CN109521343A - A kind of appraisal procedure for drawing Reatta protection scope - Google Patents
A kind of appraisal procedure for drawing Reatta protection scope Download PDFInfo
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- CN109521343A CN109521343A CN201811645336.8A CN201811645336A CN109521343A CN 109521343 A CN109521343 A CN 109521343A CN 201811645336 A CN201811645336 A CN 201811645336A CN 109521343 A CN109521343 A CN 109521343A
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/12—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing
- G01R31/1227—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing of components, parts or materials
- G01R31/1263—Testing dielectric strength or breakdown voltage ; Testing or monitoring effectiveness or level of insulation, e.g. of a cable or of an apparatus, for example using partial discharge measurements; Electrostatic testing of components, parts or materials of solid or fluid materials, e.g. insulation films, bulk material; of semiconductors or LV electronic components or parts; of cable, line or wire insulation
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Abstract
This application discloses a kind of appraisal procedures for drawing Reatta protection scope; include: 101, setting is yet to be built draws Reatta and by the distance range and initial distance at protection transmission line of electricity interval, and calculate the initial back flash-over rate yet to be built when drawing Reatta and being separated by initial distance by protection transmission line of electricity；102, in the distance range, changing the initial distance according to preset stepping length is new distance, it calculates each described new apart from corresponding new back flash-over rate, and the initial back flash-over rate and all new back flash-over rates are connected, obtain the invariance curve of the distance and back flash-over rate in the distance range；103, according to by the corresponding preset back flash-over rate of the voltage class of protection transmission line of electricity; determine the point for being less than or equal to the preset back flash-over rate on the invariance curve; and by the corresponding distance of the smallest point of back flash-over rate in all the points, yet to be built draw Reatta and the target range by protection transmission line of electricity as described.
Description
Technical field
The application belongs to lightning-protecting engineering field more particularly to a kind of appraisal procedure for drawing Reatta protection scope.
Background technique
It is super, UHV transmission line to be increasing with the continuous propulsion of China's power construction, in order to ensure power transmission line
The safety on road, people are carrying out always the research of all kinds of thunder and lightning detections and shocking preventing technology.The way of shocking preventing technology is at present: in weight
In the transmission of electricity corridor wanted, the side of transmission line of electricity, which is set up, draws Reatta to reduce the probability of lightning stroke route and therefore draw the addressing of Reatta
It is most important for lightning protection effect.
But in the prior art, for drawing the protection scope of Reatta and indefinite, so that being all for the addressing for drawing Reatta
It is empirically derived, in this case, it is not optimal for drawing the addressing of Reatta.
Therefore it provides a kind of appraisal procedure for drawing Reatta protection scope, becomes those skilled in the art's skill urgently to be resolved
Art problem.
Summary of the invention
This application provides a kind of appraisal procedures for drawing Reatta protection scope, and the protection scope for drawing Reatta is assessed.
In view of this, the application first aspect provides a kind of appraisal procedure for drawing Reatta protection scope, comprising:
101, set it is yet to be built draw Reatta and by the distance range and initial distance at protection transmission line of electricity interval, and calculate yet to be built
Initial back flash-over rate when drawing Reatta and being separated by initial distance by protection transmission line of electricity；
102, in the distance range, changing the initial distance according to preset stepping length is new distance, is calculated every
It is a described new apart from corresponding new back flash-over rate, and connect the initial back flash-over rate and all new shielding trippings
Rate obtains the invariance curve of the distance and back flash-over rate in the distance range；
103, according to by the corresponding preset back flash-over rate of the voltage class of protection transmission line of electricity, the invariance curve is determined
The upper point less than or equal to the preset back flash-over rate, and in all the points by the smallest point of back flash-over rate it is corresponding away from
From yet to be built drawing Reatta and the target range by protection transmission line of electricity as described.
Preferably, described in the distance range, changing the initial distance according to preset stepping length is new distance,
It calculates each described new apart from corresponding new back flash-over rate, and connects the initial back flash-over rate and all new shieldings
Trip-out rate, the invariance curve for obtaining distance and back flash-over rate in the distance range specifically include:
In the distance range, all integer distances are traversed as the new distance, are calculated each described new apart from right
The new back flash-over rate answered, and the initial back flash-over rate and all new back flash-over rates are connected, obtain the distance
The invariance curve of distance and back flash-over rate in range.
