CN109496972B - Artificial brooding method of penguin with spotted-mouth ring - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses an artificial brooding method of a penguin with a spotted-mouth ring, which is characterized by comprising three parts of feeding environment control, feed preparation and feeding method. The invention has the beneficial effects that: solves the problem of low reproduction rate caused by the lack of natural behaviors such as discarding eggs and piglets of penguin parent birds and avoiding feeding. The method breaks through the restriction of captive breeding conditions, improves the survival rate of young birds, increases the quantity of captive breeding populations, and promotes the continuous and stable growth of captive-bred penguin populations. And data are accumulated, and scientific research work and science popularization education of penguin species protection are further enhanced. The protection effect of the zoo in different places is truly exerted, and the rejuvenation process of the penguin field population with the spotted-mouth ring is accelerated.

Description

Artificial brooding method of penguin with spotted-mouth ring

Technical Field

The invention relates to the field of animal artificial breeding, in particular to an artificial brooding method of penguin with spotted-mouth ring.

Background

The penguin Spheniscus demersus, also called African penguin, belonging to Spheniscformes penguins of penguineales order, Spheniscidedae of Spheniscformes genus, is listed in International trade Convention (CITES) appendix II of endangered species of wild animals and plants, is a species of easy-to-endanger (VU) of red famous list of species endangered by IUCN of world natural conservation alliance, and is also one of listed species of protection agreement on migratory birds in Africa continental region of Europe. Since the 20 th century, the wild population quantity of penguin in the spotted-mouth ring is sharply reduced due to loss of habitat, food shortage, environmental pollution (including petroleum leakage) and egg stealing, and the population scale is less than 75000-.

Under the condition of domestic captive breeding, the population scale of the mottled penguins is small, and is cut to the end of 2017, less than 200 mottled penguins are introduced and bred in a national zoo, wherein the population scale of the mottled penguins in the Shanghai zoo reaches 147, and the population scale becomes the basis of domestic mottled penguin population development. Whether the penguin population number is increased or not is influenced by factors such as basic colonizers, diseases, genetic diversity level and the like, and the increase of the penguin population number is directly influenced by the success rate of artificial brooding.

At present, more artificial brooding and techniques are used for early-grown birds such as chickens, ducks and geese, and the success rate is higher. In late-maturing birds, relatively few artificial brooding techniques have been successfully used. The penguin with the spotted-mouth ring belongs to a late-grown bird, and after hatching, the young bird can not find food by itself and needs to be fed manually for a period of time. In the aspect of artificial brooding of penguins with spotted-mouth rings, only 1-2 successful cases are found in Chengdu, Nanchang and Wenzhou zoos, and no record is recorded in other zoos.

When the situation that the parent bird loses eggs and cannot feed or the containment condition is insufficient occurs, manual intervention is generally performed by adopting a manual technique.

The advantages of the use of artificial brooding techniques are:

firstly, the limitation on population development caused by the lack of natural behavior of the parent birds is compensated, the penguin quantity can be directly increased, and the continuous stable and healthy growth of the penguin population in the captive-breeding spotted-mouth ring is promoted;

secondly, accumulating experiences for feeding and breeding other late-forming birds;

thirdly, the important function of the zoo as an ex-situ protection place is further exerted, and a foundation is laid for field rejuvenation of the penguin population of the mottled ring; and fourthly, powerful data support and basic data can be provided for the protection and scientific research of the penguin.

Disclosure of Invention

In order to overcome the defects in the prior art, the invention aims to provide an artificial brooding method of a penguin.

In order to realize the purpose of the invention, the adopted technical scheme is as follows: an artificial brooding method of a penguin with a spotted-mouth ring is characterized by comprising three parts of feeding environment control, feed preparation and feeding method, wherein,

controlling the feeding environment: in the 0-6 week old stage, the brooding environment temperature gradually changes from 36 ℃ to 30 ℃, and outdoor activities are carried out in the noon stage when the temperature of the day exceeds 25 ℃, no wind exists and sunlight is sufficient; the number of the chicks raised in a single raising field is not more than 2, the number of the brooding equipment is increased along with the increase of the volume of the chicks, the number of times of cleaning the raising field every day is not less than 1, and the disinfected brooding equipment is replaced when the brooding equipment is cleaned.

