CN109421282A - 用热塑性外层焊接热固性物体与另外的物体的方法和装置 - Google Patents

用热塑性外层焊接热固性物体与另外的物体的方法和装置 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109421282A
CN109421282A CN201810973253.5A CN201810973253A CN109421282A CN 109421282 A CN109421282 A CN 109421282A CN 201810973253 A CN201810973253 A CN 201810973253A CN 109421282 A CN109421282 A CN 109421282A
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China
Prior art keywords
outer layer
thermoplastic material
carbon nanotube
layer
including thermoplastic
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CN201810973253.5A
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English (en)
Inventor
彼得·林德
布莱恩·沃德尔
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Airbus Operations GmbH
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Airbus Operations GmbH
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Publication of CN109421282A publication Critical patent/CN109421282A/zh
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/344—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint being a woven or non-woven fabric or being a mesh
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3472—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/3484—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being non-metallic
    • B29C65/3492—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the composition of the heated elements which remain in the joint being non-metallic being carbon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/18—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated tools
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/3408—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint comprising single particles, e.g. fillers or discontinuous fibre-reinforcements
    • B29C65/3412—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint comprising single particles, e.g. fillers or discontinuous fibre-reinforcements comprising fillers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/3456—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint being a layer of a multilayer part to be joined, e.g. for joining plastic-metal laminates
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3468—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the means for supplying heat to said heated elements which remain in the join, e.g. special electrical connectors of windings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/13—Single flanged joints; Fin-type joints; Single hem joints; Edge joints; Interpenetrating fingered joints; Other specific particular designs of joint cross-sections not provided for in groups B29C66/11 - B29C66/12
    • B29C66/131—Single flanged joints, i.e. one of the parts to be joined being rigid and flanged in the joint area
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
    • B29C66/45—Joining of substantially the whole surface of the articles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/47—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces
    • B29C66/474—Joining single elements to sheets, plates or other substantially flat surfaces said single elements being substantially non-flat
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
    • B29C66/524—Joining profiled elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/53—Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars
    • B29C66/532—Joining single elements to the wall of tubular articles, hollow articles or bars
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/721—Fibre-reinforced materials
