CN109641183B - 血管钙化以及心血管/相关疾病的预防和治疗 - Google Patents
血管钙化以及心血管/相关疾病的预防和治疗 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109641183B CN109641183B CN201780050345.XA CN201780050345A CN109641183B CN 109641183 B CN109641183 B CN 109641183B CN 201780050345 A CN201780050345 A CN 201780050345A CN 109641183 B CN109641183 B CN 109641183B
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Abstract
本发明包括有效地干扰、减少和预防血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)和循环干细胞向成骨细胞样细胞的转变,从而减轻和/或预防血管钙化(VC)或脉管系统中的钙矿物(羟基磷灰石)沉积的组合物和方法。本发明组合物包含:(1)调节过氧化物酶体激活蛋白质受体γ(PPAR‑γ)的表达和/或活性的至少一种药剂;(2)调节一种或多种成骨转录因子(Cbfα1/Runx2、Osterix、Msx2)的表达和/或活性以及/或者β‑联蛋白信号转导的至少一种药剂;(3)调节骨形态发生蛋白(BMP:BMP 2和4)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和骨钙蛋白中的一种或多种的表达和/或活性的至少一种药剂;(4)抑制活性氧物质(ROS)的活性的至少一种药剂;以及(5)抑制包括白细胞介素IL‑1α、IL‑1β、IL‑6、NF‑κB、TNF‑α、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)和前列腺素E2(PGE2)在内的一种或多种炎症介质的至少一种药剂。
Description
相关申请的交叉参考
本申请要求2016年8月15日提交的美国临时专利申请第62374983号和2017年7月13日提交的美国专利申请第15649084号的优先权。
技术领域
本发明涉及用于治疗和预防与组织上的磷酸钙或晶态羟基磷灰石沉积物的积累有关的基于钙化和/或斑块的病症和疾病的组合物及方法。本组合物包括为这些疾病和病症提供叠加或协同益处的选择活性物质的组合,所述疾病和病症尤其是心血管疾病和相关的病症或贡献性因素/诱导物,包括糖尿病、肥胖、高血压、炎症、氧化应激、骨质疏松、关节炎、过早衰老和低耐力。较佳的是,这些选择活性物质包括已广泛用于食品和饮料产品且对人和宠物/动物摄取而言十分安全的诸如植物营养素、维生素和矿物质之类的物质。
背景技术
生物矿化通常是指大分子细胞外基质内的独立且有组织的无机晶体结构的形成,包括例如磷酸钙或晶态羟基磷灰石的形成。这种有磷酸钙沉积在组织中的生物矿化过程称为钙化。正常的钙沉积只发生于两处:骨和牙齿,它们是始终处于更新状态的活组织。骨形成过程牵涉到成骨细胞,其是间充质干细胞的特定的终末分化产物。成骨细胞合成非常致密的交联胶原和与交联胶原相比很少量的多种其它的特定蛋白质,包括构成骨的有机基质的骨钙蛋白和骨桥蛋白。在有组织的相连细胞群中,成骨细胞产生基于钙和磷酸盐的矿物质——羟基磷灰石,其以高度受控的方式沉积在有机基质中,形成非常坚固且致密的矿化组织,即骨/骨骼。该矿化骨骼是呼吸空气的脊椎动物身体的主要支撑物。其也是包括酸碱平衡和钙/磷酸盐维持在内的生理性自体调节用的矿物质的重要储备。
骨是一种动态组织,始终都在由成骨细胞进行重建,该成骨细胞产生并分泌基质蛋白并将矿物质转运至该基质内。骨的维持首先要求旧骨被称为“破骨细胞”的细胞溶解。破骨细胞的活性不应过高,因为大洞可能会扩展,从而会使骨变得脆弱并导致骨降解和骨质疏松。因破骨细胞活性而留下的洞交由成骨细胞进行重塑。成骨细胞分泌称为骨钙蛋白的蛋白质,该骨钙蛋白在(通过羧基化)活化后,能使新钙沉到骨内,以提高结构的密度和完整性。
骨和牙齿以外的钙化称为全身性钙化,是不希望的,因为其是严重的健康风险。正常衰老的特点牵涉到全身性钙化,这意味着本应沉积在骨中的钙转而被吸纳至全身的软组织、诸如心脏瓣膜、腺体和血管中,而钙沉积物不应属于这些地方。因此,许多衰老相关疾病可以与钙化挂钩,包括肾结石和膀胱结石、胰管结石、关节炎、白内障、骨折、骨刺、皱皮、老迈,并且主要包括心脏瓣膜闭锁不全及其它心脏或循环疾病。心脏疾病与多种冠状组织中的呈羟基磷灰石晶体形式的钙的非正常(病理性)沉积有关,包括:(1)产生粥样硬化斑块的动脉的内衬(内膜);(2)动脉的中间肌肉层(平滑肌钙化);以及(3)心脏瓣膜,特别是引起主动脉瓣狭窄的主动脉瓣。动脉及其它冠状组织中的钙积累通常称为血管钙化(VC)。
在美国和全世界,心脏疾病,特别是动脉粥样硬化,是残疾和死亡的首要原因。动脉粥样硬化的起始和进展牵涉到许多因素。高半胱氨酸或氧化的低密度脂蛋白(LDL)可引发动脉内衬(内皮)的炎症。作为响应,内皮产生胶原,该胶原形成覆盖发炎部位的盖。这些内皮胶原盖吸引钙的积累、即钙化,形成类似于骨的硬物质,称为斑块。这是动脉粥样硬化有时被称为“动脉硬化”的原因。所产生的钙化斑块导致动脉变得更加狭窄和僵硬,并且减少和/或阻断流向各种器官的血流,随后可导致心脏病发作和中风。该病症尤其随着人的衰老而越来越多见。然而,尽管心脏疾病的患病率随着年龄而增加,其实际上是全年龄疾病(3)。例如,在1~24岁、25~64岁和大于65岁的男性中,由于心脏疾病导致的死亡的患病率分别为4.6%、32.7%和55.8%。[Piko B.“心血管疾病(CVD)的流行病学(Epidemiology ofCardiovascular Disease(CVD))”.www.pitt.edu/~super7/18011-19001/18821.ppt]。
因此,迫切需要针对体内的不希望的钙化,主要是针对血管钙化的治疗性和预防性组合物和方法。然而,因为全身性钙化与许多其它疾病有关,并且在所有年龄均可见,所以在所有的人类健康和医疗保健,主要是在与这种医疗保健有关的高成本问题的解决中,其控制、预防和逆转都是急迫且关键的临床需求。据估计,仅在美国,在2011年,与心血管医疗保健有关的直接成本加上时间损失就共计高达惊人的3201亿美元。[Mozaffaranian D等,(2015)“心脏疾病和中风的统计(Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics)”,Circulation,vol 131,e29-e322.]
发明内容
本发明包括用于有效地减轻和预防不希望的全身性钙化(即呈羟基磷灰石形式的钙在软组织上而非仅在骨和牙齿上的沉积)的组合物和方法。具体来说,本发明着眼于减轻和/或预防血管钙化(VC)、即脉管系统或动脉中的钙矿物(羟基磷灰石)沉积。这是通过将导致这种全身性钙化的多种机制全部解决而完成的。本发明包括有效地抑制、调节或干扰血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)和循环干细胞向成骨细胞样细胞的分化,从而减轻或预防血管钙化的组合物。主动脉中的钙化的严重性和程度反映了动脉粥样硬化斑块负担,并且强烈地预测了心血管疾病的发病率和死亡率。用于对人和其它哺乳动物对象给药的本发明组合物包含抑制、干扰或调节导致这种钙化的生化过程的活性物质,并且包括:(1)调节过氧化物酶体激活蛋白受体γ(PPAR-γ)的表达和/或活性的至少一种药剂;(2)调节一种或多种成骨转录因子(Cbfα1/Runx2、Osterix、Msx2)的表达和/或活性以及/或者β-联蛋白信号转导的至少一种药剂;(3)调节骨形态发生蛋白(BMP:BMP 2和4)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和骨钙蛋白中一种或多种的表达和/或活性的至少一种药剂;(4)抑制活性氧物质(ROS)的活性的至少一种药剂;以及(5)抑制包括白细胞介素IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-6、NF-κB、TNF-α、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)和前列腺素E2(PGE2)在内的一种或多种炎症介质的至少一种药剂。该组合物还可以包含促进基质Gla蛋白(MGP)的表达和/或羧基化的至少一种药剂。应理解,本文所用的任何一种药剂都可以提供多种活性或功能,因此在一些实施方式中,本组合可以包含少于五种或六种不同的药剂。有着这种组合的组合物具有不仅在冠状动脉中,而且在能够进行或容易发生不希望的钙化的其它组织中都能预防、治疗、甚至逆转钙化的能力。
具体实施方式
除非另外说明,本文所用的百分数都是以组合物的重量计。除非另外说明,本文所用的比例是总体组成的摩尔比。除非另外说明,所有的测量,如重量、pH值等的测量均在25℃下用标准设备进行。
在本公开和权利要求书中所用的单数形式“一个”,“一种”和“该”、“所述”包括复数指示物,除非上下文中有明确的另外说明。本文所用的“约”理解为是指一个数值范围内的数。另外,本文的所有数值范围均应理解为包括该范围内的所有整数、非负整数或分数。本文所公开的组合物可以不含本文未具体公开的任何要素。本文中,“包含”及其变体是指可以加入不影响最终结果的其它步骤和其它组分。该术语涵盖术语“由……组成”和“主要由……组成”。因此,使用术语“包含”的实施方式的记载包括了“主要由所引用的组分组成”的实施方式和“由所引用的组分组成”的实施方式。本文所公开的任何实施方式可与本文所公开的任何其它实施方式组合。
本文所用的词语“包括”及其变体是非限制性的,因此,对清单项目的列举并不排除对本发明的材料、组成、设备和方法有用的其它类似的项目。
本文所用的词语“优选的”、“优选地”及其变体是指在某些条件下带来某些益处的本发明的实施方式。然而,在同样的或其它的条件下,其它实施方式也可以是优选的。另外,引用一种或多种优选的实施方式,并不表示其它实施方式不可用,并且也不旨在将其它实施方式排除在本发明的范围之外。
本文所用的术语“预防”、“防止”及其变体包括降低血管钙化和/或任何其它的所述病症的风险和/或严重性。术语“治疗”、“处理”、“改善”和“缓解”同时包括预防的或预防性的治疗(预防和/或减缓目标病理学状态或失调的发展)和治愈性、治疗性或疾病改善性的治疗,包括治愈、减缓、减轻所诊断的病理学状态或失调的症状和/或中止所诊断的病理学状态或失调的进展的治疗性措施;以及处于感染疾病的风险中或疑似已经感染了疾病的患者、及患病或已经被诊断为患有疾病或医疗病症的患者的治疗。该术语并不一定表示对象经治疗直至完全康复。术语“治疗”和“处理”也指对未患有疾病但可能容易发展为不健康状态的个体的健康的维持和/或促进。术语“治疗”、“处理”和“缓解”也旨在包括一种或多种主要的预防性或治疗性措施的增强或者强化。术语“治疗”、“处理”和“缓解”还旨在包括疾病或病症的饮食控制或者用于预防或防止疾病或病症的饮食控制。治疗可以与患者相关或与医生相关。
本文所用的“治疗有效量”是在个体中预防缺陷、治疗疾病或医疗病症的量,更普遍地,是减轻症状、控制疾病的进展、或者为个体提供营养上、生理上或医疗上的益处的量。达到治疗效果所需的治疗有效量显然会根据特定的组成、给药途径、接受者的年龄和状况、以及欲治疗的特定的失调或疾病而变化。
本文所用的“安全有效量”是指在安全的同时足以提供所需益处的活性剂的量,并且会根据欲治疗的特定病症、欲治疗的患者的年龄的身体状况、病症的严重性、治疗的持续时间、同时实施的疗法的性质、施用的药剂的具体形态、以及所施用的药剂的特定载剂而变化。
本文所用的“动物”包括但不限于哺乳动物,哺乳动物包括但不限于:家畜如狗和猫,农牧动物如绵羊、猪、奶牛和马,以及人。当使用“动物”、“哺乳动物”或其复数形式时,根据段落的上下文,这些术语也用于能够体现效果或意图体现效果的任何动物。本文所用的术语“患者”理解为包括正在接受或意图接受治疗的动物、特别是哺乳动物、更特别是人,其中治疗如本文所定义。虽然术语“个体”和“患者”在本文中一般用于指代人,但本公开并不限定于此。因此,术语“个体”和“患者”是指具有能够因治疗而受益的医疗病症、或具有能够因治疗而受益的医疗病症的风险的任何动物、哺乳动物或人。
本文中,术语“植物营养素”或“植物化学物质”用来表示在许多植物食品中可见的天然化学化合物,并且是指由植物制备的、赋予患者一种或多种健康益处的任何化合物。“植物(Phyto)”是指植物的希腊语。这些化学物质有助于保护植物免受细菌、真菌、虫子及其它威胁的影响。
本文所用的术语“食品产品”、“食品组合物”、“营养组合物”、“膳食补充剂”及其变体理解为包括任意数量的任选的其它组分,包括常规添加剂,例如一种或多种蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂肪、维生素、矿物质、酸化剂、增稠剂、pH调节用的缓冲剂或试剂、螯合剂、着色剂、乳化剂、赋形剂、调味剂和甜味剂、渗透剂、防腐剂、稳定剂、糖、增甜剂和/或调质剂、口服摄入上可接受的赋形剂和/或运载体。任选组分可以任何合适的量添加。
术语“运载体”是指适合于口服给药和摄入的一种或多种相容的固体或液体的赋形剂或稀释剂。本文所用的“相容的”是指组合物的组分能够掺合而又没有会实质性降低该组合物的稳定性和/或功效的相互作用。适合用于可摄取产品的赋形剂和/或运载体包括麦芽糊精、碳酸钙、磷酸二钙、磷酸三钙、微晶纤维素、右旋糖、米粉、硬脂酸镁、硬脂酸、交联羧甲基纤维素钠、羟基乙酸淀粉钠、交聚维酮、植物胶、乳糖、甲基纤维素、聚维酮、羧甲基纤维素、玉米淀粉等(包括它们的混合物)。优选的运载体包括碳酸钙、硬脂酸镁、麦芽糊精和它们的混合物。
合适的调味剂包括冬青油、薄荷油、留兰香油、丁香花蕾油、薄荷脑、茴香脑、水杨酸甲酯、桉叶脑、肉桂、1-乙酸薄荷酯、鼠尾草、丁子香酚、欧芹油、覆盆子酮(oxanone)、α-紫罗兰酮(irisone)、墨角兰、柠檬、橙、丙烯基乙基愈创木酚、桂皮、香草醛、百里酚、芳樟醇、肉桂醛丙三醇缩醛(称为CGA)和它们的混合物。
可用的甜味剂包括蔗糖、葡萄糖、糖精、右旋糖、左旋糖、乳糖、甘露糖醇、山梨糖醇、果糖、麦芽糖、木糖醇、糖精盐、竹芋蛋白、阿斯巴甜、D-色氨酸、二氢查耳酮、乙酰舒泛和环己氨基磺酸盐、特别是环己氨基磺酸钠和糖精钠、以及它们的混合物。
本发明的组合物可以呈各种形式,包括可摄取固体形式如胶囊、片剂、丸剂、软糖、粒状胶囊(gelcaps),或者颗粒剂和粉末如茶和饮料混合物。这也可以制备成液态溶液、乳液、浓缩物、凝胶等,以供饮料等产品使用。
本组合物也可以制备成用于外用应用,例如用于口腔、皮肤、头发、头皮和指甲。本文所用的“外用组合物”、“口腔、头发、皮肤、头皮或指甲护理组合物”是指如下产品:在常规使用过程中不是为了特定治疗剂的全身给药而有意地吞咽下去,而是在口腔或其它身体表面/组织中保持一段时间,该时间足以与几乎所有这些牙齿、嘴巴、皮肤、头皮、头发或指甲的表面和/或组织相接触以输送所预期的益处。
本发明的外用口腔护理组合物可以呈各种形式,包括牙膏、洁牙剂、牙粉、外用口服凝胶、漱口水、假牙产品、口腔喷剂、摩丝、泡沫、锭剂、口服片剂和口香糖。皮肤、头皮、头发或指甲护理用的组合物形式的例子包括洗剂、乳膏剂、啫喱、清洁剂、磨砂膏、香波、清洗剂、洗去或免洗护发素、摩丝、发胶、油膏剂、酊剂和软膏剂。这些外用产品用的运载体和赋形剂是本领域公知的。例如,口腔护理组合物中的常规添加剂包括但不限于:氟离子源;抗牙垢或抗牙石剂;抗微生物剂如亚锡盐、氯化十六烷基吡啶鎓(CPC)、调味油及其它;缓冲剂;摩擦剂如二氧化硅;漂白剂如过氧化物源;碱金属碳酸氢盐;增稠材料;保湿剂;水;表面活性剂;二氧化钛;调味体系;甜味剂;木糖醇;着色剂、以及它们的混合物。