Preferably, the calculating Reatta yet to be built that draws trips with initial shielding when being separated by initial distance by protection transmission line of electricity
Rate specifically includes:
In finite element software, the three-dimensional geometry mould yet to be built for drawing Reatta is built according to the height yet to be built for drawing Reatta
Type, and apply the thundercloud electric field of the amplitude of lightning current at the top of the 3-D geometric model, to the discharge process for drawing Reatta
It is simulated, until the top of the 3-D geometric model generates the upward leader of presetting length, it will the upward leader at this time
Spacing between descending leader be used as described in draw Reatta hit away from；
According to the lightning parameter by protection transmission line of electricity their location, combined circuit, which is hit, determines the quilt away from formula group
Protection transmission line of electricity lightning conducter hit away from conducting wire hit away from；
According to it is described draw Reatta and hit hit away from, the conducting wire away from, the initial distance, determine described in draw Reatta hit away from it is described
Conducting wire hit away from the first initial space intersecting point coordinate, hit according to the lightning conducter and hit away from, the conducting wire away from determining the lightning conducter
Hit away from the conducting wire hit away from second space intersecting point coordinate；
Based on the first initial space intersecting point coordinate, the second space intersecting point coordinate, the lightning parameter, pass through throwing
Shadow Width Formula of Rib Knitted Fabric group determines the initial exposure projection width of the protected circuit；
According to the initial exposure projection width, the initial exposure projection width pair is determined based on back flash-over rate formula
The initial back flash-over rate answered.
Preferably, the lightning parameter includes: amplitude of lightning current, thunder and lightning incidence angle, thunder and lightning phase angle, amplitude of lightning current probability
Density function and thunder and lightning incidence angle pdf.
Preferably, the route is hit away from formula group are as follows:
Wherein, rc, rgw, rgRespectively conducting wire, lightning conducter and the earth are hit away from kgwAnd kgRespectively lightning conducter striking distance factor and
The earth striking distance factor, wherein kgw=1, kg=0.9, I are amplitude of lightning current.
Preferably, projection width's formula group are as follows:
Wherein, ICFor the route shielding level value of resistance to thunder, ImaxThe maximum amplitude of lightning current of shielding occurs for route, p (θ) is
Thunder and lightning incidence angle pdf,θ is thunder and lightning incidence angle, and I is amplitude of lightning current,
Icos ψ is lightning current phase angle, and p (I) is amplitude of lightning current probability density function, and W is initial exposure projection width, W1(Icosψ)
Exposure projection width when for lightning current phase angle Icos ψ being single value, W2(I) exposure when be amplitude of lightning current I being single value
Projection width.
Preferably, the back flash-over rate formula are as follows:
S=NgηW×10-3×102；
Wherein, W is initial exposure projection width, and S is back flash-over rate, unit are as follows: secondary/100km/a, η are probability of sustained arc, Ng
For ground lightning strike density.
As can be seen from the above technical solutions, the embodiment of the present application has the advantage that
This application provides a kind of appraisal procedures for drawing Reatta protection scope, comprising: 101, setting it is yet to be built draw Reatta and by
Protect the distance range and initial distance at transmission line of electricity interval, and calculate it is yet to be built draw Reatta and be separated by initially by protection transmission line of electricity
Apart from when initial back flash-over rate；102, in the distance range, change the initial distance according to preset stepping length
For new distance, calculating is each described new apart from corresponding new back flash-over rate, and connects the initial back flash-over rate and own
The new back flash-over rate obtains the invariance curve of the distance and back flash-over rate in the distance range；103, according to being protected
The corresponding preset back flash-over rate of voltage class for protecting transmission line of electricity determines on the invariance curve less than or equal to described preset
The point of back flash-over rate, and by the corresponding distance of the smallest point of back flash-over rate in all the points yet to be built draws Reatta as described
With the target range by protection transmission line of electricity.