    • B29C66/7214—Fibre-reinforced materials characterised by the length of the fibres
    • B29C66/72141—Fibres of continuous length
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/723—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being multi-layered
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
    • B29C66/73921—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic characterised by the materials of both parts being thermoplastics
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7394—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoset
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/7394—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoset
    • B29C66/73941—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoset characterised by the materials of both parts being thermosets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/82—Pressure application arrangements, e.g. transmission or actuating mechanisms for joining tools or clamps
    • B29C66/824—Actuating mechanisms
    • B29C66/8244—Actuating mechanisms magnetically driven
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/83—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools
    • B29C66/836—Moving relative to and tangentially to the parts to be joined, e.g. transversely to the displacement of the parts to be joined, e.g. using a X-Y table
    • B29C66/8362—Rollers, cylinders or drums moving relative to and tangentially to the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9121—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9121—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature
    • B29C66/91221—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9141—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91651—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
    • B29C66/91653—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by controlling or regulating the voltage, i.e. the electric potential difference or electric tension
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91651—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
    • B29C66/91655—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating by controlling or regulating the current intensity
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/96—Measuring or controlling the joining process characterised by the method for implementing the controlling of the joining process
    • B29C66/961—Measuring or controlling the joining process characterised by the method for implementing the controlling of the joining process involving a feedback loop mechanism, e.g. comparison with a desired value
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
    • B29C65/34—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement"
    • B29C65/3404—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint
    • B29C65/3408—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint comprising single particles, e.g. fillers or discontinuous fibre-reinforcements
    • B29C65/3416—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using heated elements which remain in the joint, e.g. "verlorenes Schweisselement" characterised by the type of heated elements which remain in the joint comprising single particles, e.g. fillers or discontinuous fibre-reinforcements comprising discontinuous fibre-reinforcements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/4805—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the type of adhesives