用于宠物和动物护理时,本组合物可以制备成例如片剂、食品、咀嚼物和玩具。活性剂可以掺入到例如相对而言比较柔软但又牢固且耐用的材料,例如生皮、由天然或合成纤维制成的绳子、以及由尼龙、聚酯或热塑性聚氨酯制成的聚合制品。随着动物咀嚼、舔舐或啃咬该产品,所掺入的活性剂释放至动物的口腔并被摄取。在宠物食品实施方式中,活性剂可以作为组分掺入或混合到宠物食品、例如粗粒、半湿或罐装食品中。本组合物也可以掺入到其它宠物护理产品中,包括营养补充剂和饮水添加剂。
采用常规技术将各种组分以及赋形剂和/或运载体混合并形成为所需形式。例如,本发明的片剂或胶囊可以用在约5.0到9.0的pH下溶解的肠溶衣包衣。在肠内的较高pH下溶解但不在胃中溶解的合适的肠溶衣包括乙酸邻苯二甲酸纤维素、磷脂双层及其它。还有一些材料是本领域公知的,并且本领域技术人员能容易地根据所制备的组合物所需的物理、美观和性能性质进行选择。制剂化和给药的技术细节可以参见《雷明登药物科学》(Remingtons'Pharmaceutical Sciences)(第18版,1990);《化妆品与盥洗用具制剂》(Cosmetic and Toiletry Formulations)(第2版,1989);《国际化妆品成分词典手册》(TheInternational Cosmetic Ingredient Directory and Handbook)(第8版,2000)。
本文中有用的活性组分及其它组分可以在本文中通过它们的治疗和/或营养益处或者它们的作用或功能的假定模式来分类或描述。然而应理解,在一些情况下,本文中有用的活性组分及其它组分能够提供不止一种治疗益处或功能,或通过不止一种作用模式来操作。因此,本文中的分类是为了方便起见,并不旨在将一种组分限制在特别说明的用途或列出的用途中。
在一种实施方式中,本组合物包含为心血管健康提供叠加或协同益处的选择活性物质的组合。优选地,这些活性物质是提取自植物的天然存在的化学物质,并且对摄取而言十分安全。这些活性物质的组合为心血管健康带来的益处来自于对导致血管钙化的多种机制的全盘解决。
血管钙化(VC)或动脉钙积累的特点是呈羟基磷灰石晶体形式的磷酸钙及其它磷酸钙盐的沉积。VC是一种复杂且受到严格调节的代谢过程,具有许多与骨骼或骨组织中的矿化过程相同的特征。骨和VC的发展和代谢均涉及钙化的局部和全身性的抑制物和诱导物的不平衡。VC的发展所牵涉的主要和关键的步骤包括:
(1)正常/健康的血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)和/或循环干细胞向成骨细胞/骨形成样细胞的转化,以及
(2)羟基磷灰石晶体形式的钙沉积。
血管钙化过程中的第一个关键且必不可少的步骤是VSMC及其它细胞类型如循环干细胞向成骨细胞样细胞的转化。这些是能够形成骨样结构的细胞。发生可逆分化的能力是VSMC表型的特点;这些细胞在基线上处于其分化的、有收缩性的状态,但会响应上述病理性刺激而进入增殖、合成状态,从而产生细胞外基质(ECM)并发生成骨性分化。该转化由例如在多种慢性疾病下的反复暴露所诱发,包括高血压、肾病、糖尿病、炎症、高磷酸盐血症/高钙血症和氧化应激。在正常或健康状态下,VSMC处于其分化的、有收缩性的状态;然而,当反复暴露在上述病理性诱导物下时,它们表达包括骨形态发生蛋白(BMP:BMP2和BMP4)、成骨转录因子(Runt相关转录因子2(Runx2),也称为核心结合因子α-1亚基(Cbfα-1)、Osterix等)和信号通路(Wnt/β-联蛋白)在内的蛋白质,它们均促进VSMC向成骨细胞样细胞的分化。这些成骨细胞样细胞具有许多与骨形成细胞相同的性质,包括碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性以及骨钙蛋白、骨粘连蛋白和骨桥蛋白(OPN)表达的提高。已知ALP表达的提高可通过增加细胞的磷酸盐浓度来促进VSMC的分化[Giachelli CM(2009),“磷酸盐在血管钙化中的新角色(The Emerging Role of Phosphate in Vascular Calcification)”.Kidney Int.75(9):890–897]。
由于VC发展的整个过程的复杂性、牵涉到多种刺激或诱发物以及这些诱发物引发转化的多种机制,预防和/或治疗VC并且由此预防和/或治疗冠心病仍然是一个严重且未能充分解决的全球性公共卫生问题。下文是与这些病症的斗争中的现有的不足和/或有限的成功的原因。
现有的VC预防/治疗方案着重于用具体的药物治疗单个刺激(例如,用噻嗪类利尿剂和β-阻滞剂治疗高血压;用二甲双胍治疗糖尿病;用非类固醇类和类固醇类的抗炎药治疗炎症;以及用他汀类治疗高胆固醇)。换言之,以往的方案不是全盘的。另外,现在用于治疗这些慢性疾病的治疗药具有对使用这些治疗药的患者的总体健康有害的副作用。现有的单个疾病的治疗并未设计成通过抑制重要和关键的步骤(即正常/健康的VSMC及其它干细胞向成骨细胞样细胞的分化)来治疗/预防VC。
因此,在开发通过抑制VSMC向成骨细胞样细胞的转化来预防/治疗VC的产品/药物方面尚有需求未被满足。本文描述的发明包括通过抑制牵涉到VSMC向成骨细胞样细胞的转化的多种诱导物和抑制物蛋白质的表达来阻断这种不希望的转化的、安全且有效的产品。
血管钙化主要是从平滑肌细胞及其它循环细胞向成骨细胞样细胞的分化开始的过程的结果。这些成骨细胞样细胞能够分泌各种细胞外基质(ECM)的组分并沉积钙盐(主要是羟基磷灰石),这与在成骨细胞作用下的骨中所见的现象非常相似。如同骨组织的成骨细胞,这些分化的细胞能够实现细胞外的磷酸钙沉积,有计划地导致动脉壁的骨化。急性血管意外死亡的风险与大动脉的壁,尤其是瓣膜的钙化有很大关联。
文献中报道的广泛研究提供了证据证明,VC是一种通过诱发或促进钙化的因素和抑制矿化的因素之间的竞争而受到严格调节的过程,[参见例如Zhu D等(2012),“血管钙化的机制和临床后果(Mechanisms and Clinical Consequences of VascularCalcification)”.Frontiers in Endocrinology,3:1-12;Johnson RC等(2006),“血管钙化的病理学机制和临床意义(Vascular Calcification Pathological Mechanisms andClinical Implications)”.Circ.Research:1044-1059]。VC的正调节物(即诱发物或诱导物)是诱导脉管系统中的“成骨细胞样”细胞的形成和在骨生成程序中至关重要的转录因子的上调的调节物。已报道的诱导物有高钙/磷酸盐/葡萄糖、尿毒症、骨质疏松、促炎性细胞因子、脂质、巨噬细胞、凋亡、转谷氨酰胺酶-2、高维生素D、转化生长因子β(TGF-β)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、甲状旁腺激素(PTH)、糖皮质激素和华法林。负调节物(即抑制剂或抑制物)是血管正常表达来抑制矿化的分子,例如焦磷酸盐和基质Gla蛋白(MGP)。这些分子的缺乏意味着“失去抑制”,接着导致自发的血管钙化。其它负调节物包括胎球蛋白-A、骨桥蛋白、骨保护素、他汀类、维生素K、二膦酸盐、成纤维细胞生长因子23(FGF23)/Klotho蛋白和胰岛素样生长因子1(IGF-1)。
基于来自文献的证据,认为下述的是关键的VC诱发物,因为它们在正常VSMC及其它细胞向能够在软组织上形成骨样或硬质的沉积物的成骨细胞样细胞的转化的关键步骤中起作用。
高磷酸盐血症和高钙血症
高磷酸盐水平通过上调信号通路(β-联蛋白)、BMP和转录因子、Runt相关转录因子2(Runx2)(也称为核心结合因子α-1亚基(Cbfα-1)和Osterix)的表达来促进VC,它们是VSMC及其它细胞向成骨细胞样细胞的分化的介导物。[参见例如Johnson RC等,同上,Jimi,E等(2010),“BMP诱导骨形成的分子机制:成骨细胞发生中的BMP和NF-κB信号通路之间的交互(Molecular mechanisms of BMP-induced bone formation:Cross-talk between BMPand NF-κB signaling pathways in osteoblastogenesis)”,Japanese Dental ScienceReview,46(1):33–42.]
文献中报道的体外研究证明,如骨相关标记物蛋白表达的提高和SMC标记物基因的丧失所示,与高磷酸盐血症个体中所见的水平相当的高磷酸盐水平直接促进VSMC的成骨性分化。类似地,无论是否添加高磷酸盐,将培养基中的Ca水平提高至被认为是高钙血症的水平(>2.6mM),均能导致血管平滑肌细胞的矿化和表型转变的增强。高磷酸盐血症和高钙血症使人VSMC中的基质囊泡的分泌和例如在骨形成中可见的矿化敏感性细胞外基质的产生增加。[参见例如Giachelli CM,(2004),“血管钙化机制(Vascular CalcificationMechanisms)”.JASN.15(12):2959-2964;Jono S等(2000),“血管平滑肌细胞钙化的磷酸盐调节(Phosphate regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification)”.Circ.Res.,87:E10–E17;Yang H等(Dec.2004),“提高的细胞外钙水平在体外诱导平滑肌细胞基质的矿化(Elevated extracellular calcium levels induce smooth musclecell matrix mineralization in vitro)”.Kidney Int.66(6):2293-98]。
采用例如华法林(Coumadin)的抗凝血剂疗法:
已证明华法林通过经由γ-羧基化来抑制基质Gla蛋白(MGP)的活性以及诱导信号通路(β-联蛋白)、成骨转录因子(Runx2/Cbfα-1、Osterix)和BMP(已知的VSMC向成骨细胞样细胞的转化的介导物,甚至是在正常的钙水平和临床上可接受的磷酸盐水平下)的表达来诱发VC。此外,已知VSMC的华法林处理导致产生未羧基化的(Gla-缺陷型)MGP,其不具有(通过抑制骨形态发生蛋白2和4的表达来)抑制血管平滑肌细胞的骨软骨形成性转分化以及直接抑制钙晶体生长的重要功能。[参见例如Zhu D等(2012);Schurgers LJ等(2007),“翻译后修饰调节基质Gla蛋白功能:在抑制血管平滑肌细胞钙化中的重要性(Post-translational modifications regulate matrix Gla protein function:importancefor inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification)”.J.Thromb.Haemost.5:2503-2511]。
炎症:
反复的炎症通过(a)上调VSMC的分化促进物、BMP和成骨转录因子(Runx2和Osterix)的表达、和(b)抑制血管分化抑制物蛋白如骨保护素的表达来诱发VC[参见例如Shao JS等(2006),“炎症和血管钙化的成骨性调节:综述和展望(Inflammation and theOsteogenic Regulation of Vascular Calcification:A Review&Perspective)”.Hypertension 55:579-592]。
氧化应激:
氧化应激是氧化剂产生和抗氧化剂活性之间的净平衡。促氧化剂包括活性氮物质和活性氧物质(ROS)如超氧化物阴离子和过氧化氢。氧化负担的增加导致氧化的LDL的形成,已知其会刺激VSMC向骨表型分化(包括BMP2和Runx2/Cbfa1的上调和活化以及基质矿物质沉积)。[参见例如Byon CH等(2008),“氧化应激通过AKT信号转导来调节成骨转录因子Runx2以诱导血管钙化(Oxidative Stress Induces Vascular Calcification throughModulation of the Osteogenic Transcription Factor Runx2by AKT Signaling)”.J.Biol.Chem.283:15319-15327;Mody N等(2001),“氧化应激调节血管和骨细胞的成骨细胞性分化(Oxidative stress modulates osteoblastic differentiation of vascularand bone cells)”.Free Radic.Biol.Med.31:509–519]。此外,活性氧物质(ROS)信号转导可诱导成骨细胞性分化的其它标记物如碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性的提高。ALP是成骨细胞的功能性表型标记物,并且ALP活性经常用作血管钙化的分子标记物,因为其是细胞外基质(ECM)沉积的早期指标。ALP活性对于软骨内骨化以及血管钙化过程中的羟基磷灰石形成而言是至关重要的。ALP调节血管钙化的机制是降低无机焦磷酸盐的水平;焦磷酸盐是ALP的底物,并且是公知的血管钙化的强效抑制剂。
因为诱导VSMC的成骨细胞性分化的氧化应激往往是炎症性过程的结果,所以炎性细胞因子本身就牵涉到血管钙化。这也提示TNF-α在血管钙化中起着至关重要的作用。如ALP活性和矿物质沉积试验所示,VSMC的成骨细胞性分化是由TNF-α以剂量依赖性方式诱导的。该TNF-α的诱导是由cAMP(环磷酸腺苷,cyclic Adenosine monophosphate)通路介导的,而cAMP刺激VSMC的成骨细胞性分化。另外,TNF-α增强Cbfa1/Runx2、激活蛋白质1和cAMP反应元件结合蛋白的DNA结合(其是成骨细胞性分化中的重要转录因子)。[参见例如ShioiA等(2002),“人血管平滑肌细胞中的骨型碱性磷酸酶的诱导:来源于巨噬细胞的肿瘤坏死因子α和制瘤素M的作用(Induction of bone-type alkaline phosphatase in humanvascular smooth muscle cells:Roles of tumor necrosis factor-alpha andoncostatin M derived from macrophages)”.Circ.Res.91:9–16;Tintut Y等(2000),“肿瘤坏死因子α在体外通过cAMP通路来促进血管细胞的钙化(Tumor necrosis factor-alphapromotes in vitro calcification of vascular cells via the cAMP pathway)”.Circulation 102:2636–2642;Tintut Y等(1998),“cAMP刺激钙化血管细胞的成骨细胞样分化:血管钙化的嵌在信号通路(cAMP stimulates osteoblast-like differentiationof calcifying vascular cells:Potential signaling pathway for vascularcalcification)”.J.Biol.Chem.273:7547–7553.]