In the application, acquire it is yet to be built draw Reatta with it is separated by different distances by protection transmission line of electricity when corresponding shielding tripping
Rate obtains the invariance curve of distance and back flash-over rate, then by invariance curve and by the voltage class pair of protection transmission line of electricity
The preset back flash-over rate curve answered compares, and obtains the point for being less than or equal to back flash-over rate curve on all invariance curves,
Finally by the corresponding distance of the smallest point of back flash-over rate in all the points, draw Reatta and by protection transmission line of electricity as yet to be built
Target range, the target range is the best protection distance yet to be built for drawing Reatta at this time, therefore can make target range at this time
To build the addressing foundation yet to be built for drawing Reatta, solves the prior art for drawing the protection scope of Reatta and indefinite, so that right
In the addressing for drawing Reatta be not best technical problem.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is a kind of process signal of the first embodiment for the appraisal procedure for drawing Reatta protection scope in the embodiment of the present application
Figure；
Fig. 2 is a kind of process signal of the second embodiment for the appraisal procedure for drawing Reatta protection scope in the embodiment of the present application
Figure；
Fig. 3 be the embodiment of the present application in draw Reatta hit away from schematic diagram calculation；
Fig. 4 is the schematic diagram calculation of the embodiment of the present application spatial coordinates.
Specific embodiment
The embodiment of the present application provides a kind of appraisal procedure for drawing Reatta protection scope, and the protection scope for drawing Reatta is commented
Estimate.
In order to make those skilled in the art more fully understand application scheme, below in conjunction in the embodiment of the present application
Attached drawing, the technical scheme in the embodiment of the application is clearly and completely described, it is clear that described embodiment is only this
Apply for a part of the embodiment, instead of all the embodiments.Based on the embodiment in the application, those of ordinary skill in the art exist
Every other embodiment obtained under the premise of creative work is not made, shall fall in the protection scope of this application.
Referring to Fig. 1, a kind of stream of the first embodiment for the appraisal procedure for drawing Reatta protection scope in the embodiment of the present application
Journey schematic diagram, comprising:
Step 101, setting is yet to be built draws Reatta and by the distance range and initial distance at protection transmission line of electricity interval, and calculates
Initial back flash-over rate yet to be built when drawing Reatta and being separated by initial distance by protection transmission line of electricity.
It should be noted that set first it is yet to be built draw Reatta and by the distance range at protection transmission line of electricity interval and initially away from
From, and calculate the initial back flash-over rate yet to be built when drawing Reatta and being separated by initial distance by protection transmission line of electricity.
Step 102, in distance range, according to preset stepping length change initial distance be new distance, calculate it is each new
Apart from corresponding new back flash-over rate, and initial back flash-over rate and all new back flash-over rates are connected, obtained in distance range
Distance and back flash-over rate invariance curve.
It should be noted that in distance range, being pressed after the corresponding initial back flash-over rate of initial distance is calculated
Changing initial distance according to preset stepping length is new distance, is calculated each newly apart from corresponding new back flash-over rate, and connect just
Beginning back flash-over rate and all new back flash-over rates, obtain the invariance curve of the distance and back flash-over rate in distance range.
Step 103, according to by the corresponding preset back flash-over rate of the voltage class of protection transmission line of electricity, determine invariance curve
The upper point less than or equal to preset back flash-over rate, and make the corresponding distance of the smallest point of back flash-over rate in all the points
Draw Reatta and by the target range of protection transmission line of electricity to be yet to be built.
It should be noted that after obtaining invariance curve, according to corresponding preset by the voltage class of protection transmission line of electricity
Back flash-over rate determines the point for being less than or equal to preset back flash-over rate on invariance curve, and shielding is tripped in all the points
The corresponding distance of the smallest point of rate draws Reatta and by the target range of protection transmission line of electricity as yet to be built.
In the present embodiment, acquire it is yet to be built draw Reatta with it is separated by different distances by protection transmission line of electricity when corresponding shielding tripping
Rate obtains the invariance curve of distance and back flash-over rate, then by invariance curve and by the voltage class pair of protection transmission line of electricity
The preset back flash-over rate curve answered compares, and obtains the point for being less than or equal to back flash-over rate curve on all invariance curves,
Finally by the corresponding distance of the smallest point of back flash-over rate in all the points, draw Reatta and by protection transmission line of electricity as yet to be built
Target range, the target range is the best protection distance yet to be built for drawing Reatta at this time, therefore can make target range at this time
To build the addressing foundation yet to be built for drawing Reatta, solves the prior art for drawing the protection scope of Reatta and indefinite, so that right
In the addressing for drawing Reatta be not best technical problem.