    • B29C65/481—Non-reactive adhesives, e.g. physically hardening adhesives
    • B29C65/4815—Hot melt adhesives, e.g. thermoplastic adhesives
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/50—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like
    • B29C65/5057—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding using adhesive tape, e.g. thermoplastic tape; using threads or the like positioned between the surfaces to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/48—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding
    • B29C65/52—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive
    • B29C65/526—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using adhesives, i.e. using supplementary joining material; solvent bonding characterised by the way of applying the adhesive by printing or by transfer from the surfaces of elements carrying the adhesive, e.g. using brushes, pads, rollers, stencils or silk screens
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C65/56—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor using mechanical means or mechanical connections, e.g. form-fits
    • B29C65/60—Riveting or staking
    • B29C65/601—Riveting or staking using extra riveting elements, i.e. the rivets being non-integral with the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
    • B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
    • B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
    • B29C66/1122—Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
    • B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
    • B29C66/20—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines
    • B29C66/21—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint lines, e.g. of the weld lines said joint lines being formed by a single dot or dash or by several dots or dashes, i.e. spot joining or spot welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
    • B29C66/61—Joining from or joining on the inside
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/71—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/723—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being multi-layered
    • B29C66/7232—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being multi-layered comprising a non-plastics layer
    • B29C66/72322—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being multi-layered comprising a non-plastics layer consisting of elements other than metals, e.g. boron
    • B29C66/72323—Carbon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/731—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/7311—Thermal properties
    • B29C66/73115—Melting point
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/737—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/7375—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined uncured, partially cured or fully cured
    • B29C66/73751—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined uncured, partially cured or fully cured the to-be-joined area of at least one of the parts to be joined being uncured, i.e. non cross-linked, non vulcanized
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
    • B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
    • B29C66/737—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined
    • B29C66/7375—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined uncured, partially cured or fully cured