高血压:
高血压与以重塑、内皮功能障碍和高反应性为特点的血管变化有关。作为这些干扰的基础的细胞过程包括血管平滑肌细胞生长和凋亡的改变、纤维化、高收缩性和钙化。血管钙化在高血压的作用下加速,并且也造成高血压。已证明在高血压性血管表型所牵涉的许多因素中,血管紧张素II(ANG II)是很重要的。ANG II是引发血管收缩和随后的血压升高的肽激素。在人主动脉和小鼠VSMC的钙化的体外研究中证明,ANG II通过核因子-κB配体(RANKL)通路的受体激活剂和活性氧物质(ROS)的产生来诱导VSMC向成骨细胞表型分化。在成骨诱导培养基的存在下,ANG II提高VSMC中的Cbfα1蛋白水平,并且使RANKL水平、钙沉积、钙化结节的形成和ROS的产生提高。此外,已知RANKL系统减少VSMC中的钙化抑制剂、基质Gla蛋白(MGP),并且提高BMP-2的表达,因而进一步造成血管钙化。RANKL也通过诱导主要转录因子Cbfα1和Msx2的表达来增强VSMC向成骨细胞样细胞的分化。另外,已确认ANG II在血管钙化中的作用,因为采用ANG II受体阻断剂(ARB)的处理显著降低了钙化以及RANK和RANKL的mRNA水平,这与BMP-2和cbfα1的抑制有关[参见例如Jia G等(2012)“基质Gla蛋白在血管紧张素II诱导的血管钙化的加剧中的作用(Role of Matrix Gla Protein inAngiotensin II-Induced Exacerbation of Vascular Calcification)”.Am JPhys.Heart Circ.Physiol.,H523-H532;Osako MK等(2013),“血管钙化中的核因子κB配体信号转导的受体激活剂和肾素-血管紧张素系统之间的交互(Cross-Talk of ReceptorActivator of Nuclear Factor-κB Ligand Signaling With Renin–AngiotensinSystemin Vascular Calcification)”.Arteriosclerosis,Thrombosis,and VascularBiology,33:1287-1296.]。
除血管紧张素外,其它牵涉到高血压发病的因素是内皮素家族的肽,具体是内皮素-1(ET-1),其是比ANG II更为强效的血管收缩剂。ET-1由内皮及其它细胞类型释放。当过表达时,ET-1造成较高的血压(高血压)及包括血管钙化在内的其它心血管病症。β-甘油磷酸酯诱导钙化的一项体外研究表明,在钙化的动脉中有上调的内皮素基因表达以及内皮素产生的增加。该研究的结果显示,与对照相比,在钙化的VSMC中,钙浓度、Ca+2摄入和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性升高。另外,使用特定的ET-1受体拮抗剂和钙化的VSMC一起孵育时,VSMC的钙化减少,因此强烈地提示ET-1参与血管钙化的发病。[参见例如Wu SY等(2003),“内皮素-1是血管钙化的体内强效调节物和血管平滑肌细胞钙化的体外强效调节物(Endothelin-1is a potent regulator in vivo in vascular calcification and in vitro incalcification of vascular smooth muscle cells)”.Peptides 24:1149–1156;Essalihi R等(2004),“动脉中层钙化过程中的血管平滑肌细胞的表型调节:是内皮素的作用吗?(Phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells during medialarterial calcification:a role for endothelin?)”J.Cardiovasc.Pharmacol.44Suppl1:S147–150.]
糖尿病:
高血糖症在一个方面通过其引发慢性炎症的能力来促进VC。此外,已知活性氧物质(ROS)和晚期糖化终产物(AGE)(由糖尿病诱导)提高细胞因子(NF-κB)和转录因子(Runx2/Cbfα1)的表达。已知NF-κB和Runx2均促进VSMC向成骨细胞样细胞的分化。此外,糖尿病也下调MGP的表达,其是BMP介导的VSMC向成骨细胞样细胞的分化的抑制剂。人中的研究证明,糖尿病中的血管钙化与骨基质蛋白和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)表达的提高有关。使用牛VMSC的体外研究证明,高葡萄糖提高成骨细胞转录因子Runx2/Cbfα-1、其下游蛋白质骨钙蛋白、BMP-2的表达和ALP活性。这些结果提示,糖尿病中的血管钙化的增加至少一部分归因于高血糖症通过多种机制对VSMC产生的直接影响。[参见例如Di Marco等(2013).“糖尿病改变脉管系统中的促炎性和抗炎性信号通路的活化和抑制(Diabetes Alters Activationand Repression of Pro-and Anti-inflammatory Signaling Pathways in theVasculature)”.Frontiers in Endocrinology/Diabetes,4:1-6;Paneni F等(2014).“血管功能障碍的分子机制和二型糖尿病中的心血管生物标记(Molecular Mechanism ofVascular Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Type 2Diabetes)”.Cardiovasc.Diagn.Ther.4:324-332;Chen NX等(2006)“高葡萄糖提高Cbfα1和BMP-2的表达并增强血管平滑肌细胞的钙化(High glucose increases the expression of Cbfα1and BMP-2and enhances the calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells)”.Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.(21(12):3435-3442.]
慢性肾病(CKD):
CKD患者具有改变的钙和磷酸盐和代谢、即高磷酸盐血症和/或高钙血症,如上所述,它们在血管钙化的进程中起着重要作用。细胞外磷酸盐通过增加磷酸盐向VSMC的流入,以剂量和时间依赖性方式促进VSMC的矿化,这导致成骨性分化因子如Cbfα1/Runx2、BMP-2、骨钙蛋白(OC)和β-联蛋白信号转导的诱导,这些成骨性分化因子参与VSMC向成骨细胞样细胞的转化的介导。也已知升高的细胞外磷酸盐水平使碱性磷酸酶(ALP)增加并加快VSMC的矿化。另外,CKD中的尿毒症状态的特点是高氧化应激,其产生活性氧物质(ROS)如超氧化物阴离子和过氧化氢。最近已知,ROS过氧化氢促进VSMC的成骨性转分化,包括BMP2和Runx2/Cbfa1的上调和活化以及基质矿物质沉积。[参见例如Massy ZA和Drueke TB(2012),“镁与慢性疾病患者的结局:聚焦血管钙化、动脉粥样硬化和生存(Magnesium and outcomes inpatients with chronic disease:focus on vascular calcification,atherosclerosisand survival)”.Clin Kidney,5(suppl 1):i52-i61;Rong S等(2014),“慢性肾病中的血管钙化是由骨形态发生蛋白-2通过涉及Wnt/B-联蛋白通路的机制诱导的(VascularCalcification in Chronic Kidney Disease is induced by Morphogenetic Protein-2via a Mechanism Involving the Wnt/B-catenin Pathway)”.Cell Physiol.Biochem.,34:2049-2060;Jono S等(2000),“血管平滑肌细胞钙化的磷酸盐调节(Phosphateregulation of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification)”.Circ.Res.87:E10–E17;Mizobuchi M等(2009年7月),“血管钙化:慢性肾病患者的杀手(VascularCalcification:The Killer of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease)”.J.Amer.Soc.Nephrology.20:7,1453-1464.]
骨质疏松:
骨质疏松与血管钙化的关系已被广泛报道。在人类骨质疏松患者中,在动脉壁中的骨样结构的形成的同时可见到骨组织从骨骼中流失。在啮齿类的研究中,已知血管钙化和骨质疏松在至少三种条件下同时出现:骨保护素(一种破骨细胞抑制因子)的缺乏、膳食中的必需脂肪酸的缺乏和高脂血症。体外和体内研究表明,氧化的脂质不仅促进血管细胞的矿化,而且它们也抑制骨细胞的矿化。低密度脂蛋白(LDL)水平与冠状和主动脉瓣膜的钙化进程均有关联,并且LDL蛋白在钙化的主动脉瓣膜上积累。高脂血症与冠状组织钙化的快速进展有关,并且脂质降低疗法减缓冠状组织和瓣膜钙化的进展。研究还表明,氧化的脂质在血管细胞中诱导成骨细胞性分化,并且高脂血症在小鼠中降低骨矿物密度。由这些研究可知,脂质的积累和氧化导致生物矿化的正常局部控制的逆转,促进软组织的钙化和骨的骨质溶解,这解释了骨正从骨骼中流失的患者的动脉中的骨样形成的悖论。[参见例如Demer LL(2002)“血管钙化和骨质疏松:对氧化的脂质的炎症反应(Vascularcalcification and osteoporosis:inflammatory responses to oxidized lipids)”.Int.J.Epidemiol.31:737–741;Parhami F等(1997)“脂质氧化产物对钙化血管细胞和骨细胞的分化具有相反的影响:对于骨质疏松患者中的动脉钙化这一悖论的一种可能的解释(Lipid oxidation products have opposite effects on calcifying vascular celland bone cell differentiation.A possible explanation for the paradox ofarterial calcification in osteoporotic patients)”.Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol.17:680–87;Bucay N等(1998),“骨保护素缺乏小鼠发生早发骨质疏松和动脉钙化(Osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterialcalcification)”.Genes Dev.12:1260–68;Farhat GN和Cauley JA(2008),“骨质疏松和心血管疾病之间的关联(The Link Between Osteoporosis and CardiovascularDisease)”.Clinical Cases in Mineral and Bone Metabolism,5:19-34;Cannata-AndiaJB等(2011),“血管钙化和骨健康之间的联系(The connections between vascularcalcification and bone health)”.Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation,26(11):3429-3436.]
近期数据提示,血管钙化和骨质疏松(即骨流失和骨折风险的增加)的并发并不单只是与年龄有关,而是这些病症有生物学关联性。在血管钙化的发展过程中,血管平滑肌细胞向成骨细胞样表型的转变促进囊泡结构的释放,并且这些结构内的矿化由多种因素促进,包括与矿物质代谢有关的因素如磷和钙,它们要么影响该结构内的过饱和,要么影响成骨因子的表达。在骨质疏松中,钙和磷的水平随着骨从骨骼中流失而提高。如上所述,高磷酸盐水平和高钙水平的个体均直接促进VSMC的成骨性分化并增强矿化。高磷酸盐血症和高钙血症使人VSMC中的基质囊泡的分泌和例如在骨形成中可见的矿化敏感性细胞外基质的产生增加。动脉粥样硬化斑块的钙沉积中可见的矿物质具有与形成无机骨基质的羟基磷灰石晶体非常相似的化学组成。已从人动脉粥样硬化的主动脉中分离出可钙化的囊泡,提示其可能参与矿物质沉积,这与由软骨细胞和成骨细胞分泌并且参与最初的骨矿化的“细胞外基质囊泡”相似。也已知钙化斑块表达多种骨基质蛋白,例如I型胶原、含有gla(γ-羧基谷氨酸)的蛋白质如骨钙蛋白(骨gla蛋白)和基质gla蛋白、骨形态发生蛋白(BMP-2和-4)、骨桥蛋白、骨粘连蛋白和骨涎蛋白。已在动脉粥样硬化斑块中鉴定出成骨性细胞,称为钙化血管细胞(CVC)。其是血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)的亚群,能够进行成骨细胞性分化。受到BMP-2和BMP-4的刺激时,这些细胞开始表达成骨细胞基因,包括骨形成所需的碱性磷酸酶、I型胶原和骨钙蛋白。参与骨代谢的其它细胞包括破骨细胞样细胞、软骨细胞样细胞和在斑块中亦可见到的造血骨髓细胞。
钙化抑制剂:
软组织含有下述的关键生物钙沉积抑制剂来保护其免受钙化。除了血管壁上的成骨细胞样细胞的形成和由上述的导致血管钙化发展的代谢损伤诱导的骨生成外,钙化抑制剂的缺乏是血管钙化背后的另一重要机制。这些分子的缺乏导致“矿化失去抑制”,因而导致自发的血管钙化。[参见例如Zhu D等(2012)同上];Johnson RC等(2006)同上];BeazleyKE等(2013).“槲皮素在体外与基质Gla蛋白相独立地减弱由华法林诱导的血管钙化(Quercetin Attenuates Warfarin-induced Vascular Calcification in VitroIndependently from Matrix Gla Protein)”.J.Biol.Chem.288:2632-2640;Montes deOca A等(2014).“镁抑制Wnt/β-联蛋白活性并逆转血管平滑肌细胞的成骨性转化(Magnesium Inhibits Wnt/β-catenin Activity and Reverses the OsteogenicTransformation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells)”.PLOS ONE 9(2):e89525;Mizobuchi M.等(2009年7月)同上]
基质γ-羧基谷氨酸(Gla)蛋白(MGP):
基质Gla蛋白(MGP)主要由软骨细胞和血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)分泌。这种血管钙化的强效抑制剂需要经过两个转录后步骤才能具有完全的活性:3个丝氨酸残基(5位)的磷酸化和5个谷氨酸残基(9位)的羧基化。如同其它“Gla”蛋白,该羧基化依赖于维生素K。因此,有多种形式的MGP在血浆中循环,其中一部分完全没有活性(未磷酸化和未羧基化的MGP),另一部分具有部分或完全的活性,取决于磷酸化或羧基化的位点数量。未羧基化或羧基化不全的MGP主要归因于维生素K的不足和/或长期华法林治疗加速了血管钙化的发展。羧基化的MGP能通过隔绝骨形态发生蛋白(BMP2和4)以抑制它们的促成骨活性、以及通过直接抑制细胞外基质中的羟基磷灰石形成来预防钙化。
骨保护素(OPG):
骨保护素(OPG)是被鉴定为肿瘤坏死因子受体基因超家族的一员的蛋白质,并且是已知能抑制破骨细胞的分化和活化的分泌因子。OPG是正常骨量的生理调节物。这已经在实验中得到了证明,该实验中,小鼠中的OPG的靶向删除导致严重的早发骨质疏松。在这些小鼠中观察到的早发骨质疏松是与破骨细胞的数量和活性的增加有关的骨再吸收的增加的结果。OPG的流失也导致主动脉和肾动脉的钙化,它们是正常动物中的内源性OPG表达的位点,因而表明OPG在调节动脉的病理性钙化中的其它作用。[参见例如Bucay N等(1998),“骨保护素缺乏小鼠发展出早发骨质疏松和动脉钙化(Osteoprotegerin-deficient micedevelop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification)”.Genes Dev.12:1260–68;Price PA等(2001),“骨保护素抑制由华法林诱导和由维生素D诱导的动脉钙化(Osteoprotegerin Inhibits Artery Calcification Induced by Warfarin and byVitamin D)”.Arteriosclerosis,Thrombosis,and Vascular Biology 21:1610-1616.]
