CN109477332B - 自支撑三维预应力结构及其方法和装置 - Google Patents

自支撑三维预应力结构及其方法和装置 Download PDF

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CN109477332B
CN109477332B CN201780041544.4A CN201780041544A CN109477332B CN 109477332 B CN109477332 B CN 109477332B CN 201780041544 A CN201780041544 A CN 201780041544A CN 109477332 B CN109477332 B CN 109477332B
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迪米塔尔·斯托弗·迪米特洛夫
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Abstract

自支撑三维预应力结构,包括其建造方法和装置(57)。本发明涉及一种自支撑三维预应力结构及其安装方法和装置,以用于住宅和非住宅建筑。该结构由垂直柔性杆状构件(1)在结构建造期间被加应力,以及水平柔性杆状构件(2)建造,每个水平柔性杆状构件(2)形成闭合曲线。水平柔性杆状构件(2)在建造期间也受到应力,并且通过其他装置焊接或刚性固定到垂直柔性杆状构件(1)。代替水平柔性杆状构件(2),该构造可以完全或在某种程度上使用螺旋构件来建造,在构造该结构时也施加应力作用,刚性固定到垂直柔性杆状构件(1)。

Description

自支撑三维预应力结构及其方法和装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种自支撑三维预应力结构及其建造方法和装置,用于住宅和非住宅建筑的建造,特别是民用和生产大厅、温室、寺庙、游泳池和其他类似的三维房屋连地基(premises)的建造。
背景技术
一种众所周知且广泛使用的构造三维结构的方法包括装配预成形元件以形成具有所需形状的预期三维结构。用于建造这种类型的结构以及通过这种方法的最常见材料被预制成金属型材。
用这种方法建造的结构不是预应力结构,并且需要相当大的材料消耗。
另一种用于架设自支撑结构的实践方法包括预选一个构造预期结构的场地,然后进行平整和铺设地基。然后,将具有所需形状和尺寸的可膨胀膜的部分相对于一个预期的几何中心对称地放置,并气密地固定在地基上。通过将压缩空气注入膜的下边缘和地基之间,将膜膨胀到所需形状。然后将聚氨酯(Polyurethane)泡沫材料喷涂在充气形式的下表面上。泡沫变成刚性后,通过附加加强杆而加强。然后,如果必要,可以用混凝土(喷射混凝土)m对结构进行压力喷涂。
因此,自支撑三维结构由可膨胀膜在下表面上被以聚氨酯泡沫喷洒,并由规则间隔的彼此顺序连接的构件加强而制造。
这种方法依赖于使用可膨胀膜或其一部分,这很昂贵,并且在大多数情况下是不可重复使用的。该方法也局限于混凝土结构的建造。
发明内容
本发明的目的是创造一种自支撑三维预应力结构,其具有改进的抗拉强度和稳定性,并且材料消耗低。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种基于改进技术的自支撑三维预应力结构建造的方法。
本发明的另一个目的是创建用于实现自支撑三维预应力结构建造方法的装置。
这些目的是通过自支撑三维预应力结构实现的,该结构包括按顺序彼此连接的规则间隔构件,以形成三维建筑物或其一部分。
根据本发明,自支撑三维预应力结构包括在结构建造期间被加应力的垂直形状限定的柔性杆状构件,以及在建造期间也被加应力的水平和/或螺旋定位的柔性杆状构件,每个形成闭合曲线。水平闭合曲线构件与垂直形状限定构件刚性连接。
垂直和水平闭合曲线柔性杆状构件均由金属制成。
自支撑三维预应力结构建造装置包括多个对称和径向定位的伸缩臂,每个伸缩臂铰接至位于装置中心的圆。在每个伸缩臂的顶端,有一个保持相应的垂直杆状构件的导向块。
根据一个可能的实施例,导向块包括固定在伸缩臂上的两个平行板(面颊),而在所述面颊之间安装顺序设置的槽辊。辊之间的开口至少等于要在它们之间保持的垂直杆状构件的横截面直径。
自支撑三维预应力结构的建造方法要求为预期结构选择几何中心。根据本发明,该方法还包括以下所述顺序的操作:
-将装置的中心圆定位和固定在结构的几何中心;
-用于构造自支撑三维预应力结构的装置的伸缩臂设置成符合其预期形状和尺寸;
-将每个垂直杆状构件的一端通过相应伸缩臂上的导向块插入到地基中的准备好的插座中;
-下一阶段是每个伸缩臂沿着各自的柔性垂直杆状构件依次或同时递增向上运动,从而对柔性垂直构件施加应力;
-在所有伸缩臂的每个递增向上步骤之后,通过围绕结构的圆周附加水平柔性杆状构件来固定所达到的高度,以形成轮廓;
-自支撑三维预应力结构完成后,拆除装置。
