CN108620584B - Laser additive manufacturing method and device for full-equiaxed crystal metal component - Google Patents
Laser additive manufacturing method and device for full-equiaxed crystal metal component Download PDFInfo
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/36—Process control of energy beam parameters
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
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- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y30/00—Apparatus for additive manufacturing; Details thereof or accessories therefor
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- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
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- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/30—Process control
- B22F10/32—Process control of the atmosphere, e.g. composition or pressure in a building chamber
- B22F10/322—Process control of the atmosphere, e.g. composition or pressure in a building chamber of the gas flow, e.g. rate or direction
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B22F12/00—Apparatus or devices specially adapted for additive manufacturing; Auxiliary means for additive manufacturing; Combinations of additive manufacturing apparatus or devices with other processing apparatus or devices
- B22F12/50—Means for feeding of material, e.g. heads
- B22F12/53—Nozzles
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- B22F2999/00—Aspects linked to processes or compositions used in powder metallurgy
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Abstract
The invention discloses a laser additive manufacturing method and a device of a full-equiaxial crystal metal component. The invention introduces an electromagnetic field auxiliary device to regulate and control the laser rapid solidification process, induces the transformation of columnar crystal orientation equiaxial crystals, improves the defects in the metal additive manufacturing process, ensures that the part forming process is completely in a CET transformation interval by regulating the strength and distribution of a magnetic field, and obtains the full equiaxial crystal metal component with excellent performance. The full isometric crystal metal component manufactured by the process has the isotropic characteristic, reduces crystal cracks, improves partial mechanical properties, and can be widely applied to the field of equipment manufacturing industries such as automobiles, ships, aerospace and the like as high-quality parts.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a laser additive manufacturing method and a laser additive manufacturing device, in particular to a laser additive manufacturing method and a laser additive manufacturing device for a metal component, which are applied to the technical field of metal component preparation and equipment manufacturing.
Background
The metal laser additive manufacturing technology, also called metal 3D printing technology, is a three-dimensional digital model based on components, and is a new technology which uses laser beams as heat sources to melt metal powder layer by layer and form a molten pool, and the molten pool is rapidly solidified under the strong cooling action of a metal substrate or a previous layer of metal, and the new technology comprises a powder bed powder-laying laser selective melting technology and a coaxial powder-feeding laser stereo-forming technology, and the characteristic enables the new technology to manufacture components with almost any shapes. Particularly, in the manufacturing of complex components in high precision fields such as aerospace and the like, the technology has outstanding advantages and wide application prospect, and is highly valued by the material processing and manufacturing industries of various countries.
China is the first major manufacturing country in the world, but the proportion of high-end manufacturing industry is far behind developed countries, with the push of the strategy of 'Chinese manufacturing 2025', the development of high-end material preparation and equipment manufacturing industry is a key development field, the metal laser additive manufacturing technology is a strong driving force, and the design and manufacturing of intelligent metal components are important subjects for promoting the development of the metal components. At present, the additive manufacturing technology of metal components is widely applied to the fields of aerospace, ships, automobiles, weapons, national defense and the like.
The solidification process of the molten pool belongs to the fast solidification category from the analysis of the metal additive manufacturing technology, the shape is mainly controlled by the laser heating condition and the substrate cooling condition, and the structure is developed columnar crystal under general conditions. The structure has anisotropic characteristics, so that the problems of incontrollable crystal growth direction, micropores, cracks, deformation and the like are easily caused, and meanwhile, in some specific functional parts, non-oriented and few columnar crystals are expected, so that the problem that how to effectively control the melting-solidification metallurgical process and further regulate and control the solidification structure to finally obtain a metal component with excellent mechanical properties is always a difficult problem to be solved urgently.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the prior art, the invention aims to overcome the defects in the prior art and provide a laser additive manufacturing method and device for a full isometric crystal metal component.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following inventive concept:
in order to solve the existing defects of the laser additive manufacturing technology and improve the performance of a metal component prepared by the laser additive manufacturing technology, the invention utilizes an electromagnetic field to regulate and control the laser rapid solidification process, provides a method and an auxiliary device for laser additive manufacturing of a full isometric crystal metal component, performs external field non-contact intervention on a microstructure layer, and improves metallurgical bonding between layers in the forming process. The full isometric crystal metal component manufactured by the process has isotropic characteristics, reduces crystal cracks, improves partial mechanical properties such as strength, toughness and fatigue life, and can be widely applied to the field of equipment manufacturing industries such as automobiles, ships, aerospace and the like as high-quality parts.