另一发现是OPG在钙化的VSMC中下调。OPG通过降低碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性以及对凋亡发挥抑制效果来保护细胞免受钙化。这是很重要的,因为凋亡体可以起到磷灰石的结晶的成核位点的作用。重要的是,OPG通过抑制(a)炎症介导的血管细胞的成骨性分化、(b)血管钙积累和(c)碱性磷酸酶活性(其促进磷酸盐浓度的增加,并且和增加的钙一起诱发VC)来抑制VSMC向成骨细胞样细胞的转化。
骨桥蛋白(OPN):
OPN是在矿化组织中表达的酸性磷蛋白,并且通过阻断羟基磷灰石形成和激活破骨细胞功能来抑制组织的矿化。虽然OPN在正常血管中不表达,但在钙化的动脉中可见丰富的OPN,这表明OPN是血管钙化的调节物。OPN通过与矿化的晶体表面结合来抑制VSMC的矿化。OPN的磷酸化对于其对VSMC矿化的抑制效果而言是必需的。认为OPN的功能代表了适应性响应来抵抗血管钙化的进展。
焦磷酸盐(PPi):
焦磷酸盐是血管钙化的主要抑制剂,并且通过抑制羟基磷灰石晶体的形成起作用。PPi是由核苷酸焦磷酸酯酶磷酸二酯酶家族(NPP)作用下的核苷酸三磷酸酯的水解生成的。已知PPi生成的缺乏会引起大范围的中层钙化并诱导主动脉环钙化。而且,血管钙获取的PPi依赖性控制的机制包括VSMC骨软骨形成性转分化的抑制。
胎球蛋白:
胎球蛋白-A是在血清中可见的Ca2+结合性糖蛋白,大部分由肝脏产生。MGP、OPN和OPG是参与血管钙化的局部因子,并且在钙化位点起作用,而胎球蛋白-A是血管钙化的循环抑制剂。VSMC能摄入血清胎球蛋白-A并将其汇集在细胞内的膜结合基质囊泡中,该囊泡由VSMC释放,成为矿物质成核的中心点。这些释放出的囊泡具有丰富的胎球蛋白-A,并且阻止膜结合基质囊泡的形成羟基磷灰石晶体的能力。
除上述抑制剂外,过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ(PPAR-γ)也是很重要的。PPAR-γ是属于核受体超家族的配体激活性转录因子,并且已知其在葡萄糖、脂质和骨代谢以及血管系统中起着重要作用。据报道,血管壁中的PPAR-γ保护其不会发展出动脉粥样硬化,并且多个实验发现提示PPAR-γ可以保护其免受心血管钙化。如上所述,血管钙化中的关键步骤是正常VSMC及其它血管细胞类型经由促成骨通路向成骨细胞样或骨形成性表型分化。PPAR-γ似乎在动脉粥样硬化病灶的形成过程中有高表达,提示PPAR-γ表达的提高可能是一种血管的代偿性反应。此外,PPAR-γ破坏祖细胞向成骨细胞的分化,并且PPAR-γ的抑制会增加胚胎干细胞向成骨细胞的分化。因此,PPAR-γ的活性通过控制细胞分化和促成骨信号通路来抑制骨生成和血管钙化。氧化应激和炎症似乎也在血管钙化中起着重要作用,并且PPAR-γ除了抗氧化效果外还具有抗炎活性。[参见例如Wang N等(2011).“过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-γ在动脉粥样硬化中的作用:最新信息(Role of peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptor-γin atherosclerosis:an update)”.Circ J.75:528–535;Qu A等(2012),“内皮过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ的破坏加快LDL受体缺失小鼠中的饮食诱导的动脉粥样硬化(Disruption of endothelial peroxisomeproliferator-activated receptorγaccelerates diet-induced atherogenesis inLDL receptor-null mice)”.Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol.32:65–73;Yamashita A等(2006),“PPARγ的瞬间抑制将ES细胞导向成骨细胞系(Transient suppression ofPPARgamma directed ES cells into an osteoblastic lineage)”.FEBS Lett.580:4121–4125;Woldt,E等(2012),“PPARγ通过抑制Wnt5a信号通路来抵抗LRP1诱导的血管钙化(PPARγcounteracts LRP1-induced vascular calcification by Inhibiting aWnt5a Signaling pathway)”.Nat.Commun.3:1077.]
上述VC诱导物引起VSMC向成骨细胞样分化的分子机制是高度受控的。如文献中所述,VC通过非常特殊但又有所重叠的机制而发生。该过程牵涉到促进骨形成或抑制起抑制剂作用的蛋白质的蛋白质的产生。各种刺激(例如炎症、糖尿病和高磷酸盐血症)通过促进BMP和转录因子(Cbfa1/Runx2、Osterix和Msx2)的产生来引发VSMC向成骨细胞样细胞的分化。[参见例如Johnson RC等(2006),“血管钙化的病理学机制和临床意义(VascularCalcification Pathological Mechanisms and Clinical Implications)”.Circ.Res.:1044-1059]
VC在软组织中的诱导物(BMP、转录因子和信号通路)和抑制物(MGP、OPG、OSP、PPi、胎球蛋白)之间的正常平衡因为抑制物的抑制或诱发物的诱导而被破坏时发生。因此,本发明的基础在于描绘VC的原因及钙晶体形成和生长所牵涉的机制、以及鉴定出在整个身体内有效地治疗或预防软组织中的这种非正常的钙代谢、从而有效地治疗或预防VC介导的疾病的活性物质的组合。该活性物质的组合包括:(1)调节过氧化物酶体激活蛋白质受体γ(PPAR-γ)的表达和/或活性的至少一种药剂;(2)抑制一种或多种成骨转录因子(Cbfα1/Runx2、Osterix、Msx2)的表达和/或活性以及/或者β-联蛋白信号转导的至少一种药剂;(3)抑制骨基质蛋白(BMP 2和4)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)和骨钙蛋白中的一种或多种的表达和/或活性的至少一种药剂;(4)抑制活性氧物质(ROS)的活性的至少一种药剂;以及(5)抑制包括白细胞介素IL-1α、IL-1β、IL-6、NF-κB、TNF-α、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)和前列腺素E2(PGE2)在内的一种或多种炎症介质的至少一种药剂。该组合物还可以包含促进基质Gla蛋白(MGP)的表达和/或羧基化的至少一种药剂和/或维生素和矿物质。
应理解,本文所用的任何一种药剂都可以提供多种活性或功能,因此在一些实施方式中,本组合可以包含少于五种或六种不同的药剂。优选地,本组合物包含至少三种植物营养素,在另一些实施方式中包含四种植物营养素,在另一些实施方式中包含五种植物营养素,甚至包含六种或更多种的植物营养素。本发明的一种实施方式是膳食补充剂之类的心脏健康产品,含有植物营养素及其它已知能通过抑制VSMC和其它血管细胞向成骨细胞样细胞转化的关键步骤来减弱VC的生物活性物质。第一个优选实施方式包括植物营养素、矿物质和/或维生素的组合作为活性剂。下表1所示为对VC、心血管疾病及相关的或并发的病症(包括糖尿病、肥胖、高血压、炎症、氧化应激、骨质疏松、关节炎、过早衰老和低耐力)有效的膳食补充剂的示例。这些制剂包含已证明能通过不同且有时有所重叠的机制(如表2所示)来预防和/或治疗VC的生物活性物质的组合。优选的植物营养素及其它生物活性物质在下文中有更详细的描述。
表1.膳食补充剂组成
以上所列的一些组分是从天然提取物中分离的或者合成的纯物质,一些组分是可能含有活性化合物的混合物的提取物。例如,PycnogenolTM是松树皮提取物,含有原花青素化合物;水龙骨(白绒水龙骨(Polypodium leucotomos)提取物)含有卡拉古林(calagualine,一种三萜糖苷)和多种酚酸。在方便和/或节约成本的情况下,可以用天然提取物代替纯化合物而不显著地减低其效果。例如,可以用芒果(Mangifera indica)和五层龙属的提取物代替芒果苷,用齿叶乳香树(Boswellia Serrata)提取物代替β-乳香酸,用欧洲大叶杨(Populus balsamifera)或白柳(Salix alba)提取物代替柳皮苷。其它纯组分的植物提取物源如上所述。
表2.心脏健康生物活性物质—防止VSMC向成骨型细胞转化的作用机制
植物营养素
本发明中有用的植物营养素有类黄酮及其它多酚类。类黄酮或生物类黄酮也称为“苯基色酮”,是天然存在的水溶性化合物,已知其具有抗氧化特性。类黄酮广泛分布在维管植物中,在多种蔬菜、水果和饮料(如茶和酒,尤其是红酒)中可见,因此是人饮食的常见组分。动物界不能合成黄酮核;因此类黄酮绝对是植物来源的外源性食物组分。
类黄酮是具有15-碳骨架的基本结构的共轭芳香化合物,该骨架由两个苯环(A和B)和一个二氢吡喃杂环(C)构成。类黄酮全都是含酮化合物,例如黄酮和黄酮醇(也称为花黄素)。这一类首先被命名为生物类黄酮。术语类黄酮和生物类黄酮也被更笼统地用于描述非酮多羟基多酚化合物(其更具体的命名是黄烷类)。类黄酮(具体是黄烷类如儿茶素及其寡聚形式、原花色素)是人饮食中最常见的一组多酚化合物,并且在植物中普遍可见。黄酮醇(最初的生物类黄酮如槲皮素)也是普遍可见的,但量更少。类黄酮的广泛分布、其多变性以及其与其它活性植物化合物(如生物碱)相比相对较低的毒性意味着人和动物可以在其饮食中大量摄取。具有高类黄酮含量的食物包括欧芹、洋葱、蓝莓及其它莓类、苹果、茶、香蕉、所有柑橘类水果、红酒和黑巧克力。
在1980年代中期已鉴定出超过4000种化学特异性类黄酮,而这只是自然界中可能存在的总数的一部分。最广泛存在的类黄酮是黄酮类和黄酮醇类。虽然本发明开放使用所有的类黄酮,但优选黄酮醇类如杨梅黄酮(3,5,7,3',4',5',-六羟基黄酮)、槲皮素(3,5,7,3',4'-五羟基黄酮)、山奈酚(3,5,7,4'-四羟基黄酮)、及黄酮类如芹菜素(5,7,4'-三羟基黄酮)和木犀草素(5,7,3',4'-四羟基黄酮)以及它们的糖苷。主要的儿茶素类是儿茶素[(2R,3S)-2-(3,4-二羟基苯基)-3,4-二氢-2H-色烯-3,5,7-三醇]、顺式异构体表儿茶素(EC)、表儿茶素没食子酸酯(ECG)、表没食子儿茶素-3-没食子酸酯(EGCG)和表没食子儿茶素(EGC)。虽然所有儿茶素类都具有相似的性质,但EGCG似乎效力最强。植物来源中可能存在一些其它的异构体或偶联物(具有儿茶素或表儿茶素作为骨架,并且没食子酸的水平不同)。本文所用的其它多酚化合物在结构上不是类黄酮,即不含有15-碳环结构,但含有酚官能团,并且也可以含有酮基。例子包括厚朴酚[4-烯丙基-2-(5-烯丙基-2-羟基苯基)苯酚];姜黄素[(1E,6E)-1,7-双(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)-1,6-己二烯-3,5-二酮;橙皮素(5,7,3'-三羟基-4'-甲氧基黄烷酮);橙皮苷(橙皮素-7-O-芸香糖苷);芒果苷[(1S)-1,5-脱水-1-(1,3,6,7-四羟基-9-氧代-9H-呫吨-2-基)-D-葡萄糖醇];桫拉希醇(salacinol);柯达醇(kotalanol);白藜芦醇(3,5,4′-三羟基-反式-茋);p。这些类黄酮及其它多酚是优选的,因为各药剂提供多种生物学、健康和治疗活性/益处。具有与上述类黄酮和多酚不同的化学结构、但具有治疗活性的其它植物营养素、例如某些生物碱如黄连素(5,6-二氢-9,10-二甲氧基苯并[g]-1,3-苯并二氧杂环戊烯并[5,6-a]喹嗪鎓)也可用于本文。其它感兴趣的药剂是通常称为水龙骨的蕨类提取物,其具有强力的抗氧化和抗炎活性,并且已知可用于保护皮肤组织。白绒水龙骨(准确地说是金水龙骨(Phlebodium aureum))提取物含有卡拉古林和酚酸如3,4-二羟基苯甲酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、羟基肉桂酸。因为本制剂使用上述具有多种活性的天然化合物的组合,所以较少量的各活性物质就足以产生治疗效果并同时尽可能减小潜在的剂量依赖性副作用。一些优选的植物营养素在下文中有更详细的描述。
槲皮素
本发明所用的一种优选的类黄酮是槲皮素,其在许多水果和蔬菜中可见,但最高水平见于苹果、蔓越莓、洋葱、羽衣甘蓝和西兰花。如同许多其它生物类黄酮,槲皮素因为其抗氧化、抗炎、抗动脉粥样硬化、心脏保护和抗癌性质而得到宣传。槲皮素从日常饮食中摄取,并且在美国和欧洲也作为膳食补充剂在市场上广泛销售,其剂量范围为每天500~2000mg。临床试验报道了槲皮素补充剂的有益效果。国际癌症研究机构(IARC)的评价中,将槲皮素归纳为对人不具有致癌性的类别。槲皮素接受了GRAS(一般认为安全)的评级,并且在人或动物中,在每天几克的剂量下尚未观察到副作用。槲皮素也可以其糖苷的形式补充在本组合物中,包括芸香苷(槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖苷)、槲皮苷(槲皮素-3-鼠李糖苷)、异槲皮素(槲皮素-3-葡萄糖苷,也称为异槲皮苷)和α-糖基异槲皮素(也称为EMIQ或酶处理异槲皮苷(Enzymatically Modified Isoquercitrin))。本文中优选使用该糖苷,因为其与槲皮素本身相比具有更好的水溶性和吸收性,因而具有更好的生物利用度。
槲皮素表现出类黄酮的一些最强的抗氧化效果,并且有报道称槲皮素抑制低密度脂蛋白(LDL)的氧化和细胞毒性,认为槲皮素可以具有有益的健康效果,因为已报道氧化的低密度脂蛋白具有致动脉粥样硬化性,即,其造成脂肪物质在动脉壁上聚积。脂质过氧化是由自由基引起的。自由基是具有至少一个未成对电子、使得其具有高反应性的分子。自由基在人体的代谢过程中持续形成,但受到严格调节。人血浆含有各种抗氧化剂,使得这种反应难以在血浆中发生。当LDL位于动脉壁内时,情况有所不同,血浆抗氧化剂的保护无法奏效。能够导致氧化脂质在动脉壁上聚积的反应可以在类黄酮之类的抗氧化剂的存在下停止或减弱。类黄酮似乎通过保护LDL不被氧化来起作用,因为其抑制脂质过氧化物的生成,并且也可以有助于保护α-生育酚(维生素E,脂蛋白中承载的主要亲脂性抗氧化剂)在LDL中不被氧化所消耗。
一项体外研究显示,槲皮素通过抑制VSMC向成骨细胞样细胞的分化来抑制华法林介导的VC[Beazley KE等(2013),“槲皮素在体外与基质Gla蛋白相独立地减弱由华法林诱导的血管钙化(Quercetin Attenuates Warfarin-induced Vascular Calcification inVitro Independently from Matrix Gla Protein)”.J.Biol.Chem.288:2632-264]。槲皮素完全消除了由华法林诱导的成骨性标记物骨钙蛋白、I型胶原和Runx2的表达,这表明其防止了VSMC的成骨细胞样转化,并同时增加了骨桥蛋白(OPN,其可起到VC的内源性抑制剂的作用)的表达。槲皮素的作用是通过β-联蛋白信号通路和转谷氨酰胺酶-2的抑制来介导的。也已知槲皮素阻断血管平滑肌细胞软骨形成性转化,并且在由基质gla蛋白(MGP)的基因缺失引起的另一种VC模型中也大幅减弱钙化的软骨性化生。[Konoplyannikov M和Nurminskaya M(2014),“基于转谷氨酰胺酶和β-联蛋白信号转导的抑制的动脉钙化新治疗方案(New therapeutic approaches to arterial calcification via inhibition oftransglutaminase andβ-catenin signaling)”.Curr.Pharm.Des.2014;20(37):5811-20.]