Preparing a feed: and at the stage of 0-6 weeks of age, dividing the young chick feed into 1# feed, 2# feed and 3# feed according to the difference of the penguins in week age.

The feed 1 comprises the following components in parts by weight:

45-55 parts of fresh fish;

35-25 parts of fresh milk;

9-11 parts of cooked egg yolk;

wherein, the feed No. 1 also comprises additives: 9-11 lactase tablets, 3-5 Xiao' er kang tablets, 4-6 calcium tablets and 4-6 VB tablets;

namely, the feed 1 comprises the following components in parts by weight: taking 500g of fresh fish as an example, 400g of fresh milk, 100g of cooked egg yolk, 10 tablets of lactase, 4 tablets of Xiao' er kang, 5 tablets of calcium and 5 tablets of VB are additionally added. Namely: in the feed No. 1, fresh fish accounts for 50 percent of the total amount; 40% of milk and 10% of cooked egg yolk, and supplementing the above additives in equal amount.

The 2# feed comprises the following components in parts by weight:

50-60 parts of fresh fish;

40-45 parts of fresh milk;

10-15 parts of cooked egg yolk;

wherein, the 2# feed also comprises additives: VC9-11 tablets, folic acid 9-11 tablets, allicin 0.8-1.2g, lactase tablets 19-21 tablets, Xiao' er kang 7-9 tablets, calcium tablets 9-11 tablets;

namely, the 2# feed comprises the following components in parts by weight: taking 1000g of fresh fish as an example, 700ml of fresh milk, 200g of cooked egg yolk, VC10 tablets, 10 tablets of folic acid, 1g of allicin, 20 tablets of lactase green tablets, 8 tablets of Xiao' er kang and 10 tablets of calcium are additionally added. Namely: fresh fish accounts for about 55 percent of the total amount, milk accounts for 40 to 45 percent, yolk accounts for 10 to 15 percent, and the additives are supplemented in equal amount.

The 3# feed comprises the following components in parts by weight:

55-65 parts of fresh fish;

30-35 parts of fresh milk;

9-11 parts of cooked egg yolk;

wherein, the 3# feed also comprises additives: vb9-11 tablets, lactase green tablets 19-21 tablets, calcium tablets 9-11 tablets, VC9-11 tablets, folic acid 9-11 tablets, Xiao' er kang 7-9 tablets and allicin 1.9-2.1 g;

namely, the 3# feed comprises the following components in parts by weight: taking 2000g of fresh fish as an example, 1100ml of milk, 300g of egg yolk, 300g of vb10 tablets, 20 lactase tablets, 10 calcium tablets, VC10 tablets, 10 folic acid tablets, 8 Xiao' er kang tablets and 2g of allicin are additionally added. Namely: fresh fish accounts for about 60% of the total amount, milk accounts for 30-35%, egg yolk accounts for about 10%, and the additives are supplemented in equal amount.

The contents of the additives are as follows:

lactase green sheet: each tablet is 0.15g

Xiao Shi Er kang: each tablet contains: 5000 international units of vitamin A, 11.5 mg of vitamin B, 21.7 mg of vitamin B, 62 mg of vitamin B, 126 mg of vitamin B, 60 mg of vitamin C, 400 international units of vitamin D and 30 international units of vitamin E; nicotinamide 20 mg; folic acid 0.4 mg

Calcium tablet: calqi D3, each tablet comprising: 600 mg calcium, vitamin D3125 International units

VB comprising 13 mg of vitamin B, 215 mg of vitamin B, 60.2 mg of vitamin B, 10 mg of nicotinamide and 1 mg of calcium pantothenate

VC contains 0.1g vitamin C per tablet

Folic acid: each tablet contains folic acid 0.4 mg.