根据该方法,通过在结构中首先制造具有所需尺寸和形状的框架,然后将它们固定在所需位置,来制造给定形状的开口。将结构的边缘部分永久地固定在框架上,然后将框架中封闭的结构的多余部分切除。
然后,将由此建立的自支撑三维预应力结构包裹在加固网中,用适当的建筑材料,如水泥、粘土、粘结剂混合料涂敷并完成。
本发明的优点在于提高了结构的建造速度,降低了材料消耗,降低了成本,以及能够安装各种形状的结构。
自支撑三维预应力结构的另一个主要优点是提高了抗拉强度。
附图说明
本发明的一个可能的实施例由附图说明,而:
图1是半球形自支撑三维预应力结构的轴测图;
图2显示了用于自支撑三维预应力结构建造的装置;
图3是用于安装该结构的装置的导向块装配件的轴测图;
图4示出自支撑三维预应力结构的建造的开始;
图5示出了连接到装置的伸缩臂的弯曲垂直杆状构件;
图6示出了保持在导向块配件中的弯曲的垂直杆状构件;
图7和8表示自支撑三维预应力结构的连续建造阶段;
图9显示了一个完成的和覆盖的自支撑三维预应力结构。
具体实施方式
自支撑三维预应力结构的建造示例如图1所示。本例展示了一个半球形自支撑三维预应力结构。该结构由在结构建造期间被加应力的垂直柔性杆状构件(1)以及水平柔性杆状构件(2)构成,每个构件形成圆形轮廓。同样被加应力的水平构件被焊接或通过其他方式刚性连接至垂直柔性杆状构件(1)。
水平圆轮廓是相互平行的。
自支撑三维预应力结构建造装置如图1中的(3)所示。
代替水平柔性杆状构件(2),结构可以完全地或在某种程度上使用螺旋构件来构造,在构造刚性地固定在垂直柔性构件(1)上的结构时也施加应力。
用于构造自支撑三维预应力结构的装置(3)及其实现或方法包括多个对称和径向定位的伸缩臂(4),每个伸缩臂铰接至位于装置中心的中心圆(5),如图2所示。在每个伸缩臂(4)的顶端有一个导向块(6),如图3。在本实施例中,导向块(6)包括固定在伸缩臂(4)上的两个平行板(7),而在所述平行板(7)之间顺序安装槽辊(8)。槽辊(8)之间的开口至少等于要在它们之间保持的垂直柔性杆状构件(1)的截面直径。
通过改变伸缩臂(4)的长度,可以配置具有不同形状的三维预应力结构。
自支撑三维预应力结构的建造方法,其也解释了该装置的工作原理,包括以下顺序的操作:
1、为该结构选择一个场地和几何中心。如果该结构将被成形为球体的一部分,例如半球(图4),则结构的半径也被确定;
2、场地在选定的几何中心下方平整,并铺设地基;
3、选择并制备结构框架材料。常用的材料是垂直柔性杆状构件(1),例如由具有杆状或管状轮廓的木材、塑料或复合材料制成;
4、确定结构的隔栅,即具有半球形(或更复杂)形状的预期结构的垂直和水平构件的数量。材料和隔栅的厚度是根据结构的预期目的和材料的类型确定的;
5、将自支撑三维预应力结构的建造装置(3)置于地基上并固定在地基上;
该装置的伸缩臂(4)的数量对应于预期结构的垂直杆状构件的数量。在建造半球时,伸缩臂(4)的长度是等于结构半径的常数。当构建更复杂的形状时,每个伸缩臂(4)的长度可以在构建过程的每个阶段变化,以便实现预期的复杂三维形状。
6、垂直柔性杆状构件(1)沿预期结构的圆周以规则间隔放置,然后通过伸缩臂(4)的导向块(6)它们被馈送。为了更好的稳定性,垂直柔性杆状构件(1)可以锚定到导向块(6)下面的准备好的插座中。插座可以由内径大于选定材料的直径的金属管片段制成,这些材料被驱动到地基中。如果在该结构的外围下面设置一个混凝土地基,则垂直柔性构件可以直接固定到混凝土中。
7、下一个阶段是伸缩臂(4)的导向块(6)沿着相应的垂直柔性杆状构件(1)向上运动,如图5和6。每个导向块(6)沿着相应的垂直柔性杆状构件(1)的运动使其受力,并且力用于形成圆弧。
所有导向块(6)沿垂直柔性杆状构件(1)的上升运动可以是依次的,也可以是同步的。
8、水平柔性杆状构件(2)围绕弯曲的垂直柔性杆状构件(1)周围放置并固定(焊接)。
9、每个伸缩臂(4)的上升运动(以所选隔栅确定的增量)与水平柔性杆状构件(2)的附接顺序交替进行(在半球情况下为圆形,或者对于具有更复杂形状的结构具有更复杂的闭合轮廓形状),如图7和8。水平柔性杆状构件(2)通过装配或通过焊接刚性地固定在每个垂直柔性杆状构件(1)上。当每个水平柔性杆状构件(2)被完全连接时,它固定所有垂直柔性杆状构件(1)并平衡它们的张力。
10、当整个结构完成时,装置(3)处于图1所示的“所有臂为垂直束”的配置中。此时,所构造的三维结构是完全自支撑的,并且作用于该结构的所有力/向量处于平衡状态。在这个阶段,可以将装置(3)从结构中移除,并且准备好重用。
11、如果设计要求在结构上开孔(门、窗等),则首先制作具有所需尺寸和强度的框架,然后将其固定在所需位置。结构的边缘部分规则地粘贴/焊接到框架上,然后被封闭在框架中的该结构的多余部分被切掉。任何切割受力结构的无框架部分的行为都会导致张力的突然释放,并带来灾难性的后果。
12、整个结构可以用防水或其他材料覆盖,或者用混凝土覆盖,并且可以用于公民的和生产的大厅、住宅建筑、温室、寺庙、游泳池和其他结构,如图9。