According to the inventive concept, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
a laser additive manufacturing method of a holoaxial crystal metal component comprises the following steps:
a. preparing a metal substrate, and carrying out surface polishing treatment on the metal substrate to make the metal substrate smooth and flat;
b. preparing spherical metal powder with the particle size distribution of 60-120 mu m as base material powder, wherein the metal powder is the same as the material of the metal substrate adopted in the step a, and screening and drying the metal powder to obtain dry metal powder serving as a raw material for preparing a metal component for later use; the base material powder is preferably any one or more of stainless steel, nickel alloy, aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, copper alloy and cobalt-chromium alloy;
c. argon with the volume ratio purity not lower than 99% is adopted as protective gas or powder feeding gas, a metal sample to be prepared is drawn into a three-dimensional CAD model and is layered, then the information of the metal sample is input into a laser additive manufacturing device, and the working parameters of the laser device are set according to the following requirements: laser power is not lower than 2KW, laser scanning speed is not lower than 9mm/s, laser spot diameter is not more than 5mm, thickness of each metal solidified layer is not more than 0.3mm, dry metal powder prepared in the step b is conveyed to a laser forming position of each metal component through a vertical material conveying device or a horizontal material paving device, and under the atmosphere of protective gas, laser is usedThe light beam is used as a heat source to melt the metal powder layer by layer and form a layer-by-layer metal molten pool; preferably, the laser parameter of the additive manufacturing process is that the heating time is 10-7～10-3Within the range of s, the laser power density is preferably not less than 10KW/cm2The method is characterized by comprising the following steps of (1) preferably selecting a laser spot with the diameter of 0.1-5 mm and preferably selecting a laser working distance of 100-500 mm, wherein a vertical material feeding device is adopted, powder feeding gas is adopted, raw material metal powder and the powder feeding gas are mixed to form a mixed flow of powder and carrier gas, the flow rate of the metal powder is controlled to be not lower than 5g/min, and the flow rate of the carrier gas is controlled to be not lower than 6L/min, so that the raw material metal powder material is conveyed to the laser forming position of each layer of metal component, and laser melting is carried out to form a layer-by-layer metal;
d. c, solidifying the metal melting bath formed in the step c under the strong cooling action of the metal substrate or each layer of metal, assisting the metal additive manufacturing process by applying an electromagnetic field with the magnetic field intensity not more than 10T when the metal melting bath is solidified, regulating and controlling the solidification process of each layer of metal melting bath, controlling the spatial intensity distribution of the magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic field according to the type of the material for preparing the metal component, maintaining the forming process of the metal component in an isometric crystal forming interval, and controlling all metal solidification structures to be isometric crystals to prepare a metal component primary blank; as a preferred technical scheme of the invention, in the metal additive manufacturing process, an electromagnetic field is applied, the flowing conductive metal melt generates induction current under the action of the magnetic field, the current and the external magnetic field interact to generate electromagnetic force in the metal melt, and the convection generated by the metal melt due to the temperature gradient is inhibited; the temperature gradient is kept at the solid-liquid interface in the rapid solidification process, a thermal current is generated at the solid-liquid interface, and the current interacts with an external magnetic field to generate another thermal magnetic force for promoting the melt to flow; the interaction of the two electromagnetic forces generates shearing action on the end part of the solidified dendritic crystal of the metal, so that the dendritic crystal is broken, and crystal grains are refined; the transformation of columnar crystal orientation equiaxed crystals of different materials in the additive manufacturing process is controlled by controlling the intensity and distribution of the magnetic field, and full equiaxed crystal components of different metal materials are prepared; the electromagnetic field for assisting metal additive manufacturing adopts any one or a mixed comprehensive magnetic field of a steady magnetic field, an alternating magnetic field and a pulse magnetic field, and the preferred magnetic field direction can be adjusted in three dimensions according to requirements;
e. d, performing DA heat treatment on the metal component primary blank prepared in the step d, controlling the heat treatment temperature to be 620-720 ℃, and performing heat treatment and heat preservation for at least 8 hours to prepare the full isometric crystal metal component meeting the target requirement. As the preferred technical scheme of the invention, the heat treatment process system is regulated and controlled according to the material of the metal component, and the primary blank of the metal component is subjected to heat treatment by adjusting any one or more factors of a heating curve, a heat preservation time, a cooling curve and a protective atmosphere, so that the full isometric crystal metal component meeting the target requirement is prepared.
