CN109590468B - Control method for manufacturing surface sticky powder of austenitic stainless steel component by laser direct additive manufacturing - Google Patents
Control method for manufacturing surface sticky powder of austenitic stainless steel component by laser direct additive manufacturing Download PDFInfo
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- CN109590468B CN109590468B CN201811494574.3A CN201811494574A CN109590468B CN 109590468 B CN109590468 B CN 109590468B CN 201811494574 A CN201811494574 A CN 201811494574A CN 109590468 B CN109590468 B CN 109590468B
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- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 62
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 48
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 235000013766 direct food additive Nutrition 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 23
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 6
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004372 laser cladding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000013070 direct material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010410 dusting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009689 gas atomisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011156 metal matrix composite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/10—Sintering only
- B22F3/105—Sintering only by using electric current other than for infrared radiant energy, laser radiation or plasma ; by ultrasonic bonding
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a control method for manufacturing powder adhered to the surface of an austenitic stainless steel component by laser direct additive manufacturing, which mainly comprises the following implementation processes: carrying out a quasi-continuous laser direct additive manufacturing test of austenitic stainless steel powder based on a single-factor method, and respectively obtaining the influence rule of pulse frequency and duty ratio on powder adhesion on the surface of a sample; and determining the pulse frequency and the duty ratio range capable of effectively inhibiting the surface from sticking powder according to experimental data. The method can effectively control the problem of serious powder adhesion phenomenon on the surface when the austenitic stainless steel component is directly manufactured by the additive by laser; in addition, the invention does not need to add an additional device, and does not need to adopt a post-treatment process for parts with low surface quality requirements. Therefore, the method is simple and easy to implement and has low manufacturing cost.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to advanced forming technologies such as metal laser direct additive manufacturing and laser cladding, can be applied to the fields of industrial manufacturing or repairing such as aerospace, automobiles, ships and energy sources, and particularly relates to a control method for the surface powder adhesion of an austenitic stainless steel component through laser direct additive manufacturing.
Background
The laser direct additive manufacturing technology belongs to the field of laser additive manufacturing, and is an advanced manufacturing technology with a good application prospect. The technology highly integrates the advanced concepts of laser cladding, layered manufacturing and digital manufacturing, and drives the rapid and direct manufacturing of the metal component by three-dimensional CAD data. Compared with the traditional material reducing process, the laser direct material increase manufacturing technology has the remarkable advantages of free forming, controllable structure performance, short manufacturing flow, short manufacturing period and the like. The laser direct additive manufacturing technology is favored and applied in the industrial fields of aerospace, automobile, medical treatment, mold manufacturing and the like because the laser direct additive manufacturing technology is suitable for the rapid direct manufacturing of metal, alloy, ceramic, metal matrix composite materials and the like.
In the laser direct additive manufacturing process, a laser beam firstly melts a substrate to form a molten pool, then the molten pool captures a part of powder particles synchronously conveyed by air force, and finally, after the laser beam leaves, the molten pool is rapidly solidified and coated on the substrate. In most cases, the distribution area of the powder beam on the substrate is larger than the area of the molten pool. Therefore, in the trailing edge and both side regions of the molten pool where the temperature is close to the solidification temperature, a part of the powder particles are adhered to the surface of the additive product because they have not been melted in time. According to the existing literature and a large number of experimental studies conducted by us, the surface dusting phenomenon is extremely serious when austenitic stainless steel components are formed by using a continuous laser-based direct additive manufacturing technology. This phenomenon greatly worsens the surface quality of stainless steel components, which in turn leads to failure to meet practical engineering requirements, while also limiting the wide application of laser direct additive manufacturing techniques to some extent. Of course, the existing additive and subtractive composite manufacturing technology can effectively solve the problem. But with a corresponding rise in time and manufacturing costs. In addition, the problem of powder adhesion of the closed cavity and the inner runner is a difficult problem which cannot be solved by subsequent material reduction manufacturing. Therefore, it is more important to research an effective method for controlling the powder adhesion on the surface of the austenitic stainless steel additive component.
Disclosure of Invention
The technical problem to be solved by the invention is to provide a control method for powder adhesion on the surface of an austenitic stainless steel component through laser direct additive manufacturing aiming at the defects of the prior art, so that the powder adhesion degree of the austenitic stainless steel component through traditional continuous laser direct additive manufacturing is effectively reduced, the processing performance of the laser direct additive manufacturing technology is improved, and the manufacturing cost is reduced.
In order to solve the technical problems, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a control method for manufacturing powder adhered to the surface of an austenitic stainless steel component by laser direct additive manufacturing mainly comprises the following implementation processes: carrying out a quasi-continuous laser direct additive manufacturing test of austenitic stainless steel powder based on a single-factor method, and respectively obtaining the influence rule of pulse frequency and duty ratio on powder adhesion on the surface of a sample; according to experimental data, the pulse frequency for effectively inhibiting the surface from being adhered with the powder is determined to be 20-60 Hz, and the duty ratio is determined to be 20%.
