CN109604321B - Method for restoring uranium-polluted soil by constructing plant community by using bamboo willow-duck grass-macleaya cordata - Google Patents
Method for restoring uranium-polluted soil by constructing plant community by using bamboo willow-duck grass-macleaya cordata Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for restoring uranium-polluted soil by constructing a plant community cell by adopting bamboo willow-duck grass-macleaya cordata. And (3) selecting arbor bamboo willow with enrichment effect on uranium in soil, herb plants including duck grass and macleaya cordata according to composite triangular arrangement to construct a stable plant community cell with in-situ remediation effect on uranium contaminated soil. And (3) enriching uranium from the uranium-polluted soil by each plant in the plant community cell, and transporting the uranium to the overground part of the plant, thereby achieving the purpose of restoring the uranium-polluted soil. The defects of monotonous plant species structure, poor stability, low soil fertility, small total enrichment amount and low ecological function of the existing plant restoration technology for restoring uranium-polluted soil by adopting a single plant population are overcome, a synergistic effect exists among the three plants, and the restoration efficiency is obviously improved compared with the restoration of the uranium-polluted soil by adopting the single plant population.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of plant remediation of uranium-contaminated soil, and particularly relates to a technology for remediating uranium-contaminated soil by constructing a plant community by using bamboo willow, duck grass and macleaya cordata.
Background
Uranium is an important strategic resource in the nuclear power industry and nuclear technology application field, and is also a radioactive heavy metal element. Uranium resource exploitation has also produced a large amount of barren rocks, tailings that contain uranium when satisfying nuclear energy and nuclear technology utilization, under various efflorescence effects, probably leads to the uranium in the tailings to migrate to the soil circle, seriously influences the function of soil, leads to ecological landscape destruction, biodiversity to reduce to finally through the food chain, bring potential harm for regional ecosystem and resident, consequently, restore the soil contaminated with uranium and hardly postpone.
The uranium-contaminated soil is repaired by reducing or reducing the concentration of uranium in the soil in a migration, transformation and extraction mode so that the uranium reaches the level range allowed by environmental safety, thereby reducing the toxic effect on the surrounding environment.
Traditional methods for repairing contaminated soil, such as a physical method of a soil-mining method, a deep ploughing method and the like, are high in cost and greatly disturb soil environment, other methods, such as chemical methods of soil leaching, solidification and the like, can cause adverse effects on biological activity, structure and soil fertility of soil, and in addition, some leaching agents easily cause secondary pollution to the environment. The plant restoration has the advantages of low cost, environmental friendliness, in-situ restoration, wide application and the like, so the plant restoration has a great application prospect in restoration of uranium-polluted soil, the plant restoration mechanism is based on that a plant root system has the capacity of absorbing uranium in the soil, then the plant restoration mechanism is transferred to an overground part, after sufficient growth time, a large amount of uranium is accumulated in the overground part, the uranium and plants can be harvested finally, the uranium concentration in the environment is reduced by continuous planting and harvesting, the harvested plants are treated or uranium is recycled at a special place, and the recycling mode increases the economic value for the plant restoration process.
At present, a large number of super-enriched plants are widely researched, however, most of the super-enriched plants have small biomass and limited total uranium extraction amount, thereby limiting the large-scale application thereof. The treatment effect of phytoremediation depends on the uranium enrichment capacity of plants and the biomass of plants, so how to increase the biomass of plants, improve the uranium enrichment capacity of plants and the resistance of plants to adverse circumstances becomes the key in the uranium contaminated soil phytoremediation technology, and therefore, some uranium-enriched plants with large biomass gradually receive wide attention, however, at present, research mainly focuses on single species to repair uranium contaminated soil, and the research reports of enhancing the variety of repair systems by using plant communities are few. The plant community can improve the soil fertility and the biomass through root exudates and the like, and can supply nutrients required by the germination and growth of local seeds and activate a soil seed bank in the process of improving the fertility of the polluted soil, so that the biological diversity of a polluted area is increased; the number of the types of the plant communities is increased, the density of the plant communities is increased, so that the total biomass is large, the total uranium absorption amount of the communities can be obviously improved by large biomass, and the landscape effect is enhanced.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above situation, the invention aims to provide a method for restoring uranium-polluted soil by constructing a plant community cell by using bamboo willow, duck grass and macleaya cordata. According to the ecological principle, plant restoration is taken as a theoretical basis, the method is characterized in that perennial woody plants of the populus family, bamboo willows of the populus family, which have the function of enriching uranium in soil, perennial herbaceous plant duck grass with high tolerance to uranium and the peripheral perennial herbaceous plant macleaya cordata of the poppy family, which has the function of super-enriching uranium, are selected, the perennial herbaceous plant macleaya cordata is arranged according to a composite triangle, and a mode of combining artificial construction and vegetation natural growth is adopted, so that a plant community cell which is complete in structure and has the function of restoring uranium-polluted soil is constructed according to the cultivation mode. And (3) enriching uranium from uranium-polluted soil by each plant in the plant community cell, and conveying the uranium to the overground part of the plant, so that the aim of removing the uranium in the polluted soil is fulfilled. Under the cultivation mode provided by the invention, the three plants have a synergistic effect, and the enrichment effect on uranium in soil can be promoted, so that the remediation efficiency on uranium-polluted soil is improved. The method has the advantages of convenient material acquisition, low cost, high repair efficiency, easy management, easy operation, small environmental risk and the like.