A laser additive manufacturing device of a full isometric crystal metal component comprises an information device, a laser device, a feeding and distributing device, an electromagnetic field generating device, a metal substrate and a metal substrate lifting device, wherein the metal component to be formed is prepared on the metal substrate, the raw material metal powder of the metal component to be formed is the same as the material of the metal substrate, a three-dimensional CAD model is drawn according to the shape of the metal component to be formed, layering software is used for layering and slicing according to a certain thickness, namely, the three-dimensional data information of a part is converted into a series of two-dimensional plane information, the two-dimensional plane information is input into the information device, the information device controls the laser device, the feeding and distributing device, the electromagnetic field generating device and the metal substrate lifting device through a main control device, the vertical feeding device or the horizontal laying device is used as the feeding and distributing device, and under the protective gas atmosphere, conveying metal powder to a laser forming position of each layer of metal component, wherein a laser device mainly comprises a laser and a scanning system, and melting the metal powder layer by using a laser beam emitted by the laser as a heat source to form a layer-by-layer metal molten pool; the metal melting bath is solidified under the strong cooling action of a metal substrate or each layer of metal, when the metal melting bath is solidified, an electromagnetic field with the magnetic field intensity not more than 10T is applied through an electromagnetic field generating device, the solidification process of each layer of metal melting bath is regulated, the spatial intensity distribution of the magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic field is controlled according to the material type of the prepared metal component, the forming process of the metal component is maintained in an isometric crystal forming interval, the metal component is formed by overlapping layer by layer, a metal substrate lifting device drives the metal substrate to descend layer by layer, so that the forming process of the metal component is under the magnetic field effect of the magnetic field intensity range formed by the isometric crystal structure, and finally the metal component with the full isometric crystal structure is directly prepared.
As a preferred technical scheme of the invention, the feeding and distributing device mainly comprises a coaxial powder feeding nozzle, and the feeding and distributing device mixes raw material metal powder for preparing the metal component with powder feeding gas through the coaxial powder feeding nozzle by adopting the powder feeding gas to form a mixed flow of the powder and carrier gas, so that the raw material metal powder material is conveyed to the laser forming position of each layer of the metal component and is subjected to laser melting to form a layer-by-layer metal molten pool.
According to another preferred technical scheme, the feeding and distributing device mainly comprises a powder cylinder lifting device and a powder spreading system, the powder cylinder lifting device controls the supply and output of raw material metal powder, the raw material metal powder is spread on a metal substrate according to a specified layer thickness through the powder spreading system and is overlapped and spread layer by layer, and laser beams melt the raw material metal powder layer by layer according to the layering information of metal components to form a layer-by-layer metal molten pool.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following obvious and prominent substantive characteristics and remarkable advantages:
1. according to the laser additive manufacturing method for preparing the full isometric crystal metal component, an electromagnetic field auxiliary device is introduced to regulate and control the rapid laser solidification process, so that columnar crystal orientation isometric crystal transformation, namely CET transformation, is induced, defects in the metal additive manufacturing process are improved, the part forming process is completely in the CET transformation interval by adjusting the strength and distribution of a magnetic field, and the full isometric crystal metal component with excellent performance is obtained;
2. in the laser additive manufacturing process of the metal component, the control on the appearance, components and organization of any three-dimensional part can be realized, and the aim of preparing the full isometric crystal metal component is achieved;
3. the electromagnetic field device for assisting the metal additive manufacturing process is simple and convenient to mount, the magnetic field intensity and the direction are easy to change, the electromagnetic field device is almost suitable for printing all nonmagnetic metal powder components, and the influence effect of the electromagnetic field on a solidification structure is improved to a control layer, so that the direct forming of the full isometric crystal metal components becomes practical;
4. the whole process flow is simple and effective, large equipment transformation is not involved, each set of device with specific magnetic field intensity can be developed for each metal material, a post-heat treatment system can also be specifically matched with each metal material, the production efficiency is improved, and the performance of the prepared full isometric crystal metal component is more excellent and consistent.
Drawings
Fig. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a laser additive manufacturing apparatus for an all-isometric crystal metal component according to an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a laser additive manufacturing apparatus for a second equiaxed metal component according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a crystal orientation diagram of a holoaxial GH4169 nickel-base superalloy sample prepared by a laser additive manufacturing method of a holoaxial metallic component according to an embodiment of the invention.