The above are a kind of first embodiments for the appraisal procedure for drawing Reatta protection scope provided by the embodiments of the present application, below
For a kind of second embodiment for the appraisal procedure for drawing Reatta protection scope provided by the embodiments of the present application.
Referring to Fig. 2, a kind of stream of the second embodiment for the appraisal procedure for drawing Reatta protection scope in the embodiment of the present application
Journey schematic diagram, comprising:
Step 201, in finite element software, the three-dimensional geometry mould yet to be built for drawing Reatta is built according to the height yet to be built for drawing Reatta
Type, and apply the thundercloud electric field of amplitude of lightning current at the top of 3-D geometric model, the discharge process for drawing Reatta is simulated,
Until 3-D geometric model top generate presetting length upward leader, by this time between upward leader and descending leader between
Away from as draw Reatta hit away from.
It should be noted that building the three-dimensional geometry mould yet to be built for drawing Reatta according to Reatta height is drawn in finite element software
Type, and apply the thundercloud electric field of amplitude of lightning current at the top of 3-D geometric model, the discharge process for drawing Reatta is simulated,
Detailed process refers to Fig. 3, and when thundercloud is to Reatta electric discharge is drawn, descending leader stepping, thundercloud generates logical to the electric discharge that Reatta develops is drawn
Road (i.e. descending leader) draws the controllable discharge lightning rod on Reatta and generates upward head-on guide, the lightning leader phase with downlink
Lian Shi thinks thundercloud to Reatta electric discharge is drawn, until the upward leader that the top of 3-D geometric model generates presetting length (is schemed
Middle description generates the upward leader of continuous-stable), it is considered that presetting length be 2m will at this time upward leader and descending leader it
Between spacing as draw Reatta hit away from.It is understood that in the present embodiment, for ease of description, with R=| ldown-lup| table
Show that drawing Reatta hits away from wherein ldownAnd lupRespectively indicate the head of downlink pilot head portion position and upward leader head when lightning stroke occurs
Portion position.
Step 202 determines quilt away from formula group according to by the lightning parameter of protection transmission line of electricity their location, combined circuit is hit
Protection transmission line of electricity lightning conducter hit away from conducting wire hit away from.
It should be noted that lightning parameter includes: that amplitude of lightning current, thunder and lightning incidence angle, thunder and lightning phase angle, amplitude of lightning current are general
Rate density function and thunder and lightning incidence angle pdf.
Further, route is hit away from formula group are as follows:
Wherein, rc, rgw, rgRespectively conducting wire, lightning conducter and the earth hit away from；kgwAnd kgRespectively lightning conducter striking distance factor and
The earth striking distance factor, wherein kgw=1, kg=0.9, I are amplitude of lightning current.
Step 203 is hit away from, initial distance away from, conducting wire according to drawing Reatta and hit, determine draw Reatta hit away from conducting wire hit away from the
One initial space intersecting point coordinate, according to lightning conducter hit away from, conducting wire hit away from, determine lightning conducter hit away from conducting wire hit away from second space
Intersecting point coordinate.
It should be noted that the calculating process of space intersection coordinate are as follows:
Using by the bottom centre of protection transmission line of electricity, as origin O (0,0), i.e. the O of Fig. 4 point is transmitted electricity according to by protection
Line conductor, lightning conducter exhale the height, the length of insulator chain, cross-arm length to find out the coordinate A of conducting wire, lightning conducter respectivelyi(xi,
yi), further according to the distance D for drawing Reatta and protected circuitiWith height difference Hi, obtain the coordinate B for drawing lightning rod at the top of Reattai(xj,
yj), then basisZ in two groups of solutions1, z2 value should take that biggish group, determine that drawing Reatta hits
Away from conducting wire hit away from the first initial space intersecting point coordinate.
Herein, it is to be understood that lightning conducter also generally will be installed by protection transmission line of electricity, it can also be according to formulaZ in two groups of solutions3, z4Value should take that biggish group.Determine hitting away from hitting with conducting wire for lightning conducter
Away from second space intersecting point coordinate.