The process comprises the following steps:
(1) seed germination and seedling treatment;
(2) constructing and maintaining a plant community cell;
(3) harvesting;
(4) and (6) centralized processing.
The method comprises the following specific steps:
the specific modes of seed germination and seedling treatment in the process (1) are as follows: soaking the grass of duck and the seeds of macleaya cordata in water at 60 ℃ for 2-3 h, naturally drying in the air, sowing in a seedling tray, sowing the grass of duck for 7-10 d at 15-20 ℃, then sowing the grass of duck for 15-20 d, then sowing the seeds of macleaya cordata for 15-20 d, then sowing the seedlings of bamboo willow in tap water for overnight cuttage, and then germinating after 2-3d of cuttage;
the specific mode of construction and maintenance of the plant community in the process (2) is as follows: the specification of the culture pond is as follows: length is multiplied by width is multiplied by depth (150 cm is multiplied by 120 cm is multiplied by 45 cm), watering is carried out three days in advance, herbicide is sprayed, soil is dug out small soil pits at corresponding positions according to a cultivation mode, and the first row is sequentially cultivated with duck grasses, macleaya cordata and bamboo willows; the second row is used for cultivating bamboo willow, duck grass and macleaya cordata in sequence; the third row is used for cultivating duck grass, macleaya cordata and bamboo willow in sequence; during transplanting, plants which grow vigorously are selected, the row spacing and the plant spacing are both 30 cm, 3 plants are transplanted in each hole, the temperature is about 20 ℃, and the transplanting is preferably performed in the evening or in the shade. Firstly, standing the germinated bamboo willow seedlings in small soil pits, and filling soil; 2d, digging up a soil mass at a position which is two times of the crown diameter beside a plant stem according to the size of the plant and is close to the plant stem after the duck grass seedlings (about 10 d after seedling emergence) are dug, erecting the seedlings in uranium-polluted soil pits, filling the soil, and slightly pressing the seedlings with a thumb and an index finger to fix the seedling roots; and 4d, digging up the macleaya cordata (about 15 d after seedling emergence) with three leaves at a position which is two times of the crown diameter beside a plant stem according to the size of the plant, loosening the soil by surrounding the plant by a shovel for a circle, keeping the soil cluster complete, standing the seedlings in uranium-polluted soil pits, filling the soil, and slightly pressing the seedlings with a thumb and a forefinger to fix the roots of the seedlings. After transplanting, the soil is drenched as soon as possible to ensure the roots to grow and fix. When the new seedlings grow actively or new leaves can be seen, the transplanting success is shown, normal maintenance can be carried out on plants according to habits, soil is loosened and weeding is carried out in time, Hoagland nutrient solution is poured once every two weeks, water is poured once every 2 days in the previous month, water is poured once every one week in the later period until the plants are changed from vegetative growth to the stage mainly based on reproductive growth, when the plant height reaches 1m, the community is stable, the temperature is kept at 28 ℃ and the humidity is kept at 65% in the test period, and the construction and maintenance of the whole plant community are continued for four months.
The specific mode of harvesting in the process (3) is as follows: randomly collecting each culture pond, washing the culture pond by using tap water, dividing the culture pond into an overground part and an underground part, soaking the culture pond by using 20 mmol/L EDTA-2Na for 20 min in order to exchange and remove uranium ions adsorbed on the surface of a plant, washing the culture pond by using deionized water for 3 times, deactivating enzymes at 105 ℃ for 30 min, drying the culture pond at 70 ℃ to constant weight, grinding and crushing the culture pond, putting the culture pond in a ceramic crucible, gradually heating the culture pond to 600 ℃ in a muffle furnace, ashing the culture pond for 5 h, cooling and weighing the culture pond;
the specific manner of the centralized processing in the process (4) is as follows: and transferring the harvested overground part to a safety zone, intensively drying, crushing and burning, and finally burying or leaching and recycling uranium to effectively control diffusion of uranium.