Fig. 4 is a microstructure diagram of a holoaxial GH4169 nickel-based superalloy specimen prepared by a laser additive manufacturing method of a holoaxial metallic component according to an embodiment of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The above-described scheme is further illustrated below with reference to specific embodiments, which are detailed below:
the first embodiment is as follows:
in this embodiment, referring to fig. 1, a laser additive manufacturing method for an all-isometric crystal metal component, which adopts GH4169 nickel-base superalloy powder and an electromagnetic field assisted powder feeding type metal additive manufacturing method, includes the following steps:
a. preparing a series of GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy substrates of 100mm by 10mm by 6mm, and performing surface polishing treatment on the metal substrates to enable the metal substrates to be smooth and flat;
b. preparing spherical GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy powder with the particle size distribution of 60-120 mu m as base material powder, wherein the material of the GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy powder is the same as that of the GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy substrate adopted in the step a, and screening and drying the GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy powder to obtain dry GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy powder serving as a raw material for preparing a metal component for later use;
c. the method comprises the following steps of mixing raw material metal powder with powder feeding gas by adopting a vertical coaxial powder feeding device to form mixed flow of the powder and shielding gas carrier gas, drawing a metal sample with the required preparation size of 60mm 50mm 5mm into a three-dimensional CAD model and layering the three-dimensional CAD model by using argon with the volume ratio purity not lower than 99% for the shielding gas and the powder feeding gas, inputting the information of the metal sample into a laser additive manufacturing device, and setting working parameters of a laser device and the vertical coaxial powder feeding device according to the following requirements: laser power is 2KW, laser scanning speed is 9mm/s, laser spot diameter is 5mm, thickness of each metal solidification layer is 0.3mm, and laser power density is 10KW/cm2B, conveying the dried GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy powder prepared in the step b to the laser forming position of each layer of metal component by the vertical material feeding device, and melting the GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy powder layer by layer and forming a layer-by-layer metal molten pool by using a laser beam as a heat source under the atmosphere of argon protective gas;
d. solidifying the molten metal pool formed in the step c under the strong cooling action of the GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy substrate or each layer of GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy, assisting the metal additive manufacturing process by applying a stable electromagnetic field with the magnetic field intensity of 0.5T when the molten metal pool is solidified, regulating the solidification process of each layer of molten metal pool, enabling the magnetic field direction to be vertical to the deposition direction, maintaining the forming process of the GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy component in an isometric crystal forming interval, controlling the solidification structures of the GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy to be isometric crystals, and preparing a GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy component primary blank;
e. d, performing DA heat treatment on the GH4169 nickel-base high-temperature alloy member primary blank prepared in the step d, controlling the heat treatment temperature to be 620 heat treatment heat preservation time for 8h, then continuing the heat treatment heat preservation time for 8h at 720, and after the DA heat treatment is completed, preparing the GH4169 nickel-base high-temperature alloy member of full isometric crystal meeting the target requirements.
In the embodiment, in the metal additive manufacturing process, an electromagnetic field is applied, the flowing conductive metal melt generates induction current under the action of the magnetic field, and the interaction of the current and the external magnetic field generates an electromagnetic force in the metal melt to inhibit the convection generated by the metal melt due to the temperature gradient; the temperature gradient is kept at the solid-liquid interface in the rapid solidification process, a thermal current is generated at the solid-liquid interface, and the current interacts with an external magnetic field to generate another thermal magnetic force for promoting the melt to flow; the interaction of the two electromagnetic forces generates shearing action on the end part of the solidified dendritic crystal of the metal, so that the dendritic crystal is broken, and crystal grains are refined; the transformation of columnar crystal orientation equiaxed crystals of different materials in the additive manufacturing process is controlled by controlling the intensity and distribution of the magnetic field, and the full equiaxed crystal components of different metal materials are prepared.
In this embodiment, referring to fig. 1, a laser additive manufacturing apparatus for a full isometric crystal metal component comprises an information device, a laser device, a feeding and distributing device, an electromagnetic field generating device 7, a metal substrate 8 and a metal substrate lifting device, wherein a metal component 6 to be formed is prepared on the metal substrate 8, raw material metal powder of the metal component 6 to be formed is the same as that of the metal substrate 8, a three-dimensional CAD model is drawn according to the shape of the metal component 6 to be formed, a layering software is used for layering and slicing according to a certain thickness, namely three-dimensional data information of a part is converted into a series of two-dimensional plane information, the three-dimensional plane information is input into the information device, the information device controls the laser device, the feeding and distributing device, the electromagnetic field generating device 7 and the metal substrate lifting device through a main control device, and the vertical feeding device or the horizontal laying device is used as the feeding and distributing device, under the protective gas atmosphere, metal powder is conveyed to the laser forming position of each layer of metal component 6, a laser device mainly comprises a laser 1 and a scanning system 3, and the metal powder is melted layer by layer and a layer-by-layer metal molten pool is formed by using a laser beam 2 emitted by the laser 1 as a heat source; the metal melting bath is solidified under the strong cooling action of a metal substrate 8 or each layer of metal, when the metal melting bath is solidified, an electromagnetic field with the magnetic field intensity not more than 10T is applied through an electromagnetic field generating device 7, the solidification process of each layer of metal melting bath is regulated, the spatial intensity distribution of the magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic field is controlled according to the material type of the prepared metal component 6, the forming process of the metal component 6 is maintained in an isometric crystal forming interval, the metal component 6 is formed by overlapping layer by layer, a metal substrate lifting device drives the metal substrate 8 to descend layer by layer, so that the forming process of the metal component 6 is under the magnetic field effect of the magnetic field intensity range formed by the isometric crystal structure, and finally the metal component 6 with the full isometric crystal structure is directly prepared.
In this embodiment, referring to fig. 1, the feeding and distributing device mainly comprises a coaxial powder feeding nozzle 4, and the feeding and distributing device mixes the raw metal powder for preparing the metal member 6 with the powder feeding gas through the coaxial powder feeding nozzle 4 to form a mixed flow 5 of powder and carrier gas, so as to deliver the raw metal powder material to the laser forming position of each layer of the metal member 6 for laser melting to form a layer-by-layer metal molten pool.