The feeding method comprises the following steps: feeding the feed 1# four times a day in the period of 0-2 weeks; feeding the feed 1# and/or the feed 2# three times per day in the period of 2-6 weeks; and feeding the 3# feed twice a day after 6 weeks of age.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in the controlling of the feeding environment, the keeping of the constant temperature of the brooding environment in the range of 30-36 ℃ is: gradually decreasing the ambient temperature from 36 ℃ to 35 ℃ in 0-2 weeks; the environmental temperature is decreased from 33 ℃ to about 30 ℃ in 2-4 weeks; the temperature of the environment is maintained at 30 ℃ for 4-6 weeks.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the feed formulation is such that the fresh fish is yellow croaker.

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, in the feeding method, the four times per day feeding is: feeding is started from 6:00 in the morning, and feeds are fed at 6:00,1:00,16:00 and 22:00 respectively.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in the feeding method, the feeding three times per day is: feeding at 6:00,13:00 and 20:00, 3 tons per day.

In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in the feeding method, the twice-daily feeding is: feeding at 6:00 and 15:00 respectively.

The main innovation points of the invention are as follows:

solves the problem of low reproduction rate caused by the lack of natural behaviors such as discarding eggs and piglets of penguin parent birds and avoiding feeding.

The method breaks through the restriction of captive breeding conditions, improves the survival rate of young birds, increases the quantity of captive breeding populations, and promotes the continuous and stable growth of captive-bred penguin populations.

And data are accumulated, and scientific research work and science popularization education of penguin species protection are further enhanced.

The protection effect of the zoo in different places is truly exerted, and the rejuvenation process of the penguin field population with the spotted-mouth ring is accelerated.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of incubation for 0-2 weeks of age;

FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of incubation after 2 weeks of age;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of 3 months old post-launch;

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a chick weight gain table.

Detailed Description

The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which should not be construed as limiting the invention thereto.

Example 1

1. The requirements of the feeding environment are as follows:

referring to fig. 1 and 2, the penguin has late maturity and needs to keep the temperature of the brooding environment constant. Usually 0-2 weeks, the ambient temperature gradually decreases from 36 ℃ to 35 ℃; the environmental temperature is decreased from 33 ℃ to about 30 ℃ in 2-4 weeks; and 4-6 weeks, maintaining the environment temperature at 30 ℃, and selecting the penguin young chick to be 10: 00-14: 00 performing outdoor activities; and stopping heat preservation for more than 6 weeks, and adapting to the ambient temperature.

In the heat preservation process, the birds are prevented from being overheated. The obvious overheating phenomenon is represented by frequent lying down, stretching of the flipper and feet, and asthma; other subtle signs of overheating are slight dehydration and unexplained loss of appetite.

Chicks are usually raised individually, occasionally 2 together. In 0-2 weeks, the chicks have a rest in the nest basin most of the time, a bowl-shaped brooding basin needs to be prepared, a towel needs to be laid, and a towel also needs to be laid outside the basin. After about 4 days of age, the chicks have a habit of walking out of the nest basin. In this process, as the chicks grow, the somewhat larger brooding pots are frequently replaced. After 2 weeks, the chicks were housed in brooding boxes (45cm by 30cm by 38cm) and housed with plastic mats to increase the activity space.

The sanitation requirement is as follows: at least two sweeps per day, often with feeding, are done to reduce handling of the chicks. The towel and brooding tub were changed (either sterilized or exposed to sunlight) before brooding was returned.

2, feed and a feeding method thereof:

feeding the chicks at 6:00 in the morning for 4 tons every day in 0-2 weeks, and feeding the chicks with feed at 6:00,1:00,16:00 and 22:00 respectively for # 1. After 2 weeks, the feeding time is changed to 6:00,13:00 and 20:00, the feeding is carried out for 3 tons every day, and the food is gradually adjusted from feed No. 1 to feed No. 2 after 3 weeks. After 6 weeks, the feed of the chicks is changed into 2 tons and fed at 6:00 and 15:00 respectively, and the feed is gradually changed into small yellow croakers. The details are shown in tables 1-3.