另外,已知槲皮素以及其它类黄酮和多酚(例如厚朴酚、ψ-膺靛素、芹菜素、橙皮苷、紫穗槐果苷和儿茶素)对于过氧化物酶体增殖物激活蛋白质受体γ(PPAR-γ)起到强效激动剂的作用[参见例如Wang L.等(2014).“过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPAR-γ)的天然产物激动剂:综述(Natural product agonists of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPAR-γ):a review)”.Biochemical Pharmacology 92:73-89]。PPAR-γ激动剂被用于治疗糖尿病,糖尿病是VC的一种主要诱因。一项体外研究证明,PPAR-γ的诱导可抑制循环干细胞向成骨细胞样细胞的分化。[参见例如Cho HJ等(2013).“血管钙化的祖细胞具有双向分化潜力(Vascular Calcifying Progenitor CellsPossess Bidirectional Differentiation Potentials)”.PLOS Biology 11(e1001534):1-15.]
此外,槲皮素及其它多酚如姜黄素和厚朴酚具有强效的抗菌和抗炎性质。例如,在公开研究中记载了针对引起牙龈炎和牙周炎的口腔病原体的强效活性,这支持了其在帮助控制牙龈疾病的口腔护理制剂中的应用。一些多酚比另一些多酚更有活性,且一些组合比单独的药剂更好。这些多酚具有杀灭细菌以及控制生物膜的成熟和生长的活性。槲皮素及其它多酚对炎症性过程和免疫应答的有益效果也是熟知的,因而增强了它们的治疗功效。使用不同细胞的体外研究显示,槲皮素可抑制来自人培养肥大细胞的炎性细胞因子如IL-6、IL-8和TNF-α的产生以及免疫球蛋白E(IgE)介导的组胺释放。[参见例如Shahzad M等(2015),“选择的膳食(多)酚类抑制牙周病原体生长和生物膜形成(Selected dietary(poly)phenols inhibit periodontal pathogen growth and biofilm formation)”.Food.Funct.,6:719;Palaska I等(2013),“多酚类在牙周炎症中的应用(Use ofPolyphenols in Periodontal Inflammation)”.European J.of Pharmacology 720:77-83;Min YD等(2007),“槲皮素在HMC-1人肥大细胞系中通过减弱NF-κB和p38MAPK来抑制炎性细胞因子的表达(Quercetin inhibits expression of inflammatory cytokinesthrough attenuation of NF-kappaB and p38MAPK in HMC-1human mast cell line)”.Inflamm.Res.56(5):210-5;Theoharides TC等(2001),“类黄酮的抗炎作用和新设计的结构要求(Anti-inflammatory actions of flavonoids and structural requirementsfor new design)”.International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology,14(3):119-127;Kimata S等(2000),“木犀草素、槲皮素和黄芩素对来自人培养肥大细胞的由免疫球蛋白E介导的介质释放的影响(Effects of luteolin,quercetin and baicaleinon immunoglobulin E-mediated mediator release from human cultured mastcells)”.Clinical&Experimental Allergy,30(4):501-508;Askari G等(2012),“槲皮素的补充对炎症和氧化应激的选择标记物的影响(The effect of quercetinsupplementation on selected markers of inflammation and oxidative stress)”.J.Res.Med.Sci.,17(7):637–641.]
姜黄素
姜黄素是通过将植物的干燥根茎制成粉末而由植物姜黄(黄姜)制得的橙黄色色素。其是咖喱粉中的常见组分,在传统的亚洲医药和料理中有很长的应用历史。其作为草本补充剂、化妆品组分以及食品调味剂和食品着色剂售卖,因而对人摄取而言是安全的。其在欧盟委员会《食品添加剂》(2014-02-15)中被列为食品添加剂E100。摄取高剂量的姜黄素(最多为每天8克,持续3~4个月)的癌症患者中的两项初步临床研究显示其没有毒性,尽管有些对象称有轻度的恶心或腹泻。体外试验提示姜黄素具有相当大的安全性阈值。[参见例如Goel A等(2008)."姜黄素是“治病素”:从厨房到临床(Curcumin as"Curecumin":Fromkitchen to clinic)".Biochemical Pharmacology 75(4):787–809;Hsu CH和Cheng AL(2007),"姜黄素的临床研究(Clinical studies with curcumin)".Advances inExperimental Medicine and Biology 595:471–480.]
姜黄素除了连同槲皮素一起具有抗菌活性外,还证明姜黄素在相当低的浓度下对23种真菌菌株(包括念珠菌种)具有强效的抗真菌活性,并且对念珠菌种在人口腔上皮细胞上的粘附有抑制效果。因为微生物在宿主粘膜表面的粘附是建群和感染的前提条件,所以这些结果表明,姜黄素是很有前途的主要抗真菌剂,而又没有任何与有限数量的市售抗真菌药有关的许多副作用。[Martins CVB等(2008),“姜黄素作为临床上感兴趣的很有前途的抗真菌剂(Curcumin as a promising antifungal of clinical interest)”.Journal ofAntimicrobial Chemotherapy,63:2,337-339.]姜黄素的广谱抗微生物活性以及其抗炎和抗氧化效果使得其能够用于许多化妆品、皮肤和头发护理产品。例子包括去头屑香波、抗衰老润肤霜、去角质清洁剂和抗痤疮治疗。[参见例如Mukherjee PK等(2011),“天然来源的抗肌肤衰老的生物活性化合物(Bioactive compounds from natural resources againstskin aging)”.Phytomedicine,19:64-73;Shimatsu A等(2012),“多功能物质姜黄素的临床应用(Clinical Application of Curcumin,A Multi-Functional Substance)”.Anti-Aging Med.,9(1):43-51.]
其它有关姜黄素的感兴趣的方面是:缓解伴随衰老的认知减退,在电学层面和降低动脉中的脂质和斑块水平方面都有益于心脏健康,并且既能降低糖尿病的风险、也对糖尿病有关的副作用有良好的治疗。
因此,姜黄素作为补充剂在全世界销售,其浓度范围为400~1000mg。欧洲食品安全局将姜黄素归纳为在作为食品添加剂口服摄取时对于年龄1~10岁的儿童而言在3mg/kg体重/天的剂量下是安全的。另外,WHO建议,姜黄素对成人而言在以150mg/天摄取时是安全的。同样地,美国FDA将由萨宾莎公司(Sabinsa Corp.)生产的用于食品和饮料产品的姜黄素C3复合物定为GRAS评级。
姜黄素本来在口服摄取其本身时很难被吸收;因此,在用于本组合物时优选生物可利用或可吸收的形式。例如,已知姜黄素与少量的胡椒碱的组合使姜黄素的生物利用度增加20倍。[Shoba G等(1998),“胡椒碱对姜黄素在动物和人志愿者中的药代动力学的影响(Influence of piperine on the pharmacokinetics of curcumin in animals andhuman volunteers)”.Planta Med.64(4):353-6.]姜黄素的其它生物可利用形式包括:磷脂-姜黄素复合物,市售品名为MerivaTM或LongvidaTM;纳米颗粒乳液如TheracurminTM;类姜黄素以其在黄姜中的天然比例的混合物,用分子分散工艺制备(CurcuWINTM);以及姜黄素+黄姜精油混合物,称为BCM-95(BIOCURCUMINTM)。[参见例如Sunagawa Y等(2015),“胶体亚微颗粒表现出高吸收效率——双盲三交叉研究(Colloidal Submicron Particle CurcuminExhibits High Absorption Efficiency–A Double-Blind,3-Way Crossover Study)”.J.Nutr.Vitaminol.61:37-44]
关于其预防血管钙化的活性,姜黄素的作用机制略微类似于槲皮素。它们都是强力的抗氧化剂和抗炎剂,并且都减少成骨因子Cbfα1/Runx2的表达。一项使用大鼠原代血管平滑肌细胞的体外研究证明,姜黄素减少钙+磷酸盐介导的血管钙化。其机制牵涉到转录因子(Cbfα1/Runx2)和活性氧物质(ROS)的减少。ROS的产生和转录因子的表达是由氧化应激引起的。[参见例如Roman-Garcia P等(2011).“天然抗氧化剂与血管钙化:是一种可能的益处吗?(Natural antioxidants and vascular calcification:a possible benefit?)”J.Nephrol.24:669-672;Byon CH等(2008).]