In this embodiment, referring to fig. 1, when the laser additive manufacturing apparatus for a full isometric crystal metal component is used to prepare a GH4169 nickel-based superalloy component, after a laser beam 2 is generated by a laser 1, a scanning system 3 is used to perform parameter adjustment, GH4169 nickel-based superalloy powder which is delivered to a target position through a nozzle 4 and an argon inert gas is melted to form a laser molten pool, a stable magnetic field generated by an electromagnetic field generating device 7 is used to perform contactless intervention on the molten pool, thereby regulating and controlling a GH4169 nickel-based superalloy solidification structure to be an isometric crystal structure, stacking the GH4169 nickel-based superalloy components layer by layer, lowering a metal substrate 8 layer by layer, making the forming process all be within a magnetic field intensity range formed by the isometric crystal structure, and finally directly preparing the full isometric crystal metal component.
In the embodiment, an electromagnetic field is adopted to assist a metal additive manufacturing process, namely a non-contact external field assisted laser rapid solidification process, and the electromagnetic field influences convection and heat and mass transfer of metal melt in a molten pool, so that solidification structure and performance are influenced. In the embodiment, a three-dimensional CAD model is drawn according to the shape of a metal component to be formed, and layered slicing is performed according to a certain thickness by using layered software, namely three-dimensional data information of a part is converted into a series of two-dimensional plane information; secondly, feeding the specific raw materials to the laser forming position of each layer of metal component through a vertical material feeding device; thirdly, when melting and forming are carried out according to specific and proper laser additive manufacturing parameters, an electromagnetic field is applied to regulate and control the solidification process of each layer, the spatial intensity distribution of the magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic field is accurately controlled according to different materials, and the whole metal component forming process is ensured to be in an isometric crystal forming interval, so that the solidification structures are all controlled to be isometric crystals; finally, thermal stress is released and recrystallized through a proper heat treatment system, the isometric crystal rate and the isotropic characteristic are improved, certain specific properties are further improved, and the full isometric crystal metal component meeting the target requirement is prepared.
In the embodiment, an external field of a stable constant electromagnetic field is introduced into a layer-by-layer forming process of GH4169 nickel-based superalloy laser additive manufacturing, an all-equiaxial-crystal metal component is prepared, a microstructure diagram and a crystal orientation diagram of a sample are shown in attached figures 3 and 4, defects in the metal additive manufacturing process are well overcome, a heat treatment system is added at the tail end, and the mechanical property of the all-equiaxial-crystal metal component is greatly improved. The embodiment utilizes a laser additive manufacturing method and an auxiliary device of an all-isometric crystal metal component. In the laser additive manufacturing process of metal parts, the performance is determined by a rapid solidification structure in the laser additive manufacturing process, so the control of the solidification structure in a laser melting pool directly determines the performance of the additive manufacturing metal component. Generally, under the restriction of temperature gradient and cooling rate, the structure of the metal component is a coarse columnar crystal growing along the deposition direction in the laser additive manufacturing process, and has strong anisotropic characteristics, and meanwhile, the solidification structure also generally has some defects, such as cracks, air holes and the like. In certain functional parts, isotropic features are required, i.e. components with no orientation and less columnar crystals are desired, which at present often increases the process and cost of subsequent texture refinement treatment due to the performance with directionality that does not meet the intended goal. According to the laser additive manufacturing method for preparing the full isometric crystal metal component, an electromagnetic field auxiliary device is introduced to regulate and control the rapid laser solidification process, columnar crystal orientation isometric crystal transformation, namely CET transformation, is induced, defects in the metal additive manufacturing process are overcome, the part forming process can be completely in the CET transformation interval by adjusting the strength and distribution of a magnetic field, and the full isometric crystal metal component with excellent performance is obtained.
Example two:
this embodiment is substantially the same as the first embodiment, and is characterized in that:
in this embodiment, referring to fig. 2, a laser additive manufacturing apparatus for a fully isometric crystal metal component includes a water-spreading powder type metal additive manufacturing apparatus, the feeding and distributing apparatus mainly includes a powder cylinder lifting device 9 and a powder spreading system 11, the powder cylinder lifting device 9 controls the supply and output of raw material metal powder 10, the raw material metal powder 10 of GH4169 nickel-based superalloy is spread on a metal substrate 8 according to a specified layer thickness and is stacked layer by the powder spreading system 11, and a laser beam 2 melts the raw material metal powder 10 layer by layer according to the layering information of a metal component 6 to form a layer-by-layer metal molten pool.