    • B29C66/73751—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined uncured, partially cured or fully cured the to-be-joined area of at least one of the parts to be joined being uncured, i.e. non cross-linked, non vulcanized
    • B29C66/73752—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the state of the material of the parts to be joined uncured, partially cured or fully cured the to-be-joined area of at least one of the parts to be joined being uncured, i.e. non cross-linked, non vulcanized the to-be-joined areas of both parts to be joined being uncured
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
    • B29C66/84—Specific machine types or machines suitable for specific applications
    • B29C66/861—Hand-held tools
    • B29C66/8618—Hand-held tools being battery operated
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
    • B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
    • B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
    • B29C66/9131—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
    • B29C66/91311—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
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Abstract

本发明公开了用热塑性外层焊接热固性物体与另外的物体的方法和装置，特别地公开了一种用于将第一物体与第二物体进行焊接的方法和装置，其中，所述第一物体由热固体制造并包括由热塑性材料构成的外层，其中，所述第二物体包括由热塑性材料构成的至少一个外层。此外，向所述第一物体的包括热塑性材料的外层上施加碳纳米管层，并将所述第二物体放置到所述第一物体上。在此，所述第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层的至少一部分位于所施加的碳纳米管层上。此外，向碳纳米管层施加电压，使得电流流经所述碳纳米管，其中，将所述第一物体的包括热塑性材料的外层和所述第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层加热并相互焊接。

Description

用热塑性外层焊接热固性物体与另外的物体的方法和装置
技术领域
本发明涉及一种用于将第一物体与第二物体进行焊接的方法和装置。尤其，本发明涉及一种用于焊接两个物体的方法和装置，其中这些物体中的第一物体由热固体制造并包括由热塑性材料构成的外层，并且这些物体中的第二物体包括由热塑性材料构成的至少一个外层。
背景技术
在工业中，塑料材料越来越多地被用于制造构件和装置。尤其纤维增强的复合材料(纤维增强的塑料)是优选的，这是由于其相对于金属材料较低的重量并且还由于其更大的承载能力。因此，在飞行器构造中也越来越广泛地使用纤维增强的复合材料、例如碳纤维增强的塑料。
此外，现在允许用基于热固体(也称为热固性塑料或“热凝物”)制造的纤维增强的塑料构件来制造飞行器的主要结构(飞行器的承载结构)并且因此是通常的做法。基于热固体/热固性塑料制造的复合材料以下被称为“热凝性复合物”或仅仅称为“热凝物”。热固性复合材料是借助于合成树脂以及由合成树脂浸渍的至少一个织物层来预制的。在化学过程中，合成树脂硬化，其中几乎能够获得任何构件形式。然而硬化过程是不可逆的，由此构件无法在硬化之后再次变形或者在其他情况下发生改变，而不对热凝物产生不利影响。
不同于不可逆的热凝性复合材料，也使用热塑性的复合材料来制造构件和装置。现在在飞行器构造中也使用热塑性的复合材料。这提供以下优点：基本的热塑性塑料在制造构件之后通过加热能够再次变形或也能够与其他的热塑性塑料构件进行焊接。除了相对于热凝性复合材料更好的环境承载能力之外，热塑性复合材料此外还提供更好的损坏容差的优点。然而，热塑性复合材料明显比热凝性复合材料更贵。
由于不可逆的制造和成形过程，对于热凝性复合材料来说，由这种材料制造的两个构件无法如对于热塑性复合材料是可行地简单地彼此连接、例如焊接。因此，热凝性复合材料，如图1中示意性地展示的，借助于连接器接合。因此，在图1中，展示了第一构件110和第二构件120，它们在特定区域中重叠。在重叠区域中，设置至少一个连接器115，该连接器穿过两个构件110、120并相互压靠。连接器115可以例如被实施为具有螺母的螺钉/螺栓或被实施为铆钉。
替代性地，由热凝性复合材料构成的两个构件也可以彼此粘合，如在图2中示意性地展示的。在此，粘合剂116可以被施加到构件110上，例如借助于喷嘴、刷子或毛刷117。作为粘合剂适合的是环氧基粘合剂(例如型号名称为“FM 300”的粘合剂)。将第二构件120放置到如此准备好的第一构件110上并进行粘合。构件110、120中的一个或两个构件能够在未硬化的状态下进行粘合，其中于是粘合过程能够随着构件的硬化在高压釜中进行。
尤其当使用至少一个未硬化的构件110、120时，粘合是非常复杂的，因为要施加的粘合剂116的几何形状以及两个构件110、120的表面准备、以及硬化过程都显著地影响所组合的构件的品质。例如，过高的硬化温度会导致已经硬化的构件发生脱层或其他损坏。出于安全原因，对两个已经硬化的构件110、120的粘合没有被提供用于制造飞行器的主要结构，因为由于两个构件与粘合剂的较差的材料连接，其粘合连接形成可能的薄弱部位。
发明内容
本发明的基本目的在于，提供一种方法和装置，由此由至少两个复合材料物体(或构件)组合的结构能够成本有效地制造并且其机械特性仅仅稍微或完全不受影响。
为此，本发明教导了一种用于将第一物体与第二物体进行焊接的方法，其中第一物体由热固体制造并包括由热塑性材料构成的外层，并且其中第二物体包括由热塑性材料构成的至少一个外层。换言之，第一物体是热凝性物体，其包括至少一个不可逆区段或本体。基于此可以直接或间接(即带有一个或多个中间层)地施加由热塑性材料构成的外层。热塑性外层(还被称为热塑性面层)，改善了热凝性物体的机械特性。例如，热凝性物体的可延展性得到改善，这实现了在损坏情况或超载情况下减少可能的损坏传播并抑制或减慢脱层。示例性的热凝性材料在名称M21E和M21EX下列出。
第二物体可以完全或部分地由热塑性材料构成，使得至少一个外层由热塑性材料构成。当然，第二物体也可以像第一物体那样由热固体制造，包括将热塑性材料的外层直接或间接地施加到该热固体上。
第一物体的和/或在适当时第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层可以是已经在物体的由热固体构成的部分硬化之前施加的。由此与热固体硬化后施加的情况相比，可以实现热固体分子和热塑性分子的更精细和更完全的化学复合。由此，外层也能够比例如在将热塑性层施加到硬化的热凝性物体上时实施得更薄。
该方法能够包括以下步骤：
-将碳纳米管层施加到第一物体的包括热塑性材料的外层上；
-将第二物体放置到第一物体上，其中第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层的至少一部分位于所施加的碳纳米管层上；并且