Claims (6)

1.一种用于建造自支撑三维预应力结构的装置,包括多个对称和径向定位的伸缩臂(4),每个伸缩臂(4)铰接至位于该装置中心的中心圆(5),而在每个伸缩臂(4)的顶部有导向块(6),导向块(6)保持相应的垂直柔性杆状构件(1);
其中,所述导向块(6)包括固定在伸缩臂(4)上的两个平行板(7),而在所述平行板(7)之间依次安装有槽辊(8),在两个槽辊(8)之间有开口,该开口至少要等于夹持在它们之间的垂直柔性杆状构件(1)的横截面直径。
2.一种由权利要求1所述的一种用于建造自支撑三维预应力结构的装置制造的自支撑三维预应力结构,由规则间隔的彼此依次连接的构件组成,以形成三维建筑物或其一部分;所述自支撑三维预应力结构包括在该结构建造期间被加应力的垂直柔性杆状构件(1),以及在建造期间也加应力的水平和/或螺旋定位的水平柔性杆状构件(2);每个水平和/或螺旋定位的水平柔性杆状构件(2)形成闭合曲线,并且刚性地固定到垂直柔性杆状构件(1)。
3.如权利要求2所述的自支撑三维预应力结构,其中,垂直柔性杆状构件(1)和水平柔性杆状构件(2)由金属制成。
4.使用权利要求1所述的一种用于建造自支撑三维预应力结构的装置制造一种自支撑三维预应力结构的建造方法,包括以下顺序的以下操作:
-对预期结构的几何中心进行选择;
-将用于构造自支撑三维预应力结构的装置的中心圆(5)定位和固定在该预期结构的几何中心;
-用于构造自支撑三维预应力结构的装置的伸缩臂(4)配置成符合其预期的尺寸和形状;
-将每个垂直柔性杆状构件(1)的一端通过相应的伸缩臂(4)上的导向块(6)插入到地基中准备好的插座中;
-接下来是每个伸缩臂(4)沿着各自的垂直柔性杆状构件(1)依次或同时递增地向上运动,从而对垂直柔性杆状构件(1)施加应力;
-在所有伸缩臂(4)的每个递增上升步骤之后,通过将水平柔性杆状构件(2)围绕垂直柔性杆状构件(1)附接来固定所达到的高度,以形成轮廓;
-用于构造自支撑三维预应力结构的装置(3)在结构完成后被拆除。
5.如权利要求4所述的自支撑三维预应力结构的建造方法,其中,该结构中任何形状的开口都是通过首先制作具有所需尺寸和形状的框架,然后将它们固定在所需位置上而制成的;然后,将结构的边界部分规则地固定到框架上,然后将框架中封闭的结构的多余部分切掉。
6.如权利要求4所述的自支撑三维预应力结构的建造方法,其中这样安装的自支撑三维预应力结构然后被套在加强网中,用适当的建筑材料,如水泥,黏土,粘合剂混合物涂敷并完成。
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