In this example, referring to fig. 2, when the laser additive manufacturing apparatus for the holoaxial crystalline metal member prepares the GH4169 nickel-base superalloy member, the laser beam 2 is generated by the laser 1 and then is subjected to parameter adjustment by the scanning system 3, the material metal powder 10 is paved on the GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy substrate according to the specified layer thickness by the powder paving system 11, the laser beam 2 is melted layer by layer according to the component layering information to form a laser molten pool, the pulsed magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic field generating device 7 performs non-contact intervention on each layer of molten pool, further regulating and controlling the solidification structure of the GH4169 nickel-based superalloy to be an isometric crystal structure, enabling the powder cylinder lifting device 9 to ascend layer by layer to enable GH4169 nickel-based superalloy components to be superposed layer by layer, enabling the GH4169 nickel-based superalloy substrate to descend layer by layer, the forming process of the GH4169 nickel-based superalloy is in the magnetic field intensity range formed by the isometric crystal structure, and finally, the full isometric crystal metal component is directly prepared.
According to the laser additive manufacturing method for preparing the full-equiaxial-crystal metal component, the pulse electromagnetic field auxiliary device is introduced to regulate and control the rapid laser solidification process, so that columnar crystal orientation equiaxial crystal transformation, namely CET transformation, is induced, defects in the metal additive manufacturing process are overcome, the part forming process can be completely in the CET transformation interval by adjusting the strength and distribution of the pulse magnetic field, and the full-equiaxial-crystal metal component with excellent performance is obtained.
Example three:
this embodiment is substantially the same as the previous embodiment, and is characterized in that:
in this embodiment, an electromagnetic field is used to assist a metal additive manufacturing process, which is a non-contact external field assisted laser rapid solidification process, and the electromagnetic field will affect convection and heat and mass transfer of a metal melt in a molten pool, thereby affecting solidification structure and performance. According to the embodiment, the electromagnetic field for assisting metal additive manufacturing adopts an alternating magnetic field, the direction of the magnetic field is adjusted in three dimensions according to requirements, the embodiment takes laser additive manufacturing of GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy as an example, the solidification process of a laser molten pool is regulated and controlled by applying the electromagnetic field, it is found that when the magnetic field strength is increased to be more than 0.5T, transformation from coarse columnar crystals to fine equiaxed crystals is promoted, some defects generally existing before are overcome, and the whole forming process of a metal component can be located in the interval from the columnar crystals to the equiaxed crystals by controlling the size and the spatial distribution of the magnetic field, so that a full-equiaxed GH4169 nickel-based high-temperature alloy component is obtained. If the magnetic field intensity is increased to more than 10T, the control is not easy and the cost is not low because the energy consumption is too large.
In the embodiment, the formation of the full isometric crystal solidification structure is controlled by utilizing an electromagnetic field to assist the metal additive manufacturing process, the heat treatment process system is regulated and controlled according to the material of the metal component, and the metal component primary blank is subjected to heat treatment by regulating any one factor or any several factors in a temperature rise curve, a heat preservation time, a temperature reduction curve and a protective atmosphere, so that the full isometric crystal metal component meeting the target requirement is prepared.
In the laser additive manufacturing process of the metal component, the control on the shape, components and structure of any three-dimensional part can be realized, and the aim of preparing the full isometric crystal metal component is achieved. The electromagnetic field device for assisting the metal additive manufacturing process is simple and convenient to mount, the magnetic field intensity and the direction are easy to change, the electromagnetic field device is almost suitable for printing all nonmagnetic metal powder components, the influence effect of the electromagnetic field on a solidification structure is improved to a control layer, and the direct forming of the full isometric crystal metal component is realized. The whole process flow is simple and effective, large equipment transformation is not involved, each set of device with specific magnetic field intensity can be developed for each metal material, a post-heat treatment system can also be specifically matched with each metal material, the production efficiency is improved, and the performance of the prepared full isometric crystal metal component is more excellent and consistent.
According to the embodiment, the laser additive manufacturing process, the electromagnetic field external field auxiliary treatment process and the heat treatment process are introduced into the direct forming manufacturing process of the full isometric crystal metal component, so that the process period for preparing the full isometric crystal metal component is shortened, the forming defect of the metal additive manufacturing component is well improved, and the application field of laser additive manufacturing is expanded.
Example four:
this embodiment is substantially the same as the previous embodiment, and is characterized in that:
in this embodiment, an electromagnetic field is used to assist a metal additive manufacturing process, and the process is not limited to nickel-based superalloy, and may also provide ideas and preparation technologies for laser additive manufacturing of metal components such as full isometric crystal stainless steel, aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, and copper alloy. The whole process flow is simple and effective, large equipment transformation is not involved, each set of device with specific magnetic field intensity can be developed for each metal material, a post-heat treatment system can also be specifically matched with each metal material, the production efficiency is improved, and the performance of the prepared full isometric crystal metal component is more excellent and consistent. In the embodiment, an electromagnetic field is applied in the metal additive manufacturing process, the flowing conductive metal melt generates induction current under the action of the magnetic field, the interaction of the current and the external magnetic field generates electromagnetic force in the metal melt, and the convection of the metal melt due to extremely high temperature gradient is inhibited; on the other hand, during rapid solidification, the extremely high temperature gradient at the solid-liquid interface will generate a thermal current there, which interacts with the applied magnetic field to generate a thermoelectric magnetic force that promotes melt flow. The interaction of the two forces generates shearing on the end of the dendrite to break the dendrite and refine grains; the transformation of columnar crystal orientation equiaxed crystals of different materials in the additive manufacturing process is controlled by controlling the intensity and distribution of the magnetic field, and the full equiaxed crystal components of different metal materials are prepared.