橙皮苷
橙皮苷(橙皮素-7-O-芸香糖苷或橙皮素-7-O-鼠李糖基(1-6)葡萄糖苷)是基于术语“柑果”命名的黄烷酮糖苷,该命名参照了作为橙皮苷的主要来源的柑橘类水果。橙皮苷及其糖苷配基(橙皮素)是常见的膳食类黄酮,在许多柑橘产品中可见,并且最为公知的是其在橙皮和果皮中的浓度高。橙皮苷和柚皮素一起在传统中医药中以陈皮之名为人熟知,其中干燥的柑橘皮被用作药物。来自橙皮苷的真正的活性物质是其糖苷配基橙皮素(5,7,3'-三羟基-4'-甲氧基黄烷酮);因此橙皮苷起到类似于橙皮素前药的作用,即,以橙皮素的形式补充给机体。摄取后,橙皮苷被肠道菌群水解成糖苷配基形式(橙皮素),接着主要偶联成葡萄糖醛酸苷。据报道,橙皮素及其代谢产物具有多种生物活性,包括抗氧化、抗炎、降脂、心脏保护和神经保护效果;影响骨强度和成骨细胞分化;以及改善胰岛素抵抗和内皮功能障碍,等等。可用于给机体补充橙皮素的橙皮苷的合成变体包括橙皮苷-7,3'-O-二甲基醚(HDME),其脂溶性优于橙皮苷和葡萄糖基橙皮苷(G-橙皮苷),其中,糖苷配基(橙皮素)不变,而二葡萄糖苷基团被修饰成三葡萄糖苷。该变体的水溶性提高,相对于橙皮苷约为10,000倍,但最终,其在机体内在被肠内的α-葡萄糖苷酶代谢后释放出橙皮苷(糖基部分),然后橙皮苷可以释放出游离橙皮素。另一种可以用于在制剂中补充橙皮苷的衍生物是橙皮苷甲基查耳酮(HMC),已证明其具有高生物利用度。大部分使用橙皮苷的研究都倾向于追加使用约500mg的橙皮苷,并且如果每天都服用它作为预防剂,则使用橙皮苷的标准形式。
橙皮苷作为一种生物类黄酮,通过增强细胞的抗氧化酶(如超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)、过氧化氢酶等)的活性和产生、以及提高名为谷胱甘肽的主要细胞抗氧化剂来提供抗氧化益处[Roohbakhsh A等(2015),“橙皮苷和橙皮素的预防癌症和心血管疾病的生物学效果背后的分子机制(Molecular mechanisms behind thebiological effects of hesperidin and hesperetin for the prevention of cancerand cardiovascular diseases)”.Life Sci.124:64-74;Kalpana KB等(2009),“橙皮苷的抗氧化活性的评价以及其对由H2O2诱导的pBR322DNA和RBC细胞膜的氧化损伤的保护效果(Evaluation of antioxidant activity of hesperidin and its protective effecton H2O2induced oxidative damage on pBR322DNA and RBC cellular membrane)”.MolCell Biochem.323(1-2):21-9]。
机体内的氧化应激一般都伴有许多慢性病症的全身性炎症特点。多项研究表明,橙皮苷和橙皮素能够减少各种病理性增加的炎症标记物。[参见例如Agrawal YO等(2014),“橙皮苷在糖尿病大鼠的缺血性心脏病模型中通过PPAR-γ通路产生心脏保护活性(Hesperidin produces cardioprotective activity via PPAR-γpathway in ischemicheart disease model in diabetic rats)”,PLOS One https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111212;Tamilselvam K等(2013),“橙皮苷对小鼠中由1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶诱导的实验性帕金森病的抗氧化和抗炎潜能(Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of hesperidin against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced experimental Parkinson's disease in mice)”,Int.J.Nutr.Pharm.Neurol.Dis.3:294-302;Xiaoting L等(2010),“橙皮苷对培养兔视网膜色素上皮细胞中的诱导型一氧化氮合成酶表达的影响(Effect of hesperidin onexpression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in cultured rabbit retinalpigment epithelial cells)”.Adv.Exp.Med.Biol.664:193-201.]该抑制效果主要与其抗氧化活性和令由自由基启动的促炎性级联反应失活的能力有关。这些化合物在减少促炎性细胞因子如肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)以及促炎性酶如诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)的合成方面也是有效的,所述iNOS产生一氧化氮(NO)和环氧合酶-2(COX-2),其参与炎症介质如前列腺素的产生。
橙皮苷也作为心血管保护剂和强化剂为人熟知。已证明其对心血管系统的多种益处,这归因于其影响各种细胞机制的能力。例如,因为其抗氧化性质,橙皮苷可防止低密度脂蛋白(LDL)氧化,并保护红细胞(红血细胞)的细胞膜免受氧化损伤。其也起到胆固醇代谢中的两种主要的酶——HMGCoA还原酶和ACAT的抑制剂的作用,这两种酶调节总胆固醇(也称为“坏胆固醇”)和“好胆固醇”(高密度脂蛋白HDL)水平。HMG-CoA还原酶是胆固醇生物合成的调节酶,并且是他汀类药物(降胆固醇药)的主要靶点,而ACAT催化胆固醇的细胞内酯化,并且也参与胆固醇的吸收、极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)的肝分泌、以及血管壁上的胆固醇积累[Bok SH等(1999),“血浆和肝胆固醇以及3-羟基-3-甲基-戊二酰-CoA还原酶和酰基辅酶A的肝活性:胆固醇转移酶在喂食柑橘皮提取物或柑橘生物类黄酮混合物的大鼠中更低(Plasma and hepatic cholesterol and hepatic activities of3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase and acyl CoA:cholesterol transferase are lower in ratsfed citrus peel extract or a mixture of citrus bioflavonoids)”.J.Nutr.129(6):1182-5]。因此,通过抑制这两种酶的活性,橙皮苷减少总“坏”胆固醇(LDL)并增加“好”胆固醇(HDL)。[参见例如de Oliveira DM等(2013),“橙皮苷与连续和间断的游泳一起改善大鼠中的生化和氧化性生物标记物(Hesperidin associated with continuous and intervalswimming improved biochemical and oxidative biomarkers in rats)”.J.Int.Soc.Sports Nutr.10:27.]一项针对喂食高胆固醇饮食并补充类黄酮(橙皮苷和柚皮苷)的大鼠的研究证明,橙皮苷抑制肝脏的胆固醇生物合成(28.3%)以及肝脏的胆固醇酯化(23.7%)。在同一研究中,橘子皮提取物甚至更加强效,降低了37%的肝脏胆固醇合成和32%的其酯化。这些结果与其它研究一致,包括一项证明补充橙皮苷(使用G-橙皮苷,500mg/天)4周后的甘油三酯水平的显著降低的人类研究。[参见例如Kim HK等(2003),“橙皮素在高胆固醇喂养大鼠中的降脂功效(Lipid-lowering efficacy of hesperetinmetabolites in high-cholesterol fed rats)”.Clin.Chim.Acta,327(1-2):129-37;Miwa Y等(2005),“葡萄糖基橙皮苷在高甘油三酯血症对象中通过改善极低密度蛋白质的代谢异常来降低血清甘油三酯水平(Glucosyl hesperidin lowers serum triglyceridelevel in hypertriglyceridemic subjects through the improvement of very low-density lipoprotein metabolic abnormality)”.J.Nutr.Sci.Vitaminol.(Tokyo)51(6):460-70.]
橙皮苷的另一健康益处与其抗高血压效果有关。认为橙皮苷是橙汁的降血压效果的原因,因为其促进导致血管舒张(血管的扩张)的一氧化氮的产生。另外,橙皮苷可增强由神经递质乙酰胆碱诱导的内皮细胞(血管内壁的细胞)的松弛,并且可抑制由内皮衍生的血管收缩因子内皮素-1(ET-1)的分泌[Morand C等(2011),“橙皮苷有助于橙汁的血管保护效果:健康志愿者中的一项随机交叉研究(Hesperidin contributes to the vascularprotective effects of orange juice:a randomized crossover study in healthyvolunteers)”.Am.J.Clin.Nutr.93(1):73-80]。所有上述的机制都有助于血压正常化。
另外,多项体外研究揭示了橙皮苷对细胞粘附分子(如血管细胞粘附分子1(VCAM-1)和细胞间粘附分子1(ICAM-1))表达的抑制效果,这些蛋白质参与单核细胞(白细胞的一种)在动脉内膜(动脉的最内层)中的募集和积累,这与动脉粥样硬化的发展有关。此外,橙皮苷发挥抗血小板活性。体外和体内研究均揭示了橙皮苷的抑制由不同刺激物如胶原、花生四烯酸和凝血酶诱导的血小板聚集的功效[Jin YR等(2007),“生物类黄酮橙皮素的抗血小板活性主要由PLCγ2磷酸化和环氧合酶-1活性的抑制来介导(Antiplatelet activityof hesperetin,a bioflavonoid,is mainly mediated by inhibition of PLCgamma2phosphorylation and cyclooxygenase-1activity)”.Atherosclerosis,194(1):144-52]。
厚朴酚
厚朴酚是从厚朴(Magnolia officinalis)(木兰)中分离的活性组分,通常与其结构异构体——和厚朴酚共存。它们均为二烯丙基二苯基二醇。从木兰树的树干、树枝和树根剥下树皮,提取包含厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的多酚类组分。厚朴在传统中医药中广泛用于促进排便和改善腹胀。在过去数十年间,厚朴酚被表征为抗氧化、抗抑郁、抗过敏、抗癌和抗微生物药剂。厚朴酚与和厚朴酚的强效抗氧化活性被认为是双酚部分上的羟基和烯丙基的贡献。双酚部分上的羟基使得厚朴酚/和厚朴酚具有针对活性氧物质的活性、抑制细胞增殖和抗微生物的活性。与槲皮素类似,已证明厚朴酚与和厚朴酚具有显著的抗微生物活性、例如针对牙周致病微生物如牙龈卟啉单胞菌(Porphyromonas gingivalis)、牙龈普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella gingivalis)和伴放线放线杆菌(Actinobacillusactinomycetemcomitans),并且对人牙龈细胞具有相对较低的细胞毒性作用,这提示其作为安全的口腔杀菌剂在牙周疾病的预防和治疗中的潜在治疗用途。[Chang BS等(1998),“厚朴酚与和厚朴酚对牙周致病微生物的抗微生物活性(Antimicrobial Activity ofMagnolol and Honokiol against Periodontopathic Microorganisms)”.Planta Medica64:367.]
也证明了厚朴酚/和厚朴酚对心血管(CV)系统的一系列积极效果。这些效果主要归因于它们的抗氧化活性。过量的自由基诱导脂质过氧化、蛋白质变性和DNA损伤,这些会诱发细胞死亡。在过去的20年里,发现厚朴酚在CV系统的不同细胞中具有不同功能。据报道,厚朴酚的心血管保护活性来源于缺血/再灌注心脏损伤的减弱、动脉粥样硬化性变化和内皮细胞凋亡的减少、嗜中性粒细胞活化/粘附和血管平滑肌细胞增殖的抑制、血小板聚集和血栓形成的防止、以及血管松弛的促进。这种由厚朴酚调节的心血管保护效果具有细胞类型特异性,并且具有剂量相关性。[参见例如Ho JH-C和Hong,C-Y(2012),“厚朴酚的心血管保护:细胞类型特异性和剂量相关性效果(Cardiovascular protection of magnolol:cell-type specificity and dose-related effects)”.Journal of BiomedicalScience 19:70.]
已报道了厚朴酚或厚朴树皮提取物的安全性试验。在临床前研究中,厚朴树皮的乙醇提取物(94%厚朴酚和1.5%和厚朴酚)在动物中的口服给药(小鼠:0.625-2.5g/kg;大鼠:0.06-0.48g/kg/天给药21天或0.06-0.24g/kg/天给药90天)未诱导药物相关性副作用,也未改变免疫应答。一项成年女性的体重控制的随机、双盲、有安慰剂对照的临床研究显示,厚朴和关黄柏(Phellodendron amurense)的提取物胶囊的口服给药(250mg,每天三次,持续6周)在健康和肥胖患者中均耐受良好,并且只有肥胖患者中的皮质醇的调节对体重控制而言是有益的。据报道,厚朴酚的口服生物利用度约为4~5%。为了以5%的口服生物利用度通过口服给药达到治疗水平,认为对60-kg的成人来说,2mg/kg每天、即每天120mg的厚朴酚就足以产生心血管保护,并且根据上文中引用的由Ho和Hong综述的安全性研究,这样的剂量是可行且安全的。
关于血管钙化,厚朴酚的益处部分源于其是过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPAR-γ)的强效激动剂。厚朴酚通过与PPAR-γ配体结合结构域直接结合来起到PPAR-γ激动剂的作用。近期的研究证明,厚朴酚的优秀的抗血小板和抗血栓形成活性是通过PPAR-β/γ依赖性通路的上调来调节的。厚朴酚(20~60μM)剂量依赖性地提高血小板中的PPAR-β/γ的活性和细胞内水平。在选择性的PPAR-β拮抗剂(GSK0660)或PPAR-γ拮抗剂(GW9662)的存在下,厚朴酚对胶原诱导的血小板聚集和细胞内Ca动员的抑制被显著逆转。[Shih CY和Chou TC(2012),“厚朴酚的抗血小板活性是由PPAR-β/γ介导的(The antiplateletactivity of magnolol is mediated by PPAR-β/γ)”.Biochemical Pharmacology,84(6):793–803.]
如上所述,已知用于治疗糖尿病的PPAR-γ激动剂如药物曲格列酮和罗格列酮通过抑制包括BMP-2和Cbfα1转录因子在内的成骨蛋白的表达,从而控制VSMC向成骨细胞样细胞的分化和促成骨信号通路,因而控制VC,由此抑制血管钙化。认为厚朴酚具有同样效果。此外,厚朴酚的强大的抗氧化活性(比维生素E强1000倍)防止脂质过氧化和活性氧物质(ROS)(已知其诱导炎症并显著促进VSMC的成骨性转分化))的生成,包括Runx2/Cbfα1的上调和活化以及基质矿物质沉积。厚朴酚也促进冠状血管舒张,减少血管再狭窄和内膜增厚,并且下调坏死因子-κB(NF-κB)[参见例如Fakhrudin N等(2010),“过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ的新型新木脂素激活剂的计算机辅助发现、确认和机制表征(Computer-AidedDiscovery,Validation,and Mechanistic Characterization of Novel NeolignanActivators of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors-gamma)”.Mol.Pharmacol.77:559-566;Wang L等(2014),“过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(PPAR-γ)的天然产物激动剂:综述(Natural product agonists of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma(PPARγ):a review)”.Biochemical Pharmacology 92:73-89;Woldt,E等(2012)同上]
白藜芦醇
白藜芦醇(3,5,4′-三羟基-反式-茋)是芪类化合物,是天然多酚的一种,由多种植物产生。食物中的白藜芦醇的来源包括葡萄和莓类的皮、花生和红酒。如同其它植物多酚,白藜芦醇具有强效的抗氧化和抗炎活性。这些活性等基本上牵涉到白藜芦醇的健康益处的产生。研究已经证明了白藜芦醇的有利地调节牵涉到多种疾病模型(包括血管钙化(VC)、心血管疾病、糖尿病、肥胖、全身性炎症、癌症和神经变性疾病)的因素的能力。[参见例如BaurJA和Sinclair DA(2006).“白藜芦醇的治疗潜力:体内证据(Therapeutic potential ofresveratrol:the in vivo evidence)”.Nat.Rev.Drug Discov.5:493–506;Juhasz B等(2010),“白藜芦醇:一种多功能细胞保护分子(Resveratrol:a multifunctionalcytoprotective molecule)”.Curr.Pharm.Biotechnol.11:810–818;Ning Xia等(2017),“白藜芦醇在心血管系统中的抗氧化效果(Antioxidant effects of resveratrol in thecardiovascular system)”.British J.Pharmacology,174(12):1633–1646;Vogelman B(March 2012),“白藜芦醇是如何与死亡的首要原因对抗的(How Resveratrol CombatsLeading Causes of Death)”.LIFE EXTENSION MAGAZINE;Vang O等(2011),“什么是老分子的新鲜事?系统性综述和对白藜芦醇应用的建议(What is new for an old molecule?Systematic review and recommendations on the use of resveratrol)”.PLoS One.6(6):e19881.]