The invention relates to arbor plant bamboo willow (bamboo willow) with the function of enriching uranium in soilSalix sp.) Herb Duck Hao (herb Duck )Paspalumscrobiculatumlinn) And the herbaceous plant Macleaya cordata (Macleaya cordata) As a material, a plant community which has a complete structure and a function of restoring uranium-polluted soil is constructed according to the cultivation mode provided by the invention in a mode of combining artificial construction and vegetation natural growth. The problems of monotonous plant species structure, poor stability, low soil fertility, small total enrichment amount, low ecological function and the like of the existing plant restoration technology for restoring uranium-polluted soil by adopting a single population are solved.
Compared with the prior art, the method for restoring uranium-polluted soil by constructing the plant community cell by adopting the bamboo willow, the duck grass and the macleaya cordata has the following technical advantages:
(1) the three selected plants have strong quick growth and large biomass, and can form a better plant community cell in a short time. After the plants are artificially cultivated for the first time, the plants can be bred by themselves to maintain the continuous long-term storage of vegetation;
(2) the three selected plants have the capacity of enriching uranium, and the formed plant community has a complete structure, large biomass and good stability. The later period completely follows the natural law of 'less manual management', and the three plants have synergistic effect and can mutually promote the enrichment effect on uranium, so that the repair efficiency on uranium-polluted soil is improved;
(3) the community cell constructed by the three selected plants can improve the soil fertility and the biological quality through root exudates and the like, and the plant community cell can supply nutrients required by the germination and growth of native seeds and activate a soil seed bank in the process of improving the fertility of the polluted soil, so that the biological diversity of the polluted area is increased. Along with the development of an ecosystem, the plant abundance of the soil of the mine field can be increased by the ecological process, and the loss of soil nutrient elements and heavy uranium along with surface runoff can be reduced by the improvement of the plant diversity. The tolerant plants which survive in the high-concentration uranium-stained environment for a long time and the seeds before germination of the tolerant plants carry stronger tolerant genes, so that the tolerance of the tolerant plants is enhanced;
(4) the overground part of the herbaceous plant can be harvested manually or mechanically, branches of trees can be pruned, and the harvested overground part can be intensively transferred to a safe place for treatment or recovery, so that the method has potential economic benefits and is simple and convenient to operate and manage;
(5) the uranium contaminated soil is repaired by utilizing the plant community cell, the uranium contaminated soil is repaired in a green in-situ mode, secondary pollution can not be caused, the original ecological environment can not be damaged in the repairing process, soil degradation and productivity reduction caused by uranium contamination can be improved, the biodiversity of the uranium contaminated soil can be restored and improved, and the environment can be beautified. The method has the advantages of easy management, low cost, high repair efficiency, environmental friendliness, potential economic benefit and the like.
(6) Compared with the method for restoring uranium-polluted soil by using a single plant, namely ryegrass, the plant community cell constructed by the three selected plants has the advantages that the uranium enrichment amount is improved by 3.46-32.69 times, compared with the method for restoring uranium-polluted soil by using a single plant, namely sudanese, the aboveground part is improved by 1.56-3.06 times, the transport coefficient is improved by 0.25-3.64 times, compared with the method for restoring uranium-polluted soil by using a single plant, namely alfalfa, the aboveground part has the uranium content improved by 0.67-1.66 times, and the transport coefficient is improved by 1.5-8.2 times, so that the uranium is better collected.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a plant community planting mode, wherein A is Duck grass, B is bamboo willow, and C is Macleaya cordata.
