comprises n battery cells B 1 、B 2 ……B n A flyback transformer, an energy storage capacitor C 1 N Buck_boost units; each battery cell is respectively connected with the output end of a Buck_boost unit; the n Buck-Boost units are mutually connected in parallel, and the input end after being connected in parallel is connected with the energy storage capacitor C 1 Connecting; the output ends of the Buck_boost units are respectively connected with a battery cell;
n battery monomers are connected in series to form a battery pack; the series battery pack is connected with the primary side of the flyback transformer, and the secondary side of the flyback transformer is connected with the energy storage capacitor C 1 The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the A charging control switch tube S is connected between the flyback transformer and the battery pack Q ；
The Buck_boost unit comprises two switching tubes, three diodes and an inductor; one of the switching tube and the two diodes respectively form a resonant circuit with the inductor and the capacitor, and the other switching tube and the other diode form a discharge circuit with the battery cell.
The control method of the equalization circuit topology comprises the following steps: when a period starts, the charge control switch tube S is controlled Q The battery pack is conducted to store energy to the primary excitation inductance of the transformer, and then the charging control switch tube S is turned off Q At the moment, the energy in the primary exciting inductance is released to the secondary capacitor C through the coupling of the transformer 1 Then the input end switching tube S of the Buck_boost unit corresponding to the low-energy battery (m) is conducted 2i-1 Capacitance C at this time 1 And m inductances L i Resonance, the energy in the capacitance will be distributed to the respective inductances L i In the capacitor C 1 After the energy in the switch tube S is released, the switch tube S is turned off 2i-1 And simultaneously turn on the switching tube S 2i Inductance L i The energy of the battery pack is released to the battery cells, respectively, thereby completing the discharging process of the battery pack to the plurality of battery cells.
Further examples are shown in FIG. 2, where there are 4 cells in series combinations, where V B1 ＞V B2 ＞V av ＞V B3 ＞V B4 To achieve equalization, B is needed 1 、B 2 Energy transfer to B 3 、B 4 And (3) neutralizing. The equalization process may be divided into 4 modes of operation during one duty cycle.
Fig. 3 to 6 show current paths in the respective modes.
As shown in fig. 3, modality 1[t 0 -t 1 ]: at t 0 At the moment, the controller detects battery B 3 、B 4 Voltage lower than average voltage, charge control switch tube S Q The series battery pack is conducted to store energy to the primary exciting inductance of the transformer, and the exciting inductance current linearly rises until t 1 At the moment, charging control switch tube S Q And (5) switching off.
As shown in fig. 4, modality 2[t 1 -t 2 ]：t 1 At the moment, switch-off the switching tube S Q At the moment, the primary side of the flyback transformer starts to transmit energy to the secondary side, exciting inductance current drops, and capacitance C 1 The voltage gradually rises, t 2 At this point in time, the inductor current drops to zero and the capacitor voltage reaches a maximum value due to diode D Q The capacitor no longer releases energy when no energy flows in the circuit.
As shown in fig. 5, modality 3[t 2 -t 3 ]：t 2 At the moment, switch tube S 5 、S 7 Conduction and capacitance C 1 And inductance L 3 、L 4 Parallel resonance, transfer of energy in the capacitor to the inductor, switching tube S when the capacitor voltage drops to zero 5 、S 7 And is turned off, and the energy in the capacitor is completely transferred into the inductor.
As shown in fig. 6, modality 4[t 3 -t 4 ]：t 3 At the moment, switch tube S 6 、S 8 Conduction and inductance L 3 、L 4 The energy in (a) is respectively directed to the battery B 3 、B 4 In the switching tube S, the inductor current linearly drops to zero 6 、S 8 And (5) switching off.
The equalization circuit continuously repeats the above processCan realize B 1 、B 2 The energy in (a) is continuously directed to B 3 、B 4 And (3) transferring. Before each period starts, detecting the voltage of each battery, comparing with the average voltage of the battery pack, and performing the same process to finally realize battery B 1 ～B 4 Is a constant value.
From the analysis it is possible to have energy fed back from the battery pack to the low voltage cells every cycle when the circuit is operating in steady state. The equivalent circuit in each mode is shown in fig. 7a, 7b, 7c, and 7d, respectively. Set charge control switch tube S Q The on time is alpha T s The energy released by the battery pack in one cycle is w= (V) all αT s ) 2 /2L m The method comprises the steps of carrying out a first treatment on the surface of the In mode 2, the energy stored in the capacitor is W, and the duration of mode 2 is DeltaT 1 ＝π√(L m C 1 ) FIG. 8 shows the inductance L m And capacitor C 1 Is a charge-discharge waveform of (a); in mode 3, capacitance C 1 And m inductances L i Resonance, in which the energy in the capacitance is distributed to m inductances L i In (W) Li ＝(V all αT s ) 2 /2mL m Modality 3 duration DeltaT 2 ＝π√(LC 1 /m)/2, FIG. 9 shows the capacitance C 1 And m inductances L i A resonant charge-discharge waveform. In mode 4, inductance L i The energy in (2) is transferred to the low-energy battery cell, so that the process of transferring the energy from the battery pack to the battery cell in one period is completed.
Based on the above analysis, fig. 10 shows a control flow chart of the equalization circuit. That is, at the beginning of a cycle, the voltages of the cells are detected to calculate the average voltage V of the battery pack av And the number m of the batteries which is lower than the average voltage, then carrying out four modes of each period, and repeating the steps, so that the process of transferring energy from the battery pack to the battery monomer can be realized, and finally, the balance of the battery pack is realized.