关于VC和心血管疾病(包括动脉粥样硬化、高血压、心脏病发作和心力衰竭),已知白藜芦醇通过靶向为心血管疾病奠定基础的多种因素来降低这些病症的风险。白藜芦醇通过减少炎症细胞向血管壁的浸润以及改善这些血管的响应血压变化的能力来帮助对抗较高的血压(高血压)。此外,最近已知白藜芦醇减少由持续的高血压带来的血管和心肌的不利的重塑和僵硬化。[Chan V等(2011),“白藜芦醇在DOCA-盐高血压大鼠中改善心血管功能(Resveratrol improves cardiovascular function in DOCA-salt hypertensiverats)”.Curr.Pharm.Biotechnol.12(3):429-36]。猪中的动物研究显示,白藜芦醇通过直接调节控制脂质代谢的基因的表达,有助于缓解由肥胖和高脂饮食引起的胆固醇升高。与白藜芦醇的接触通过诱导有助于分解脂肪分子的线粒体酶来诱发异常脂肪酸利用的纠正。在患有与人相当的代谢综合征的猪中,白藜芦醇的补充降低了体重指数、血清胆固醇、炎症标记物C-反应蛋白,改善了葡萄糖耐量和内皮功能。[参见例如Azorin-Ortuno M等(2012),“低剂量白藜芦醇的长期摄取在猪中对饮食诱导的轻度高胆固醇血症的影响:疾病预防的一种转录物组学方案(Effects of long-term consumption of low doses ofresveratrol on diet-induced mild hypercholesterolemia in pigs:atranscriptomic approach to disease prevention)”.J.Nutr.Biochem.23(7):829-37;Bastin J等(2011),“与白藜芦醇的接触在人脂肪酸氧化缺陷成纤维细胞中诱发脂肪酸利用的药理学纠正(Exposure to resveratrol triggers pharmacological correction offatty acid utilization in human fatty acid oxidation-deficient fibroblasts)”.Hum.Mol.Genet.20(10):2048-57;Robich MP等(2011),“白藜芦醇在患有代谢综合征和心肌缺血的猪中改善冠状动脉疾病的风险因素(Resveratrol modifies risk factors forcoronary artery disease in swine with metabolic syndrome and myocardialischemia)”.Eur.J.Pharmacol.664(1-3):45-53.]如上所述,动脉中的钙化(VC)造成出现在动脉粥样硬化中的动脉僵硬化和阻塞,并且造成使心血管疾病加剧的炎性变化。除了提高血管壁中的脂肪和钙含量外,凝块形成性血小板的聚集还造成动脉阻塞,导致心脏病发作、中风及其它心血管事件。使用培养人VSMC的研究证明,白藜芦醇降低由罗格列酮诱导的氧化应激、成骨细胞样的VSMC分化和矿化,从而减少动脉壁上的“骨样”钙聚积的量和程度。白藜芦醇也限制钙在内衬于血管的细胞中的炎症诱导效果。另外,白藜芦醇抑制能够诱发致死性血凝块的形成的血小板聚集。[参见例如Takemura A等(2011),“寿调蛋白1(Sirtuin1)阻止血管平滑肌细胞的由高磷酸盐血症诱导的钙化(Sirtuin 1retardshyperphosphatemia-induced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells)”.Arterioscler.Thromb.Vasc.Biol.31(9):2054-62;Gutierrez-Perez A等(2011),“白藜芦醇对大鼠心脏线粒体中的钙诱导氧化应激的保护效果(Protective effects ofresveratrol on calcium-induced oxidative stress in rat heart mitochondria)”.J.Bioenerg.Biomembr.43(2):101-7;Bruedigam C等(2011),“罗格列酮和白藜芦醇对人血管平滑肌细胞中的矿化的相反作用(Opposing actions of rosiglitazone andresveratrol on mineralization in human vascular smooth muscle cells)”.J.Mol.Cell Cardiol.51(5):862-71;Yang Y等(2011),“白藜芦醇对人血小板中由血栓烷a(2)受体激动剂诱导的血小板活化的抑制效果(Inhibitory effects of resveratrol onplatelet activation induced by thromboxane a(2)receptor agonist in humanplatelets)”.Am.J.Chin.Med.39(1):145-5914.]
PPAR-γ调节物
起到PPAR-γ配体的作用的膳食组分也在本组合物中有用,包括例如n-3和n-6脂肪酸之类的植物脂质及其衍生物、异黄酮和上述的类黄酮。膳食脂质包括顺式-5,8,11,14,17-二十碳五烯酸(EPA);顺式-4,7,10,13,16,19-二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)以及氧化衍生物如4-羟基二十二碳六烯酸(4-HDHA)和4-氧代二十二碳六烯酸(4-oxoDHA);亚油酸;以及二十碳二烯酸。异黄酮包括大豆黄素、染料木素和黄豆黄素。具有PPAR-γ调节活性的类黄酮及其它多酚包括槲皮素、ψ-膺靛素、橙皮苷、橙皮素、厚朴酚、和厚朴酚、EGCG、黄芩素及其葡萄糖苷黄芩苷、(桂皮中的)桂皮鞣质B1(Cinnamtannin B1)和(墨角兰中的)迷迭香酸。PPAR-γ调节活性是指本文的药剂可以起到PPAR-γ的激活剂(上调物)或抑制剂(下调物)的作用。包括PPAR-γ在内的人PPAR在多种代谢活性组织中表达,包括肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、心脏、骨骼肌、大肠以及白色和棕色脂肪,并且存在于许多细胞类型中,包括单核细胞、血管内皮细胞和血管平滑肌细胞。代谢和细胞过程的介导是非常复杂的,并且取决于所影响的特定组织、细胞状态和受刺激的信号通路。因此,在一些情况下,PPAR-γ活性的上调是有益的,而在另一些情况下,PPAR-γ活性的抑制是有益的。如上所述,PPAR-γ表达和/或活性的上调对于导致血管钙化的过程的控制而言是有益的。
其它生物活性物质——维生素和矿物质
本组合物可以任选地包含(a)包括维生素A、E、D、C、B2、B1、烟酸B12、K(K1、K2)和叶酸在内的维生素,以及(b)例如Mg、Ca、Zn、Fe、碘之类的矿物质。镁及维生素C、D和K是本文中的优选组分。
镁
镁是人体的必需矿物质。其参与机体内的许多生物反应,包括葡萄糖利用、脂肪合成、肌肉收缩,并且牵涉到能量和蛋白质的生产和输送。富含绿叶菜类、豆类、坚果类、全谷物类和鱼类的膳食通常足以满足日常镁需求。然而,许多人的摄入少于推荐膳食供给量。低镁水平一般伴随着营养不良或利尿药物的使用,它们可引起镁的过量流失。低Mg水平与诸如骨质疏松、高血压、动脉阻塞、心脏疾病、糖尿病和中风之类的疾病挂钩,并且镁的补充已被应用于这些病症。也有报道称,在高心血管风险的成人中,镁摄取的增加与死亡率的降低有关。[参见例如Guasch-Ferre,M等(2014),“在高心血管风险的成人中,膳食中的镁摄取与死亡率负相关(Dietary Magnesium Intake Is Inversely Associated with Mortalityin Adults at High Cardiovascular Risk)”.J.Nutr.144(1),55-60.]镁的主要副作用是腹泻,这更常见于更高剂量。
重要的是,已知镁为血管钙化提供益处。已知在动物模型中,低镁饮食的摄取增加VC。一项使用人主动脉VSMC的体外研究显示,镁通过以下方式预防磷酸盐介导的VC:
(1)抑制BMP、成骨转录因子(Cbfα1/Runx2、Osterix)的表达和β-联蛋白信号通路,所有这些都参与VSMC向成骨细胞样细胞的转化;
(2)增加MGP和OPG的表达,它们是VSMC转化的抑制剂;和
(3)干扰羟基磷灰石晶体的成核和生长。
另外,已知甚至在适当高的浓度下,镁也不仅能减少VSMC钙化,而且在该过程已经开始后也能逆转该过程。这些发现证明,镁在VSMC钙化的预防和逆转中有活性和显著作用。[参见例如Montes de Oca A等(2014),“镁抑制Wnt/β-联蛋白活性并逆转血管平滑肌细胞的成骨性转化(Magnesium Inhibits Wnt/β-catenin Activity and Reverses theOsteogenic Transformation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells)”.PLOS ONE 9(2):e89525;Nicoll R等(2015),“饮食对心血管钙化的影响的综述(A Review of the Effectof Diet on Cardiovascular Calcification)”.Int.J.Mol.Sci.16:8861-8883;Massy ZA和Drueke TB(2012),“镁与慢性疾病患者的结局:聚焦血管钙化、动脉粥样硬化和生存(Magnesium and outcomes in patients with chronic disease:focus on vascularcalcification,atherosclerosis and survival)”.Clin.Kidney,5(suppl.1):i52-i61.]
给药方案取决于镁所用于的适应症。其也取决于所用的镁化合物的种类,例如盐酸盐、硫酸盐、碳酸盐、氧化物、柠檬酸盐、苹果酸盐、天冬氨酸盐、谷氨酸盐、牛磺酸盐和二甘氨酸盐,仅举几例。本文中优选使用的包括有机盐和复合物,例如柠檬酸盐和苹果酸盐,以及氨基酸螯合的Mg复合物,例如二甘氨酸镁,其是Mg和氨基酸甘氨酸的可溶性有机复合物。氨基酸螯合的镁的生物利用度高,并且没有胃肠副作用如腹泻。Mg的报道的RDA为300~400mg/kg/天,有肾功能损伤的人除外。总之,以上述水平摄入镁的风险对健康人而言是非常低的。甘氨酸盐是易溶的,并且使得由该复合物导入的总盐和甘氨酸处于安全水平。
维生素K
维生素K(VK)是必需的脂溶性维生素,在有助于血液凝固和防止过量出血的凝固蛋白的生产中起着极为重要的作用。维生素K实际上是一组化合物。这些化合物中最重要的似乎是维生素K1和维生素K2。维生素K1(也称为叶绿醌或植物甲萘醌)获自绿叶植物和一些其它蔬菜。维生素K2是大量获自肉类、奶酪和蛋类,并且由肠内菌群合成的一组化合物。在成人中,维生素K缺乏并不常见,其原因在于各种蔬菜及其它食物的广泛摄入、机体对VK循环再利用的能力、以及足量的肠道菌群的生产。因此,不同于许多其它维生素,VK不常用作膳食补充剂。在膳食一般就是充足的来源的情况下,成人每天的VK需求估计为100-200mcg/天。
维生素K起到辅助因子的作用,即,其在VK依赖性γ-谷氨酰基羧化酶作用下的前体凝固蛋白的NH2-末端上的谷氨酸残基向活性形式γ-羧基谷氨酸的转化中有需求。该必需反应使得VK依赖性蛋白质通过钙离子通道介导的结合结合到表面磷脂上,以开始正常的抗血栓过程。VK的主要作用是治疗和预防具有低水平的血液凝固蛋白凝血酶原的人中、以及具有低水平的维生素K(出血性疾病)的新生儿中的出血问题。VK也用于逆转由华法林导致的过度抗凝的效果。
如上所述,已证明采用华法林的抗凝疗法通过γ-羧基化来抑制上述的必需反应(即基质Gla蛋白(MGP)的活性),从而诱发血管钙化。由VSMC合成的MGP起到钙化抑制剂的作用。因为MGP在抑制软组织钙化中起作用,所以需要维生素K作为蛋白质的γ-羧基化中的酶辅助因子。已在动物、人和上文中引用的体外研究中证明维生素K在血管钙化中的作用。[也参见Schurgers LJ等(2008),“基质Gla蛋白:需要维生素K的钙化抑制剂(Matrix Gla-protein:the calcification inhibitor in need of vitamin K)”.Thromb.Haemost.100:593–603.]
维生素D
维生素D是指一组脂溶性甾醇,在人中起到增加钙、铁、镁、磷酸盐和锌的肠内吸收的作用。这组中最重要的化合物是维生素D3(也称为胆钙化甾醇)和维生素D2(麦角钙化甾醇)。胆钙化甾醇和麦角钙化甾醇可以从膳食和补充剂中摄取。然而,极少数食物含有维生素D。在人和大部分脊椎动物的皮肤中通过阳光/UVB辐射的暴露由7-脱氢胆固醇来合成维生素D(具体是胆钙化甾醇)是该维生素的主要天然来源。来源于膳食的维生素D或在阳光下皮肤合成的维生素D没有生物活性;活化需要在肝脏和肾脏中进行酶法转化(羟基化)。在肝脏中胆钙化甾醇(维生素D3)被转化为骨化二醇(也称为25-羟基胆钙化甾醇);麦角钙化甾醇(维生素D2)被转化为25-羟基麦角钙化甾醇(也称为25-羟基维生素D2)。来自维生素D3的一部分骨化二醇由肾脏转化为骨化三醇,其是维生素D的生物活性形式。骨化三醇作为激素在血液中循环,并且起到例如调节血流中的钙和磷酸盐的浓度的作用、以及促进骨的健康生长和重塑的作用。骨化三醇也影响神经肌肉和免疫功能。
关于牵涉到钙和磷酸盐代谢的紊乱的血管钙化(VC),维生素D及其衍生物的作用相当复杂。很早就有报道称,在人中,维生素D过多症(过量的维生素D)与广泛的动脉磷酸钙沉积(主要呈磷灰石晶体形式)有关。在实验动物中已证明,药理学剂量的维生素D甾醇的给药导致广泛的动脉钙化,特别是在同时患有例如糖尿病和慢性肾病(CKD)之类的病症的情况下。高剂量的维生素D或其衍生物诱导血管钙化的机制包括:血清钙和磷酸盐的增加、胎球蛋白-A的游离血清水平的降低、以及伴有血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)向成骨细胞样细胞的转化的骨软骨形成程序的局部诱导。[参见例如Price PA等(2004),“大鼠中的胎球蛋白-矿物质复合物的血清水平与动脉钙化有关(Serum levels of the fetuin-mineral complexcorrelate with artery calcification in the rat)”.J.Biol.Chem.279:1594-1600;Zebger Gong H等(2011),“在实验性尿毒症中由1,25-二羟基维生素D-3诱导的主动脉钙化:成骨细胞标记物的上调、钙转运蛋白和Osterix(1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D-3-inducedaortic calcifications in experimental uremia:up-regulation of osteoblastmarkers,calcium-transporting proteins and osterix)”.J.Hypertens.29:339-348;Johnson RC等,同上]。
文献中报道的其它证据提示,在维生素D和血管钙化之间存在着双相的剂量响应曲线,其中,无论在极高的维生素D水平下、还是在极低的维生素D水平下都具有负面效果。与维生素D过量有关的负面效果包括高磷酸盐血症、高钙血症、高基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)水平、中层钙化、动脉僵硬和左心室肥大。在维生素D缺乏或水平低的情况下,负面效果包括促炎性细胞因子水平的提高、MMP水平的提高和内皮细胞保护因子的减少。[参见例如Zittermann A等(2007),“维生素D与血管钙化(Vitamin D and vascularcalcification)”.Curr.Opin.Lipidol.18:41-46;Drüeke TB和Massy ZA(2012),“维生素D在血管钙化中的作用:坏蛋还是好人?(Role of vitamin D in vascular calcification:bad guy or good guy?)”Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.27(5):1704-1707;Haffner D等(2005),“尿毒症大鼠中由1,25(OH)2D3诱导的全身性心血管疾病(Systemiccardiovascular disease in uremic rats induced by1,25(OH)2D3)”.J.Hypertens.,23:1067-1075.]