TABLE 1 example of feeding of day-5 old chicks 4D/day, starting at 6:00 am

TABLE 2.14 day old chicks feed an example, 3 Do each day, starting at 6:00 in the morning

TABLE 3 feed for artificial brooding

Note: feed 1 #: removing head and viscera of Carnis Pseudosciaenae, beating into meat paste with meat mincing machine, repeating for 4 times, and mixing with fresh milk; feed 2 #: directly adding cooked egg yolk into the whole small yellow croaker, beating into meat paste by a meat mincer, and mixing with additive powder and fresh milk to obtain the product; feed 3 #: removing head of Carnis Pseudosciaenae, and feeding directly, and adding 1 lactase tablet, 1 multivitamin tablet and 1 garlic oil pill for 2 times per week.

The main principle of the feeding step of the artificial brooding method is as follows:

after the field penguin hatchlings are hatched, the male birds are nursed and fed with secretions of the crop, the female birds need to be urgently foraged in the ocean, and then the male birds and the female birds start to prey and nurture the young birds in turn. When the parent bird fed back reaches the edge of the nest, the chick immediately extends the beak into the oral cavity of the parent bird, and chyme which is in a semi-digestion state and is spitted by the parent bird is fed. Under the field condition, the chick can eat the chyme with digestive enzyme in the parent bird crop. Under natural feeding conditions, in order to simulate the habit of wild parent birds and help the digestion of the chicks, lactase tablets are added to the fish paste to help the digestion.

The penguin under the condition of artificial captive breeding can well prevent the disease by adding the garlic oil pills through related data research and years of practice due to the high fatality rate of the aspergillosis.

VB and other various vitamins are additionally supplemented because the frozen sea fish is fed.

3, molting and initial launching:

referring to fig. 3, at 4-5 days of age, the chicks begin to molt their feet for the first time and end at about 12 days of age. Moulting starts in about 9 weeks, during which the appetite is greatly increased, the food intake is suddenly increased, the body is fat, and the weight can reach 1.3-1.5 kg; the food intake gradually declined or did not eat after the 3 months of age. The pool should be filled to the extent possible to allow them to swim freely, and the birds will most of the time swim in the pool rather than going to shore, and will become stronger and healthier.

4, data recording:

accurate recording is an effective way of managing the penguins of the maculates ring. In the process of artificial hatching and brooding, the information that must be recorded includes: egg weight, egg transverse diameter, egg longitudinal diameter, hatching temperature, hatching humidity, chick birth weight and chick weight increase. Other information such as ambient temperature and humidity, moulting time, food composition, feed amount, vaccination and disease treatment also need to be recorded as much as possible.

The eggs are recorded from the moment of laying, and the recorded information can be seen in attached table 1. From table 1, the weight loss of the eggs can be calculated, thus feeding back the currently suitable hatching humidity range.

After the chicks were born, the birth weight was recorded. The body weight and feed intake were recorded daily for 0-2 weeks. The body weight is measured on an empty stomach at a regular time (6: 00 in the morning) every day, and the daily gain is calculated to judge the body growth condition of the chick. The body weight recording interval can be extended by more than 2 weeks, such as weighing 1 time per week. The recorded information can be seen in attached table 2.

5, a chick identification method:

the chicks need to be individually identified from the time they are hatched. When the number of the individual chicks is small, identification can be carried out according to the age of the day, the brooding pot/frame, the weight and the behavior habit; when the number of similar chicks is large, the individual identification is carried out by binding the ligatures with various colors on the finlike limbs of the chicks, but the ligatures are timely replaced according to the growth and development of the chicks, so that the chicks are prevented from being injured.

Fig. 4 is a chick weight gain table.