Simulation result analysis:
for the circuit, simulation analysis is carried out, and simulation parameters of the circuit are respectively as follows: excitation methodInductance L m =100 μh, capacitance C 1 =10μf, inductance l=250μh, switching frequency f=5khz. Under the simulation parameters, equalization simulation of the 4 battery packs and the 6 battery packs and charge and discharge equalization are respectively carried out.
FIG. 11 shows the excitation inductance L in the simulation process m Capacitance C 1 And the waveform of the inductance L.
Fig. 12 is a simulation waveform of the 4-cell stack in the standing condition, and fig. 13 is a simulation waveform of the 6-cell stack in the standing condition, and as can be seen from simulation results, the equalization circuit provided by the invention can realize voltage equalization of each cell under the condition that initial voltages of the cells are not uniform, and can realize equalization rapidly and has no great influence on equalization speed along with the increase of the number of the cells.
Fig. 14 shows an equalization simulation waveform of the 4-battery pack in the charging mode, and the charging current is 0.1A, and it can be known from the figure that when the battery works in the charging mode, the equalization topology provided by the invention can quickly realize voltage equalization of each battery cell.
Fig. 15 shows an equalization simulation waveform of the 4-battery pack in the discharging mode, and the discharging resistance is 150Ω, and it can be known from the figure that when the battery works in the discharging mode, the equalization topology provided by the invention can quickly realize the voltage equalization of each battery cell.
In summary, the flyback multi-channel equalization circuit based on the Buck_boost unit has the characteristics of high equalization speed, high equalization efficiency and small energy loss, can rapidly realize equalization of battery cells no matter in a charging state, a discharging state or a standing state, and can realize equalization of battery cells with any number of batteries.
Claims (1)
1. The flyback multi-path equalizing circuit based on the Buck-Boost unit comprises n battery monomers, a flyback transformer, an energy storage capacitor and n Buck-Boost units; each battery cell is respectively connected with the output end of a Buck_boost unit; the n Buck_boost units are mutually connected in parallel, and the input ends after being connected in parallel are connected with the energy storage capacitor; the output ends of the Buck_boost units are respectively connected with a battery cell;
n battery monomers are connected in series to form a battery pack; the series battery pack is connected with the primary side of the flyback transformer, and the secondary side of the flyback transformer is connected with the energy storage capacitor; a charging control switch tube is connected between the flyback transformer and the battery pack;
the Buck_boost unit comprises an input end switching tube, an output end switching tube, three diodes and an inductor, wherein the cathode of the first diode and the anode of the third diode respectively form two terminals of the input end, the anode of the first diode is connected with one end of the inductor and the anode of the second diode, the cathode of the third diode is connected with one end of the input end switching tube, the other end of the input end switching tube is connected with the other end of the inductor and one end of the output end switching tube, and the cathode of the second diode and the other end of the output end switching tube respectively form two terminals of the output end; the input end switching tube, the first diode, the third diode, the inductor and the energy storage capacitor form a resonant circuit, and the output end switching tube, the inductor, the second diode and the battery cell form a discharge circuit;
the control method is characterized by comprising the following steps:
firstly, discharging a battery pack, and then charging a low-energy battery to finish battery equalization of the battery pack; the method comprises the steps that firstly, a battery pack discharges, energy is stored in an energy storage capacitor through a flyback transformer, then an input switching tube of a Buck_boost unit corresponding to a battery cell to be charged is opened, the energy storage capacitor resonates with an inductor of the corresponding Buck_boost unit, the energy is transferred to the inductor of the corresponding Buck_boost unit through the energy storage capacitor, after the energy storage capacitor is completely discharged, the input switching tube of the corresponding Buck_boost unit is closed, meanwhile, an output switching tube of the corresponding Buck_boost unit is conducted, the energy in the inductor of the corresponding Buck_boost unit is transferred to the battery cell to be charged, and after the energy in the inductor of the corresponding Buck_boost unit is completely discharged, the battery cell to be charged cannot discharge to the inductor of the corresponding Buck_boost unit due to the current limiting effect of a second diode, so that the process of discharging the battery cell to the battery cell by the battery pack is completed.
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| CN110190656A (en) * | 2019-07-05 | 2019-08-30 | 哈尔滨工业大学 | Series-connected cell group charge/discharge balancing system |
| CN110380493B (en) * | 2019-08-29 | 2024-07-05 | 西南交通大学 | Voltage equalizing circuit of lithium batteries connected in series |
| CN110707783B (en) * | 2019-10-31 | 2023-01-17 | 上海科技大学 | Compound level battery equalizer circuit based on LLC and Buck-Boost |
| CN110829533B (en) * | 2019-11-15 | 2024-03-29 | 上海科技大学 | Accurate battery equalization circuit with simple control and no self-recovery effect error |
| CN114123362A (en) * | 2020-08-26 | 2022-03-01 | Oppo（重庆）智能科技有限公司 | Electronic device and charge-discharge control method |
| CN112271791A (en) * | 2020-11-09 | 2021-01-26 | 西南交通大学 | Battery pack balance control circuit and method based on Buck converter |
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| ""Time Shared Flyback Converter" Based Regenerative Cell Balancing Technique for Series Connected Li-Ion Battery Strings";Abusaleh M. Imtiaz 等;《IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS》;第28卷(第12期);5960-5974 * |
| "A low-cost time shared cell balancing technique for future lithium-ion battery storage system featuring regenerative energy distribution";Abusaleh M. Imtiaz 等;《 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC)》;792-799 * |
| "Forward fly-back voltage balancing circuit for series connected super capacitors using digital control";Asif Hussain 等;《Forward fly-back voltage balancing circuit for series connected super capacitors using digital control》;377-382 * |
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