在其它研究中报道了各种活性维生素D衍生物对VC的有益效果。例如,一项高磷酸盐/炎症诱导的血管钙化的体外研究证实,促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)增加磷酸钙在VSMC培养物上的沉积。最有活性的天然维生素D甾醇——骨化三醇在孵育培养基中的添加以浓度依赖性方式大幅减少了由磷酸盐和TNF-α诱导的VSMC矿化的刺激。维生素D的效果的一种机制是Cbfα1/Runx2和骨钙蛋白表达的下调,它们均参与伴有VSMC向成骨细胞样细胞的转化的骨软骨形成过程。[参见Aoshima Y等(2012),“维生素D受体激活剂抑制由磷酸盐和TNF-α诱导的血管平滑肌细胞矿化(Vitamin D receptor activators inhibitvascular smooth muscle cell mineralization induced by phosphate and TNF-α)”.Nephrol.Dial.Transplant.27:1800-1806;Lopez I等(2008),“骨化三醇、帕立骨化醇和钙剂对尿毒症大鼠中的骨外钙化的影响(The effect of calcitriol,paricalcitol,anda calcimimetic on extraosseous calcifications in uremic rats)”.Kidney Int.73:300-307;Mathew S等(2008),“维生素D受体激活剂能保护我们免受血管钙化(Vitamin Dreceptor activators can protect against vascular calcification)”.J.Am.Soc.Nephrol.19:1509-1519;Mizobuchi M等(2007),“维生素D受体激活剂对尿毒症大鼠中的血管钙化的不同影响(Differential effects of vitamin D receptoractivators on vascular calcification in uremic rats)”.Kidney Int.72:709-715.]
基于这些发现,维生素D或其衍生物对血管钙化发挥保护性作用的合适的剂量应当在生理范围内,而高药理学剂量可能会促进血管矿化过程。维生素D摄取的指导意见在不同国家是不同的。在美国,维生素D的推荐膳食供给量(RDA)对于年龄1~70岁的人而言为600IU/天(15μg/天),对于年龄71岁以上的人而言为800IU/天(20μg/天),对于0~12个月的婴儿而言为400IU/天。
因此,本药剂组合为导致VC的关键机制过程、具体是正常/健康血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)和/或循环干细胞向成骨性细胞/骨形成样细胞的转化提供有效抑制。优选组合包括槲皮素、姜黄素、橙皮苷和镁。如上所述,这些药剂提供多种有益效果,包括强效的抗炎、抗氧化和抗微生物活性。尽管本研究最初的关注点是血管钙化,但发现本药剂组合的有效性超出了VC的范畴,还包括对于整个机体的钙/矿化控制的益处,因而包括对于诸如胆结石和肾结石和骨质疏松之类的病症的治疗和预防的益处。令人惊讶的是,还发现本组合物影响导致诸如糖尿病和肥胖、关节炎、以及骨损伤之类的不希望的病症的各种机制和生化过程,还影响口腔/牙齿和皮肤/头发的健康。因此,本文也考虑到在总体健康和幸福水平方面的益处,包括糖尿病、肥胖、高血压、炎症、氧化应激、关节炎、骨质疏松、过早衰老和低耐力的治疗,以及牙菌斑、牙垢、牙龈炎和牙周炎的控制(口腔健康);皮肤抗衰老(通过防止胶原和弹性蛋白的降解以及控制ROS的产生)和头发护理(例如抗真菌效果以控制头屑)。该组合物可以任选地含有对具体的目标病症具有活性的其它药剂。
其它治疗剂
优选地,本组合物不含除上述优选的植物营养素、维生素和矿物质以外的其它活性物质,因为由这些组分配制而成的组合物具有治疗效果。然而,在某些实施方式中,本组合物可以包含其它治疗剂以获得最佳效果。因此,例如,本组合物可以包含其它药剂如抗炎剂、抗氧化剂、微量营养素和微量元素。
其它抗炎剂可以包括但不限于:脂肪氧合酶抑制剂如去甲二氢愈创木酸;环氧合酶抑制剂如氟比洛芬;以及非甾醇类抗炎剂如阿司匹林、酮咯酸、氟比洛芬、布洛芬、萘普生、吲哚美辛、酮洛芬、吡罗昔康、甲氯芬那酸、罗非考昔、塞来考昔和它们的混合物。如果存在,则其它抗炎剂的含量通常为本发明组合物的约0.001重量%~约5重量%。
细胞氧化还原状态的调节物包括抗氧化剂如N-乙酰半胱氨酸和没食子酸;抗氧化酶诱导物如茴香脑二硫杂环戊二烯硫酮(anethole-dithiothione)、奥替普拉、吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸酯(PDTC)和吲哚-3-甲醇。其它微量营养素包括辅酶Q10、吡咯并喹啉醌(PQQ)、硫胺素、核黄素、烟酸、泛酸、吡哆醇、胆碱、生物素、肌醇、对氨基苯甲酸。微量元素包括锰、铬、钼、铜、硒和它们的组合。
组合物用途
安全有效量的包含上述组合的本发明组合物通常以优选为约1~4次/天、更优选为约1~3次/天、进一步更优选为约1次/天~约2次/天对需要它的对象进行给药。这种治疗的时间通常可以在约1天~终生的范围内。该对象可以是需要治疗或预防的任何人或动物。“动物”的含义尤其包括家养宠物或其它家畜、或者豢养动物。
本组合物优选包含镁与选自槲皮素、芸香苷(槲皮素-3-O-芸香糖苷)、姜黄素、橙皮苷、橙皮素、厚朴酚、紫穗槐果苷、白藜芦醇和儿茶素的三种或更多的植物营养素的组合作为活性物质。本组合物中的活性物质的浓度以及单个药剂的递送剂量根据组合物的类型/形式、预期目的、以及性别和目标年龄组而变化。一般来说,各个植物营养素在组合物中的存在量为至少约5mg,在一些实施方式中为至少约10mg,在另一些实施方式中为至少约50mg。对于槲皮素,优选的每日剂量为约10mg~约3,000mg,更优选为约300mg~约2,200mg,进一步更优选为约500mg~约1,500mg。对于姜黄素,优选的每日剂量为约10mg~约1,500mg,更优选为约300mg~约1,300mg,进一步更优选为约500mg~约1000mg。对于厚朴酚,优选的每日剂量为约5mg~约500mg,更优选为约15mg~约350mg,进一步更优选为约100mg~约300mg。对于橙皮苷,优选的每日剂量为约5~约1000mg,更优选为约50~约500mg,进一步更优选为约75~约300mg。对于镁,优选的每日剂量为约50mg~约1000mg,更优选为约100mg~约500mg,进一步更优选为约200mg~约400mg。维生素K在组合物中任选使用,为约10~约300mcg。该组合物可以配制成供每天、每周或每月给药。优选地,该组合物配制成供每天给药而每天摄取1~4次,为了容易遵守方案,配制成容易下咽的丸剂和胶囊、咀嚼物、饮料混合物和饮品。
下述非限制性的实施例进一步描述了本发明范围内的优选实施方式。这些实施例只是为了说明而给出的,并不构成对本发明的限制,在不背离本发明精神和范围的情况下,可以对本发明进行许多改变。
实施例
实施例I.心脏健康膳食补充剂的功效试验
本组合物的益处如下证明:(1)使用在高磷酸盐条件下培养以诱导钙化的人主动脉VSMC的体外研究,(2)使用在喂食高磷酸盐饮食时易患血管钙化的突变小鼠的体内喂养研究,以及(3)年龄45~65岁的成人对象中的随机、双盲、有安慰剂对照的临床试验。各研究中的治疗产品包含槲皮素、姜黄素、橙皮苷和镁作为活性物质。此外,该治疗产品可以包含维生素K、维生素D和/或维生素C。
(1)体外研究
该研究在查尔斯河实验室进行,在孵育阶段后测定细胞中的钙含量以评估钙化。用高磷酸盐(Pi)处理人大动脉血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)以诱导钙化。通过茜素红染色来评估钙化的程度,通过显微照片成像(microphotoimaging)进行记录,然后通过分光光度法进行提取和定量。
试验材料:
(1)人大动脉平滑肌细胞;
(2)完全培养基及溶液DMEM(吉布可公司(Gibco)11966-025)20%FBS(Seradigm1500-500)1mM丙酮酸钠(吉布可公司11360-070)青霉素/链霉素(吉布可公司15140-122)20mM HEPES(吉布可公司15630-080)HBSS(吉布可公司14175)胰酶(Gibco 25200)(隆萨公司(Lonza)CC-2571);
(3)冻存培养基:90%HI-FBS(康宁公司(Corning)35-011-CV)、10%DMSO(西格玛公司(Sigma)D2650);
(4)钙化补充剂:Na2HPO4(EMD SX0720-1)NaH2PO4(EMD SX0710-1);
(5)茜素红染色:茜素红染色试剂盒(科学细胞公司(ScienCell)8678)、甲醛(丽卡化学公司(Ricca Chemical)31908)、乙酸(科学细胞公司试剂盒组分#8678b)、矿物油(飞世尔公司(Fisher)R21237)、氢氧化铵(科学细胞公司试剂盒组分8678c)
(6)组分试验组:I.阴性/基础对照,仅培养基;II.阳性对照,培养基+Ca(2mM)和磷酸盐(3mM);III.试验组:培养基+Ca+磷酸盐+姜黄素5μM+槲皮素50μM+Mg(MgCl2)1.4mM+橙皮苷50μM+维生素K2 10μM
在MilliQ水中制备试验品和对照品的储备溶液,过滤除菌并冷冻储存。通过将储备溶液在生长培养基中稀释来每天新鲜制备试验品和阳性对照浓缩物。将受试化合物以所述浓度组合,并施加于6孔板中的VSMC,每种组合设4个复孔。受试化合物如下所述供应:姜黄素(西格玛奥德里奇公司(Sigma Aldrich)C7727);MgCl2(西格玛奥德里奇公司R0971);橙皮苷(西格玛奥德里奇公司1794-500MG);维生素K2(西格玛奥德里奇公司V-031-1ML);槲皮素(Tocris 1125)
VSMC的繁殖和钙化流程:
a.将VSMC解冻,使其在37℃、5%CO2培养箱中生长至少一周。
b.将细胞冷藏保存备用。
c.将细胞以3,500个细胞/cm2(35,000个/孔)分散至两块6孔板中。
d.细胞贴壁过夜后,将培养基替换为仅生长培养基(阴性对照)或补充终浓度3.3mM的磷酸盐的培养基(通过在Gibco DMEM培养基中添加0.8mM Na2HPO4和1.6 NaH2PO4(1:2的比例),该培养基在提供时就含有1.8mM CaCl2和0.9mM NaH2PO4),每种处理设4个孔。
e.将细胞在各自的培养基中维持9天或所需时长,每三天到四天更换新鲜培养基。
茜素红染色、显微照相和定量提取;
a.移除培养基,用PBS洗涤单层。将单层用10%甲醛在室温下固定15分钟,接着用MilliQ水洗涤两次。
b.将单层在室温下一边震摇一边用茜素红溶液染色20分钟。
c.移除染料溶液,将经染色的单层用4mL/孔MilliQ水洗涤4次,并同时震摇5分钟。通过将板倾斜2分钟并吸弃来将水完全移除。将板保存于-20℃。
d.通过在40x的放大倍数下采用相差显微术用倒置显微镜对经染色的单层拍照,从而记录染色情况。
e.为了进行染色情况的定量评估,每孔加入0.8mL的10%乙酸,并将板震摇孵育30分钟。用细胞刮刀将单层从板中移除,并转移至1.5mL微量离心管中。将细胞悬液用0.5mL矿物油覆盖,加热至85℃并保持10分钟,接着在冰上孵育5分钟。
f.将管子以20,000x g离心15分钟,并将0.5mL上清液转移至新微量离心管中。为了中和酸,每管加入0.2mL的10%氢氧化铵。
g.将等份的150μL(每管3份)转移至不透明壁、透明底的96孔板中,并用SpectraMax分光光度计在405nm下测定吸光度。数据用GraphPad Prism进行分析。
研究结果:
(2)在喂食研究中,使用邻甲酚酞络合酮法针对处死动物的包括心脏、主动脉、颈动脉、肾脏和肝脏在内的软组织进行钙含量的分析,并在光学显微镜下(茜素红染色后)检查矿化情况及其它病灶。
(3)在人类临床上,测定生物标记物骨保护素(OPG)和冠状动脉钙化(CAC)作为钙化状态的主要指标。也测定VC的生物标记物或诱发物的其它变化,包括炎症(白细胞介素、MMP、NF-κB、TNF-α、PGE2)、高血压(血管紧张素II、血压)、糖尿病(血糖、糖化血红蛋白Hb1c)、基质Gla蛋白(MGP)和骨基质蛋白:BMP2和BMP4。也采用常规标记物来测定骨、口腔、皮肤/头皮和头发的健康和状况的变化,例如采用牙菌斑和牙龈发红来测定口腔健康;采用头屑、瘙痒和脱皮来测定头发和头皮健康;以及采用弹性蛋白酶活性作为衰老介导的皮肤皱纹的指标;采用OPG、骨ALP和血清I型原胶原N端前肽(PINP)作为骨形成水平和骨健康的指标。
本文所述的尺寸和值不应理解为严格限定为所述的精确的数值。相反,除非另有具体说明,这种尺寸各自用于指所述的值和该值周围的功能等同的范围。例如,批露为“40mg”的值或量旨在表示“约40mg”。
本发明的具体实施方式中引用的所有文件均将其相关部分通过引用纳入本文;任何文件的引用都不构成对“其相对于本发明是现有技术”这一点的认可。当本发明中术语的任何含义或定义与通过引用纳入的文件中术语的任何含义或定义矛盾时,应当服从在本发明中赋予该术语的含义或定义。
虽然已示出并描述了本发明的特定实施方式,但对本领域技术人员来说显而易见的是,在不背离本发明精神和范围的情况下可以进行各种改变和改进。因此,所附权利要求旨在覆盖本发明范围内的所有这些改变和改进。
Claims (3)
1.一种对人和其它哺乳动物对象中的血管钙化(VC)的发展和/或进展有效的组合物,所述组合物由以下活性物质组成:
约200 mg的镁矿物质,其中镁以苹果酸盐化合物或苹果酸盐复合物的形式供应;
约10 mg的异槲皮素;
约100 mg的白藜芦醇、即3,5,4′-三羟基-反式-茋;
约50 mg的姜黄素;以及
任选的、100~200 mcg的维生素K2;
其中,所述组合物足以减少或抑制血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)和循环干细胞向骨性细胞的转化。
2.如权利要求1所述的组合物,配制成呈选自胶囊、片剂、丸剂、软糖、粒状胶囊、颗粒剂、粉末、茶、饮料混合物和饮品的形式的膳食或营养补充剂。
3.用于治疗和/或预防血管钙化的组合物,所述组合物由以下活性物质组成:
约200 mg的镁矿物质,其中镁以苹果酸盐化合物或苹果酸盐复合物的形式供应;
约10 mg的异槲皮素;
约100 mg的白藜芦醇、即3,5,4′-三羟基-反式-茋;
约50 mg的姜黄素;以及
任选的、100~200 mcg的维生素K2;
其中,所述组合物足以减少或抑制血管平滑肌细胞(VSMC)和循环干细胞向骨性细胞的转化。
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