It should be noted that it is initial empty to calculate first as procedure described above respectively when protected circuit is multiphase conducting wire
Between intersecting point coordinate and second space intersecting point coordinate.
Step 204 is based on the first initial space intersecting point coordinate, second space intersecting point coordinate, lightning parameter, wide by projection
Formula group is spent, determines the initial exposure projection width of protected circuit.
It should be noted that the calculating process of initial exposure projection width are as follows:
The hitting a little as lightning current using the first initial space intersecting point coordinate and second space intersecting point coordinate, calculates this and hits
Initial exposure projection width when point.It should be noted that calculating separately each phase when being multiphase conducting wire by protection transmission line of electricity
Conducting wire and the shielding action yet to be built for drawing Reatta and lightning conducter, while considering the shielding action between conducting wire (i.e. priority).
Further, projection width's formula group are as follows:
Wherein, ICFor the route shielding level value of resistance to thunder, ImaxThe maximum amplitude of lightning current of shielding occurs for route, p (θ) is
Thunder and lightning incidence angle pdf,θ is thunder and lightning incidence angle, and I is amplitude of lightning current,
Icos ψ is lightning current phase angle, and p (I) is amplitude of lightning current probability density function, and W is initial exposure projection width, W1(Icosψ)
Exposure projection width when for lightning current phase angle Icos ψ being single value, W2(I) exposure when be amplitude of lightning current I being single value
Projection width.
Step 205, according to initial exposure projection width, initial exposure projection width pair is determined based on back flash-over rate formula
The initial back flash-over rate answered.
It should be noted that back flash-over rate formula are as follows:
S=NgηW×10-3×102；
Wherein, W is initial exposure projection width, and S is back flash-over rate, unit are as follows: secondary/100km/a, η are probability of sustained arc, Ng
For ground lightning strike density.
Wherein, the specific value of probability of sustained arc such as table 1.
1 probability of sustained arc of table
Step 206, in distance range, changing initial distance according to preset stepping length is new distance, and return step
203, it determines each new apart from corresponding new back flash-over rate.
Step 207 connects initial back flash-over rate and all new back flash-over rates, obtain distance in distance range and around
Hit the invariance curve of trip-out rate.
Step 208, according to by the corresponding preset back flash-over rate of the voltage class of protection transmission line of electricity, determine invariance curve
The upper point less than or equal to preset back flash-over rate, and make the corresponding distance of the smallest point of back flash-over rate in all the points
Draw Reatta and by the target range of protection transmission line of electricity to be yet to be built.
In the present embodiment, acquire it is yet to be built draw Reatta with it is separated by different distances by protection transmission line of electricity when corresponding shielding tripping
Rate obtains the invariance curve of distance and back flash-over rate, then by invariance curve and by the voltage class pair of protection transmission line of electricity
The preset back flash-over rate curve answered compares, and obtains the point for being less than or equal to back flash-over rate curve on all invariance curves,
Finally by the corresponding distance of the smallest point of back flash-over rate in all the points, draw Reatta and by protection transmission line of electricity as yet to be built
Target range, the target range is the best protection distance yet to be built for drawing Reatta at this time, therefore can make target range at this time
To build the addressing foundation yet to be built for drawing Reatta, solves the prior art for drawing the protection scope of Reatta and indefinite, so that right
In the addressing for drawing Reatta be not best technical problem.
The above, above embodiments are only to illustrate the technical solution of the application, rather than its limitations；Although referring to before
Embodiment is stated the application is described in detail, those skilled in the art should understand that: it still can be to preceding
Technical solution documented by each embodiment is stated to modify or equivalent replacement of some of the technical features；And these
It modifies or replaces, the spirit and scope of each embodiment technical solution of the application that it does not separate the essence of the corresponding technical solution.