The pulse frequency is 1/pulse period, and the duty ratio is pulse width × 100/pulse period.
The austenitic stainless steels include 304, 316, and 316L stainless steels.
The specific process for carrying out the quasi-continuous laser direct additive manufacturing test of the austenitic stainless steel powder comprises the following steps:
1) drying the selected austenitic stainless steel powder;
2) selecting proper inert gases as carrier gas and protective gas;
3) setting proper laser power, pulse waveform, laser spot size, scanning speed, powder feeding amount, lifting amount and carrier gas flow;
4) selecting pulse frequency and duty ratio as test factors, setting each test factor to be not less than four levels, and simultaneously keeping all process parameters in the step 8) constant; respectively carrying out single-factor tests of the influence of pulse frequency and duty ratio on surface powder adhesion;
5) according to the step 9), preparing the sample by adopting a laser direct additive manufacturing process, analyzing the powder adhesion amount on the surface of the sample, further obtaining the influence rule of the pulse frequency and the duty ratio on the powder adhesion amount respectively, and further determining the process parameter with the minimum powder adhesion amount on the surface of the sample.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that: the method can effectively control the problem of serious powder adhesion phenomenon on the surface when the austenitic stainless steel component is directly manufactured by the additive by laser; in addition, the invention does not need to add an additional device, and does not need to adopt a post-treatment process for parts with low surface quality requirements. Therefore, the method is simple and easy to implement and has low manufacturing cost.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is an output waveform of quasi-continuous laser power used in the present invention;
fig. 2 (a) - (d) are images of samples prepared at different duty cycles according to the present invention; (a) a duty cycle of 20%; (b) a duty cycle of 35%; (c) a 50% duty cycle; (d) a duty cycle of 65%;
fig. 3 (a) to (d) are images of samples prepared at different pulse frequencies; (a) a pulse frequency of 20 Hz; (b) a pulse frequency of 40 Hz; (c) a pulse frequency of 60 Hz; (d) a pulse frequency of 80 Hz.
Detailed Description
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following examples.
Example 1
The laser is made of YLS-5000-S4 type Yd of IPG photoelectric company: the laser output wavelength of the fiber laser is 1.07 mu m, and the fiber laser can output two modes of continuous laser and quasi-continuous laser. The quasi-continuous laser is output in a rectangular pulse wave (as shown in figure 1), the pulse frequency of the quasi-continuous laser is adjustable within 1-5000 Hz, and the duty ratio is adjustable within 0-100%. A coaxial powder feeding head with four nozzles was selected. The powder material is spherical 316L austenitic stainless steel prepared by a gas atomization process, and the particle size range of the powder material is 45-125 mu m. The substrate is a 316L stainless steel substrate with the thickness of 10 mm. The chemical composition of 316L stainless steel is shown in table 1. The carrier gas and the protective gas are high-purity argon with the purity of more than or equal to 99.999 percent. To improve powder flow, the powder was dried in a drying oven for more than 30 minutes prior to testing. During the test, the laser power is output in a rectangular waveform, and the laser power, the laser spot diameter, the scanning speed, the powder feeding amount, the lifting amount and the carrier gas flow are respectively set to be 900W, 1.32mm, 400mm/min, 11.63g/min, 0.13mm and 10 l/min. The sample piece adopts a single-pass multi-layer reciprocating printing strategy, the printing length is 40mm, and the number of printing layers is 80. The duty cycle and pulse frequency settings are shown in table 2.
TABLE 1316 chemical composition of stainless steel powder (% by mass)
TABLE 2 laser direct additive manufacturing test parameters
The test scheme is as follows: firstly, loading dried stainless steel powder, and operating a powder feeder without laser until four nozzles on a coaxial powder feeding head have no powder blocking phenomenon and output stable powder flow; then, a stainless steel substrate is placed, and the distance between the bottom end of the coaxial powder feeding head and the substrate is adjusted to be 14.5mm by taking the stainless steel substrate as a reference; thirdly, printing the sample pieces in sequence according to preset process parameters until the completion; and finally, observing and comparing the sample to obtain the influence rule of the pulse frequency and the duty ratio on the sticky powder, and determining the optimal range of the pulse frequency and the duty ratio according to the influence rule.