Detailed Description
I Material
Arbor plant bamboo willowBamboo-willow(Salix sp.) Herb Duck Hao (herb Duck )Paspalumscrobiculatu
mlinn) And the herbaceous plant Macleaya cordata (Macleaya cordata)。
II principle
Bamboo willow is Salicaceae (willow family)Salicaceae) The plant and arbor have great growth potential, the height can reach more than 20 meters, the top end advantage is obvious, the axillary bud germination force is strong, the branch is early, the included angle between the lateral branch and the trunk is 30-45 degrees, in addition, the bamboo willow has no strict requirement on soil, can grow in the soil with the pH value of 5.0-8.5 or sandy land, low-humidity river beach or weak saline-alkali soil, and has the characteristics of wide application, strong fast growth, large biomass, strong adaptability, excellent material quality and the like; duck Cao (herb of Duck )Paspalumscrobiculatumlinn) The grass is perennial grass, the stalks are usually tufted, are rare and single-grown, are vertical or inclined, are 25-50 cm high, have 2-3 sections, the leaves are in the shape of needles, are 5-20 cm long, 4-8 mm wide, are densely covered with soft hairs on two sides, are distributed in Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Taiwan, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou, Guangxi and other provinces, and have stronger tolerance to heavy metals; macleaya cordata (academic name:Macleaya cordata) Is a long-standing herb of the genus Macleaya of the family Papaveraceae, lignified in the base, and has a milky yellow juice. The stem is 1-4 meters high, green, smooth, much white powder, hollow, and multi-branch on the upper part, and has the characteristics of large biomass, easy management, wide application to environment and high growth speed;
through field investigation and indoor experiments, we find that the bamboo willow, the duck grass and the macleaya cordata growing in the uranium-polluted soil have stronger tolerance to uranium, and can enrich the uranium to the overground part, and under a specific cultivation mode, a synergistic effect exists between the bamboo willow, the duck grass and the macleaya cordata, so that the remediation efficiency of the uranium-polluted soil is improved. According to the ecological principle, the space-time positions and the functional relations of the three plants in the community are inconsistent, and the three plants have different ecological niches, so that the plant community formed by the three plants has good stability, is not easy to degrade, is easy to maintain, has high ecological function, and does not need manual management once the plant community is formed. All species in the plant community can enrich uranium from uranium-polluted soil to the overground part, and then the overground part is harvested and treated in a centralized manner, so that the aim of restoring the uranium-polluted soil is fulfilled;
the phytoremediation mechanism is based on plant roots has the ability of absorbing uranium in soil or water, then transfers it to the overground part, after the sufficient time of growth, the overground part accumulates a large amount of uranium, uranium and plant can all be reaped finally, continuous planting and reaping will make the uranium concentration reduce in the environment, the plant after reaping is dealt with or recycle uranium in special place, this kind of circulation mode has increased economic value for the phytoremediation process.
III example
Plant seeds and seedlings: duck Cao (herb of Duck )Paspalumscrobiculatumlinn) Seed, Macleaya cordata (Macleaya cordata) Seed and bamboo willowBamboo-willow (Salix spA seedling;
other materials: n, P, K base fertilizer and uranium contaminated soil;
in uranium-contaminated soil, bamboo willow-duck grass-macleaya cordata (ABC, cultivation mode according to compound triangular arrangement) and control single population-bamboo willow (A), single population-duck grass (B) and single population-macleaya cordata (C) are respectively cultivated. Leaching seeds of macleaya cordata and duck grass by distilled water, accelerating germination overnight, sowing in a seedling tray, and planting in test soil after seedling emergence; the bamboo willow is planted in the test soil in a cuttage mode. The temperature is kept at 28 ℃ and the humidity is kept at 65% during the test period, and the whole experiment lasts for four months;
after the experiment is carried out for four months, plant samples are randomly collected in each culture pond, are washed clean by tap water and are divided into an aboveground part and an underground part, in order to exchange and remove uranium ions adsorbed on the surface of the plant, the plant samples are soaked for 20 min by using 20 mmol/L EDTA-2Na, and then are washed for 3 times by using deionized water, and the plant height, the root length and the dry weight of each part of the plant are respectively measured. The results show that compared with a single population, the plant height, the root length and the total dry weight of the bamboo willow in a community cell formed by the bamboo willow-duck grass-macleaya cordata are respectively increased by 56.54%, 67.68% and 82.901%, the plant height, the root length and the total dry weight of duck grass are respectively increased by 28.89%, 98.34% and 41.50%, and the plant height, the root length and the total dry weight of macleaya cordata are respectively increased by 12.69%, 32.24% and 35.43%;
accurately weighing 0.200 g of ash content in a harvested and ashed plant sample, putting the plant sample into a polytetrafluoroethylene tube, and digesting by adopting an ETHOS-1 type microwave digestion instrument. And (4) after digestion is finished, fixing the volume of the digestion solution to 50 mL, filtering, and determining the uranium content in the solution by using ICP-MS. The results show that the total uranium enrichment amount of each plant in a community cell formed by the bamboo willow-duck grass-macleaya cordata respectively reaches 0.29 mg/plant, 0.32 mg/plant and 2.19 mg/plant, compared with a single population, the total uranium enrichment amount is respectively increased by 31.82%, 77.78% and 146.07%, and the biological transfer coefficient is respectively increased by 150%, 110% and 52.17%.