Example five:
this embodiment is substantially the same as the previous embodiment, and is characterized in that:
in this embodiment, a laser additive manufacturing apparatus for an all-equiaxial crystal metal component can provide an electromagnetic field applied in cooperation with a laser additive manufacturing method for an all-equiaxial crystal metal component, belongs to an independent apparatus, can be conveniently installed and detached, does not interfere with a normal additive manufacturing process, only affects a laser melting pool solidification process, and is suitable for adjusting the magnetic field intensity and the magnetic field spatial distribution. In the embodiment, the additive manufacturing equipment is not greatly changed, the laser parameters and the powder feeding efficiency can be quickly modified according to different materials, and the size distribution of the electromagnetic field can also be quickly adjusted, so that the full-equiaxial crystal metal component can be quickly prepared.
The embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to the accompanying drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and various changes and modifications can be made according to the purpose of the invention, and any changes, modifications, substitutions, combinations or simplifications made according to the spirit and principle of the technical solution of the present invention shall be equivalent substitution ways, so long as the invention is consistent with the purpose of the present invention, and the technical principle and inventive concept of the laser additive manufacturing method and the device thereof of the all-isometric crystal metal component of the present invention shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A laser additive manufacturing method of a holoaxial crystal metal component is characterized by comprising the following steps:
a. preparing a metal substrate, and carrying out surface polishing treatment on the metal substrate to make the metal substrate smooth and flat;
b. preparing spherical metal powder with the particle size distribution of 60-120 mu m as base material powder, wherein the metal powder is the same as the material of the metal substrate adopted in the step a, and screening and drying the metal powder to obtain dry metal powder serving as a raw material for preparing a metal component for later use;
c. argon with the volume ratio purity not lower than 99% is adopted as protective gas or powder feeding gas, a metal component to be prepared is drawn into a three-dimensional CAD model and layered, then the information of the metal component is input into a laser additive manufacturing device, and the working parameters of the laser device are set according to the following requirements: b, conveying the dried metal powder prepared in the step b to a laser forming position of each layer of metal component by a vertical material conveying device or a horizontal material paving device, and melting the metal powder layer by layer and forming a layer-by-layer metal molten pool by using a laser beam as a heat source under the atmosphere of protective gas;
d. c, solidifying the metal melting bath formed in the step c under the strong cooling action of the metal substrate or each layer of metal, assisting the metal additive manufacturing process by applying an electromagnetic field with the magnetic field intensity not more than 10T when the metal melting bath is solidified, regulating and controlling the solidification process of each layer of metal melting bath, controlling the spatial intensity distribution of the magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic field according to the type of the material for preparing the metal component, maintaining the forming process of the metal component in an isometric crystal forming interval, and controlling the solidification structures of the metal to be isometric crystals so as to prepare a metal component primary blank;
e. and d, performing DA heat treatment on the metal component primary blank prepared in the step d, controlling the heat treatment temperature to be 620-720 ℃, and performing heat treatment and heat preservation for at least 16h to prepare the full isometric crystal metal component meeting the target requirement.
2. The laser additive manufacturing method of the holo-isometric crystal metal component of claim 1, wherein: in the step d, in the metal additive manufacturing process, an electromagnetic field is applied, the flowing conductive metal melt generates induction current under the action of the magnetic field, and the interaction of the current and the external magnetic field generates an electromagnetic force in the metal melt to inhibit the convection generated by the metal melt due to the temperature gradient; the temperature gradient is kept at the solid-liquid interface in the rapid solidification process, a thermal current is generated at the solid-liquid interface, and the current interacts with an external magnetic field to generate another thermal magnetic force for promoting the melt to flow; the interaction of the two electromagnetic forces generates shearing action on the end part of the solidified dendritic crystal of the metal, so that the dendritic crystal is broken, and crystal grains are refined; the transformation of columnar crystal orientation equiaxed crystals of different materials in the additive manufacturing process is controlled by controlling the intensity and distribution of the magnetic field, and the full equiaxed crystal components of different metal materials are prepared.