Results and conclusions: fig. 2 is an image of the sample corresponding to the pulse frequency of 20Hz and the duty ratio of 20% -65%, and it can be seen that the powder adhesion amount (e.g. black area in the figure) on the surface of the sample is increased significantly with the increase of the duty ratio, and the powder adhesion amount corresponding to the duty ratio of 20% is significantly less than the powder adhesion amount corresponding to the duty ratios of 50% and 65%. FIG. 3 is a sample image corresponding to a duty ratio of 20% and a pulse frequency of 20-80 Hz. As can be seen in the figure, when the pulse frequency is within the range of 20-60 Hz, the powder adhering amount on the surface of the sample piece is almost unchanged; when the pulse frequency was increased to 80Hz, the amount of the sticky powder was increased, but the increase was slight. The analysis can obtain that the influence of the duty ratio of the quasi-continuous laser on the sticky powder is very obvious, and the influence of the pulse frequency on the sticky powder is small, particularly within the pulse frequency of 20-60 Hz; the duty ratio is reduced, so that the powder sticking amount on the surface of the sample piece can be effectively inhibited.
Claims (3)
1. A control method for manufacturing powder adhered to the surface of an austenitic stainless steel component by laser direct additive manufacturing is characterized by mainly comprising the following implementation processes: carrying out a quasi-continuous laser direct additive manufacturing test of austenitic stainless steel powder based on a single-factor method, and respectively obtaining the influence rule of pulse frequency and duty ratio on powder adhesion on the surface of a sample; determining that the pulse frequency for effectively inhibiting the surface from being adhered with the powder is 20-60 Hz and the duty ratio is 20% according to experimental data;
the specific process for carrying out the quasi-continuous laser direct additive manufacturing test of the austenitic stainless steel powder comprises the following steps:
1) drying the selected austenitic stainless steel powder;
2) selecting proper inert gases as carrier gas and protective gas;
3) setting proper laser power, pulse waveform, laser spot size, scanning speed, powder feeding amount, lifting amount and carrier gas flow;
4) selecting pulse frequency and duty ratio as test factors, setting each test factor to be not less than four levels, and simultaneously keeping all process parameters in the step 3) constant; respectively carrying out single-factor tests of the influence of pulse frequency and duty ratio on surface powder adhesion;
5) according to the step 4), preparing a sample by adopting a laser direct additive manufacturing process, analyzing the powder adhesion amount on the surface of the sample, further obtaining the influence rule of the pulse frequency and the duty ratio on the powder adhesion amount respectively, and further determining the process parameter with the minimum powder adhesion amount on the surface of the sample;
the quasi-continuous laser is output in a rectangular pulse wave;
wherein, the laser power, the laser spot diameter and the scanning speed are respectively set to be 900W, 1.32mm and 400 mm/min.
2. The control method for the surface sticky powder of the austenitic stainless steel component manufactured by the laser direct additive manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the pulse frequency is 1/pulse period, and the duty ratio is pulse width x 100/pulse period.
3. The control method for the surface sticky powder of the austenitic stainless steel component manufactured by the laser direct additive manufacturing method according to claim 1, wherein the austenitic stainless steel is 304, 316 or 316L stainless steel.
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| US6518541B1 (en) * | 1999-11-16 | 2003-02-11 | Joseph K. Kelly | Duty cycle stabilization in direct metal deposition (DMD) systems |
| EP2548718A1 (en) * | 2011-07-21 | 2013-01-23 | Evonik Degussa GmbH | Improved component characteristics through optimised process management in laser sintering |
| CN105834428A (en) * | 2016-05-30 | 2016-08-10 | 重庆理工大学 | Laser three-dimensional fast forming and manufacturing method based on micro arc powder carrying |
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| CN107217256A (en) * | 2017-06-22 | 2017-09-29 | 东北大学 | A kind of laser melting coating 316L stainless steel optimize techniques |
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| EP2424707B2 (en) * | 2009-04-28 | 2021-09-29 | BAE Systems PLC | Additive layer fabrication method |
| WO2017053480A1 (en) * | 2015-09-21 | 2017-03-30 | Confluent Medical Technologies, Inc. | Superelastic devices made from nitihf alloys using powder metallurgical techniques |
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Patent Citations (5)
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| US6518541B1 (en) * | 1999-11-16 | 2003-02-11 | Joseph K. Kelly | Duty cycle stabilization in direct metal deposition (DMD) systems |
| EP2548718A1 (en) * | 2011-07-21 | 2013-01-23 | Evonik Degussa GmbH | Improved component characteristics through optimised process management in laser sintering |
| CN105834428A (en) * | 2016-05-30 | 2016-08-10 | 重庆理工大学 | Laser three-dimensional fast forming and manufacturing method based on micro arc powder carrying |
| CN106077647A (en) * | 2016-07-27 | 2016-11-09 | 湖南大学 | A kind of laser gain material controls the method for fragility Laves phase during manufacturing nickel base superalloy |
| CN107217256A (en) * | 2017-06-22 | 2017-09-29 | 东北大学 | A kind of laser melting coating 316L stainless steel optimize techniques |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
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