Claims (7)
1. a kind of appraisal procedure for drawing Reatta protection scope characterized by comprising
101, set it is yet to be built draw Reatta and by the distance range and initial distance at protection transmission line of electricity interval, and calculate and yet to be built draw thunder
Tower and initial back flash-over rate when being separated by initial distance by protection transmission line of electricity；
102, in the distance range, changing the initial distance according to preset stepping length is new distance, calculates each institute
It states newly apart from corresponding new back flash-over rate, and connects the initial back flash-over rate and all new back flash-over rates, obtain
To the invariance curve of distance and back flash-over rate in the distance range；
103, it according to by the corresponding preset back flash-over rate of the voltage class of protection transmission line of electricity, determines small on the invariance curve
Make and by the corresponding distance of the smallest point of back flash-over rate in all the points in or equal to the point of the preset back flash-over rate
Yet to be built draw Reatta and the target range by protection transmission line of electricity to be described.
2. long according to preset stepping the method according to claim 1, wherein described in the distance range
It is new distance that degree, which changes the initial distance, and calculating is each described new apart from corresponding new back flash-over rate, and is connected described first
Beginning back flash-over rate and all new back flash-over rates, obtain the association of the distance and back flash-over rate in the distance range
Curve specifically includes:
In the distance range, all integer distances are traversed as the new distance, are calculated each described new apart from corresponding
New back flash-over rate, and the initial back flash-over rate and all new back flash-over rates are connected, obtain the distance range
The invariance curve of interior distance and back flash-over rate.
3. the method according to claim 1, wherein it is described calculate it is yet to be built draw Reatta with by protection transmission line of electricity phase
Initial back flash-over rate when initial distance specifically includes:
In finite element software, the 3-D geometric model yet to be built for drawing Reatta is built according to the height yet to be built for drawing Reatta,
And apply the thundercloud electric field of the amplitude of lightning current at the top of the 3-D geometric model, the discharge process for drawing Reatta is carried out
Simulation, until the 3-D geometric model top generate presetting length upward leader, will at this time the upward leader and under
Spacing between row guide be used as described in draw Reatta hit away from；
According to the lightning parameter by protection transmission line of electricity their location, combined circuit, which is hit, determines described protected away from formula group
The lightning conducter of transmission line of electricity hit away from conducting wire hit away from；
According to it is described draw Reatta and hit hit away from, the conducting wire away from, the initial distance, determine described in draw Reatta hit away from the conducting wire
Hit away from the first initial space intersecting point coordinate, according to the lightning conducter hit away from, the conducting wire hit away from, determine the lightning conducter hit away from
With the conducting wire hit away from second space intersecting point coordinate；
It is wide by projection based on the first initial space intersecting point coordinate, the second space intersecting point coordinate, the lightning parameter
Formula group is spent, determines the initial exposure projection width of the protected circuit；
According to the initial exposure projection width, determine that the initial exposure projection width is corresponding based on back flash-over rate formula
Initial back flash-over rate.
4. according to the method described in claim 3, it is characterized in that, the lightning parameter includes: amplitude of lightning current, thunder and lightning incidence
Angle, thunder and lightning phase angle, amplitude of lightning current probability density function and thunder and lightning incidence angle pdf.
5. according to the method described in claim 3, it is characterized in that, the route is hit away from formula group are as follows:
Wherein, rc, rgw, rgRespectively conducting wire, lightning conducter and the earth are hit away from kgwAnd kgRespectively lightning conducter striking distance factor and the earth
Striking distance factor, wherein kgw=1, kg=0.9, I are amplitude of lightning current.
6. according to the method described in claim 3, it is characterized in that, projection width's formula group are as follows:
Wherein, ICFor the route shielding level value of resistance to thunder, ImaxThe maximum amplitude of lightning current of shielding occurs for route, p (θ) enters for thunder and lightning
Firing angle probability density function,θ is thunder and lightning incidence angle, and I is amplitude of lightning current, Icos ψ
For lightning current phase angle, p (I) is amplitude of lightning current probability density function, and W is initial exposure projection width, W1(Icos ψ) is thunder and lightning
Flow exposure projection width when phase angle Icos ψ is single value, W2(I) exposure projection when be amplitude of lightning current I being single value is wide
Degree.
7. according to the method described in claim 3, it is characterized in that, the back flash-over rate formula are as follows:
S=NgηW×10-3×102；
Wherein, W is initial exposure projection width, and S is back flash-over rate, unit are as follows: secondary/100km/a, η are probability of sustained arc, NgFor ground
Face lightning strike density.
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