3. The laser additive manufacturing method of the holo-isometric crystal metal component of claim 1 or 2, wherein: in the step d, the electromagnetic field for assisting metal additive manufacturing is any one of a steady magnetic field, an alternating magnetic field and a pulse magnetic field or a comprehensive magnetic field formed by mixing any several magnetic fields, and the direction of the magnetic field can be adjusted in three dimensions according to requirements.
4. The laser additive manufacturing method of the holo-isometric crystal metal component of claim 1 or 2, wherein: in the step c, the laser parameter of the additive manufacturing process is that the heating time is 10-7～10-3Within the range of s, the laser power density is not lower than 10KW/cm2The diameter of a laser spot is 0.1-5 mm, and the working distance of the laser is 100-500 mm.
5. The laser additive manufacturing method of full isometric crystal metal components according to claim 1 or 2, wherein in the step c, a vertical material feeding device is adopted, powder feeding gas is adopted, raw material metal powder and the powder feeding gas are mixed to form a mixed flow of powder and carrier gas, the flow rate of the metal powder is controlled to be not less than 5g/min, and the flow rate of the carrier gas is controlled to be not less than 6L/min, so that the raw material metal powder material is conveyed to the laser forming position of each layer of metal components, and laser melting is carried out to form a layer-by-layer metal molten pool.
6. The laser additive manufacturing method of the holo-isometric crystal metal component of claim 1 or 2, wherein: in the step e, the heat treatment process system is regulated according to the material of the metal component, and the primary blank of the metal component is subjected to heat treatment by regulating any one or more factors of a temperature rise curve, a heat preservation time, a temperature reduction curve and a protective atmosphere, so that the full isometric crystal metal component meeting the target requirement is prepared.
7. The laser additive manufacturing method of the holo-isometric crystal metal component of claim 1 or 2, wherein: in the step b, the base material powder is any one or more of stainless steel, nickel alloy, aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, copper alloy and cobalt-chromium alloy.
8. A laser vibration material disk device of holoaxial crystal metal component, its characterized in that: the device comprises an information device, a laser device, a feeding and distributing device, an electromagnetic field generating device (7), a metal substrate (8) and a metal substrate lifting device, wherein a metal component (6) to be formed is prepared on the metal substrate (8), raw material metal powder of the metal component (6) to be formed is the same as the material of the metal substrate (8), a three-dimensional CAD model is drawn according to the shape of the metal component (6) to be formed, layering and slicing is carried out according to a certain thickness by using layering software, namely three-dimensional data information of a part is converted into a series of two-dimensional plane information, the three-dimensional data information is input into the information device, the information device controls the laser device, the feeding and distributing device, the electromagnetic field generating device (7) and the metal substrate lifting device through a main control device, and the vertical feeding device or the horizontal paving device is used as the feeding and distributing device to protect the metal component under the, conveying metal powder to a laser forming position of each layer of metal component (6), wherein the laser device mainly comprises a laser (1) and a scanning system (3), and melting the metal powder layer by using a laser beam (2) emitted by the laser (1) as a heat source to form a layer-by-layer metal molten pool; the metal melting bath is solidified under the action of strong cooling of a metal substrate (8) or each layer of metal, when the metal melting bath is solidified, an electromagnetic field with the magnetic field intensity not more than 10T is applied through an electromagnetic field generating device (7), the solidification process of each layer of metal melting bath is regulated, the spatial intensity distribution of the magnetic field generated by the electromagnetic field is controlled according to the material type of the prepared metal component (6), the forming process of the metal component (6) is maintained in an isometric crystal forming interval, the metal component (6) is formed in a layer-by-layer superposition mode, a metal substrate lifting device drives the metal substrate (8) to descend layer by layer, the forming process of the metal component (6) is under the action of the magnetic field with the magnetic field intensity range formed by an isometric crystal structure, and finally the metal component (6) with the full isometric crystal structure is directly prepared.
9. The laser additive manufacturing apparatus of the holo-isometric crystal metal component of claim 8, wherein: the feeding and distributing device mainly comprises a coaxial powder feeding nozzle (4), and the feeding and distributing device mixes raw material metal powder for preparing the metal component (6) with powder feeding gas through the coaxial powder feeding nozzle (4) to form a powder and carrier gas mixed flow (5), so that the raw material metal powder material is conveyed to the laser forming position of each layer of the metal component (6) to be subjected to laser melting to form a layer-by-layer metal molten pool.
10. The laser additive manufacturing apparatus of the holo-isometric crystal metal component of claim 8, wherein: the feeding and distributing device mainly comprises a powder cylinder lifting device (9) and a powder paving system (11), the powder cylinder lifting device (9) controls the supply output of raw material metal powder (10), the raw material metal powder (10) is paved on a metal substrate (8) through the powder paving system (11) according to a specified layer thickness and is paved in a layer-by-layer overlapping mode, and a laser beam (2) melts the raw material metal powder (10) layer by layer according to the layering information of a metal component (6) to form a layer-by-layer metal molten pool.
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