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and various modifications and changes can be made thereto by those skilled in the art based on the above-described concept of the present invention. For example, in uranium-contaminated soil with different uranium concentrations, different plant seeds and seedlings are adopted, the proportion of each seed and seedling, the planting row spacing and the planting row spacing as well as various nutritional conditions are adjusted, different harvesting periods and modes are adopted, and different seed germination, seedling raising and transplanting methods are adopted to repair different radionuclide and heavy metal-contaminated soil and the like. However, these similar changes and modifications are also within the spirit of the present invention.
Claims (1)
1. The utility model provides a method for adopt bamboo willow-duck grass-macleaya cordata to construct plant community district and restore uranium contaminated soil, adopt bamboo willow, herbaceous plant duck grass and macleaya cordata to arrange according to compound triangle, construct and stabilize plant community district, various plants in the plant community district are in the growth process, enrich uranium from uranium contaminated soil to transport it to the plant overground part, thereby reach the purpose of getting rid of uranium in the contaminated soil, a serial communication port, concrete step is:
(1) seed germination and seedling treatment;
(2) constructing and maintaining a plant community cell;
(3) harvesting;
(4) centralized processing;
the specific modes of seed germination and seedling treatment are as follows: soaking the grass of duck and the macleaya cordata seeds in water at 60 ℃ for 2-3 h, naturally drying in the air, sowing in a seedling tray, sowing the grass of duck for 7-10 d at 15-20 ℃, then sprouting, sowing the macleaya cordata seeds for 15-20 d, and then sprouting, wherein the seedlings of the bamboo willow are soaked in tap water overnight for cuttage and then sprout after cuttage for 2-3 d;
the specific modes of construction and maintenance of the plant community are as follows: the specification of the culture pond is as follows: the length, width and depth are 150 cm, 120 cm and 45 cm, watering is carried out three days in advance, herbicide is sprayed, soil is dug out a small soil pit, and the first row is used for cultivating the duck grass, the macleaya cordata and the bamboo willow in sequence; the second row is used for cultivating bamboo willow, duck grass and macleaya cordata in sequence; the third row is used for cultivating duck grass, macleaya cordata and bamboo willow in sequence; the row spacing and the plant spacing are both 30 cm, wherein 3 plants are transplanted in each hole, the temperature is about 20 ℃, and the plants are transplanted in the evening or in the shade;
firstly, standing the germinated bamboo willow seedlings in small soil pits, and filling soil; 2d, digging up soil clusters after loosening the soil around the plants by a shovel at the position, which is two times of the crown diameter, beside the plant stems according to the size of the plants, of the duck grass seedlings with the height of 5 cm, keeping the soil clusters complete, standing the seedlings in uranium-polluted soil pits, and filling the soil; 4d, after three leaves of macleaya cordata grow out, loosening the soil around the plant for a circle by using a shovel at a position which is two times of the crown diameter beside the plant stem, digging up the soil mass, keeping the soil mass complete, standing the seedlings in uranium-polluted soil pits, and filling the soil;
drenching soil to allow roots to grow and fix, loosening soil, weeding, watering Hoagland nutrient solution every two weeks, watering every 2 days in the previous month, and watering every one week in the later period;
when the plant height reaches 1m, the community cell is stable, the temperature is kept at 28 ℃ and the humidity is kept at 65% during the test period, and the construction and maintenance of the whole plant community cell are continued for four months;
the specific harvesting mode is as follows: randomly collecting each culture pond, washing with tap water, dividing into an above-ground part and an underground part, soaking for 20 min with 20 mmol/L EDTA-2Na, washing for 3 times with deionized water, deactivating enzyme at 105 ℃ for 30 min, drying at 70 ℃ to constant weight, grinding, placing in a ceramic crucible, gradually heating to 600 ℃ in a muffle furnace, ashing for 5 h, cooling, and weighing;
the specific way of the centralized processing is as follows: and transferring the harvested overground part to a safety zone, intensively drying, crushing and burning, and finally burying or leaching and recycling uranium.
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| CN103521510A (en) * | 2013-10-14 | 2014-01-22 | 南华大学 | Method for rehabilitating uranium contaminated soil by use of functional plant community |
| CN104607451A (en) * | 2015-01-04 | 2015-05-13 | 西南科技大学 | Method for improving repair efficiency of uranium contaminated soil |
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| CN103521510A (en) * | 2013-10-14 | 2014-01-22 | 南华大学 | Method for rehabilitating uranium contaminated soil by use of functional plant community |
| CN104607451A (en) * | 2015-01-04 | 2015-05-13 | 西南科技大学 | Method for improving repair efficiency of uranium contaminated soil |
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