Claims (2)

1. An artificial brooding method of a penguin with a spotted-mouth ring is characterized by comprising three parts of feeding environment control, feed preparation and feeding method, wherein,

in the feeding environment control, the temperature of the brooding environment is gradually transited from 36 ℃ to 30 ℃; the variation range is as follows: gradually decreasing the ambient temperature from 36 ℃ to 35 ℃ in 0-2 weeks; the environmental temperature is decreased from 33 ℃ to about 30 ℃ in 2-4 weeks; maintaining the ambient temperature at 30 ℃ for 4-6 weeks;

when the weather temperature exceeds 25 ℃, no wind and sufficient sunlight, outdoor activities are carried out in the noon stage; feeding no more than 2 chicks in a single feeding field, increasing the brooding equipment along with the increase of the volume of the chicks, cleaning the feeding field for no less than 1 time every day, and replacing the disinfected brooding equipment during cleaning;

preparing a feed: dividing the feed into 1# feed, 2# feed and 3# feed according to the difference of the week age at the stage of 0-6 weeks age;

the feed 1 comprises the following components in parts by weight:

45-55 parts of fresh fish;

35-25 parts of fresh milk;

9-11 parts of cooked egg yolk;

wherein, the feed No. 1 also comprises additives: 9-11 lactase tablets, 3-5 Xiao' er kang tablets, 4-6 calcium tablets and 4-6 VB tablets;

the 2# feed comprises the following components in parts by weight:

50-60 parts of fresh fish;

40-45 parts of fresh milk;

10-15 parts of cooked egg yolk;

wherein, the 2# feed also comprises additives: VC9-11 tablets, folic acid 9-11 tablets, allicin 0.8-1.2g, lactase tablets 19-21 tablets, Xiao' er kang 7-9 tablets, calcium tablets 9-11 tablets;

the 3# feed comprises the following components in parts by weight:

55-65 parts of fresh fish;

30-35 parts of fresh milk;

9-11 parts of cooked egg yolk;

wherein, the 3# feed also comprises additives: vb9-11 tablets, lactase green tablets 19-21 tablets, calcium tablets 9-11 tablets, VC9-11 tablets, folic acid 9-11 tablets, Xiao' er kang 7-9 tablets and allicin 1.9-2.1 g;

the feeding method comprises the following steps: feeding the feed 1# four times a day in the stage of 0-2 weeks of age, wherein the feeding amount is gradually increased from 2g per ton to about 20g, the total feed amount of each penguin per day in 0-1 week is 10% -20% of the weight of the penguin young poultry, and the total feed amount of each penguin per day in 1-2 weeks is 20-30% of the weight of the young poultry; feeding the feed 1# and/or the feed 2# three times per day in the period of 2-6 weeks; feeding the 3# feed twice a day after 6 weeks of age; the total amount of the feed for each penguin is basically maintained to be 20-30% of the weight of the penguin every day;

in the feeding method, the feeding four times a day is as follows: feeding from 6:00 in the morning, and feeding at 6:00,13:00,16:00 and 22:00 respectively;

in the feeding method, the three times of feeding per day is as follows: feeding at 6:00,13:00 and 20:00, 3 tons per day;

in the feeding method, the twice-daily feeding is as follows: feeding at 6:00 and 15:00 respectively;

the content of the additive is as follows:

lactase green sheet: 0.15g of each tablet;

xiao Shi Er kang: each tablet contains: 5000 international units of vitamin A, 11.5 mg of vitamin B, 21.7 mg of vitamin B, 62 mg of vitamin B, 126 mg of vitamin B, 60 mg of vitamin C, 400 international units of vitamin D and 30 international units of vitamin E; nicotinamide 20 mg; 0.4 mg of folic acid;

calcium tablet: calqi D3, each tablet comprising: 600 mg calcium, vitamin D3125 international units;

VB comprising 13 mg of vitamin B, 215 mg of vitamin B, 60.2 mg of vitamin B, 10 mg of nicotinamide and 1 mg of calcium pantothenate in each tablet;

VC, 0.1g of vitamin C is contained in each tablet;

folic acid: each tablet contains folic acid 0.4 mg.

2. The artificial brooding method of the spotted-mouth penguin as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the feed preparation, the fresh fish is yellow croaker.

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