-向碳纳米管层施加电压，使得电流流经碳纳米管，其中将第一物体的包括热塑性材料的外层和第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层加热并相互焊接。
碳纳米管可以借助于溶剂而被施加到第一物体上。接着，可以使得溶剂蒸发并在第一物体上留下薄的碳纳米管层(即，包含碳纳米管的层)。替代性地或此外，碳纳米管也可以首先被包装在一起形成纸状结构，所谓的“巴克纸(bucky paper)”，然后将该纸状结构放置到第一物体上。该纸状结构同样借助于溶剂制造，碳纳米管处于溶剂中，其中碳纳米管最终像纤维一样相互悬挂。
这样制造的碳纳米管层可以由少量叠置的碳纳米管构成，并且因此具有极小的层厚度。碳纳米管具有约1nm的直径，使得所制造的碳纳米管层具有约2nm至10nm的层厚度。尤其，可以实现2nm至5nm的层厚度，其足以用于加热两种热塑性材料并将它们相互焊接。
此外，碳纳米管层可以用碳纳米管实现第一物体的外层的连续涂层。替代性地，可以线状和/或格栅状(直线或弯曲地)施加碳纳米管。当然，可以以各种任意形式将碳纳米管施加在第一物体和/或第二物体上。
在一个构型中，可以将另外的碳纳米管层施加在第二物体上，并且尤其是施加在第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层上。在将第二物体放置到第一物体上之后，这两个碳纳米管层可以彼此叠置，由此它们共同用作电流导体。例如，两个碳纳米管层可以线状或格栅状地施加在第一物体和第二物体上，并且在将第二物体放置在第一物体上之后彼此叠置，使得它们共同形成格栅结构(或格栅线之间具有较小距离的更精细的格栅)。
由于电流流过碳纳米管层，在将第一和第二物体相互焊接的部位处恰好产生热量。对于更复杂的构件来说，也可以彼此相继地制造单独的连接，例如通过彼此相继地制造具有碳纳米管层的多个区域和/或通过在碳纳米管层(区域)的不同部位处彼此相继地施加电压。
在一个构型中，由于流过碳纳米管层的电流，可以通过远程焦耳加热来加热第一物体的包括热塑性材料的外层和第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层。不同于基于焦耳效应的加热(其中电流流过的材料本身，由于电流而产生废热)，在由于电流流过碳纳米管而导致的远程焦耳加热的情况下，导致围绕碳纳米管的材料的原子更快地振动。由此增加了围绕碳纳米管的材料的温度，而碳纳米管本身不会经受电流加热。
远程焦耳加热在碳纳米管周围的非常小的区域内实现了非常精确和良好可控的加热。由此，第一和第二物体(其彼此叠置并包围碳纳米管)的包括热塑性材料的外层可以被加热并熔化。通过混合这些层并且然后冷却，就将第一和第二物体的包括热塑性材料的两个外层相互焊接。
由于碳纳米管层中的电流，周围的材料可以被加热直至500℃。根据第一和第二物体的待焊接的外层中的热塑性材料类型，要实现的焊接温度在320℃与400℃之间。在要达到的焊接温度下，热塑性材料通过加热而软化或甚至液化，由此相应待焊接的物体的层的热塑性分子彼此混合并且形成整体接合的热塑性材料层。例如，可以使用高温热塑性塑料，如其能够用于飞行器构造——尤其用于制造主要结构。具有约380℃的熔化温度的PEEK(聚醚醚酮)属于热塑性塑料，其中焊接温度可以被设定在约400℃(+/-10℃)。此外，PEKK(聚醚醚酮)也可以被用作热塑性塑料。在此，熔化温度在320℃至370℃之间，取决于所用的类型。对于常见的PEKK类型，熔化温度为350℃至370℃，并且焊接温度对应地略高于此(高了约5至20℃)。
由于碳纳米管层安置在这些表面上，因此在该过程中对热塑性材料产生的加热直接在第一和第二物体的彼此待焊接的表面上进行。通过精确地控制电流以及由此的加热，第一物体的包括热塑性材料的外层到第一物体的包含热固体的部分的过渡区域不能或仅略微改变其温度。换言之，第一物体的包括塑性材料的外层仅在待焊接的侧面上被加热和熔化，而该层的相反侧面保持为冷的或至少是固体的。这一方面防止了第一物体的包含热固体的部分由于加热而损坏，如在常见的焊接方法中那样，其中整个构件或其至少较大部分被加热。另一方面，例如在第一物体的包含热固性材料的构件硬化期间与第一物体的包含热固性材料的部分在分子水平上形成复合的热塑性材料不会再熔化，由此不会影响这种复合。
同样的内容也适用于第二物体，无论该第二物体由什么材料制造。因此，第二物体可以由热固体制造。换言之，第二物体的至少一部分由热固体制造，其中第二物体此外具有包括热塑性材料的外层。通过使用由热固体制造的第二物体，就可以成本有效地生产由第一和第二物体制造的构件，因为热凝性物体可以比例如纯热塑性物体更成本有效地制造。在飞行器构造中允许由热凝性物体构成的构件，从而在此可以实现明显的节省。
在第二物体具有由热固体制造的构件的情况下，第二物体的这部分在焊接期间不被加热并且由此不被损坏。在第二物体中的其他材料的情况下，例如热塑性材料，如果这些材料在焊接期间不被(重新)加热，则这也提高了品质。虽然热塑性材料可以多次加热来改变物体的形状或允许与其他物体进行焊接。然而，即使对于热塑性材料，加热循环和冷却循环对材料特性也有略微的负面影响。同样，如果在待焊接的层上仅加热(熔化)非常小的区域，则可以更好地获得第二物体的形状、尤其是第二物体的热塑性部分。
在进一步构型中，第一物体和/或第二物体可以包括复合材料。例如，一种或多种纤维可以被集成在第一和/或第二物体中。也可以用热固体(热凝性复合物)或用热塑性材料来浸渍一个或多个织物辐板、使其变形和硬化，以用于制造第一和/或第二物体的部分。
替代性地或此外，第一物体的包括热塑性材料的外层和/或第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层可以相应地具有10μm至20μm之间的层厚度。这种热塑性面层尤其在借助于远程焦耳效应进行焊接时足够厚，因为只有少数原子层或热塑性材料分子必须被加热和焊接。
第一和第二物体的两个外层的为焊接而被加热的热塑性材料的量处于少量分子厚度上，所述量实现了第一和第二物体的实际焊接。因此，所述量为仅约1μm和10μm。由此将对第一和第二物体的其余区段和部分的影响降至最小。但是替代性地，也可以对第一和第二物体的热塑性材料外层的整个厚度进行焊接。
在进一步构型中，该方法此外可以包括将导电端子安置到碳纳米管层上的步骤。这些导电端子可以以金属箔的形式实现，所述金属箔被导电地安置到碳纳米管上。例如，这些端子可以导电地与碳纳米管粘合或焊接。导电端子可以实现或形成第一和/或第二物体外部的碳纳米管层的延伸。由此，施加电压可以包括将电压施加到导电端子上。导电端子尤其可以被安置到碳纳米管层的两个相反侧面或端部上。由于导电端子的布置，可以确定经过碳纳米管层的电流，由此也可以彼此相继地将碳纳米管层的不同区域用于焊接。
此外，该方法可以包括向第一物体和第二物体施加压力的步骤，使得位于所施加的碳纳米管层上的第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层的至少一部分被按压到第一物体的包括热塑性材料的外层上。换言之，第一物体和第二物体彼此压靠，使得第一和第二物体的待焊接的外层彼此压靠。由此改善了第一和第二物体的待焊接外层的连接，并且由此改善了焊缝或焊接区域的品质。
施加压力例如可以包括在第一物体和第二物体的相反侧面上布置至少一个磁性构件和被该至少一个磁性构件磁性地吸引的另一个构件。在此至少一个磁性构件和另一个构件使第一物体和第二物体彼此上下压靠。
在一个构型中，提供了一个或多个呈辊子形式的磁性构件，这些辊子被第一或第二物体吸引。在辊子中存在永磁体或电磁体。第一或第二物体中的另一者可以被接收在另一个磁性构件之中或之上。现在，如果一个或多个磁性辊子通过第一或第二物体被吸引，则两个磁性构件都可以被吸引并在此将第一和第二物体压靠在一起。在此两个磁性构件将尽可能地被布置成使得由它们产生的压紧力基本上垂直于第一和第二物体的相互焊接的两个外层。
与先前的焊接方法(其中第一和第二物体必须被引入高压釜和/或真空袋中)相比，这里描述的焊接方法明显更简单且更节省并且允许在焊接期间更好地实现对这两个物体的位置对准。
在还进一步构型中，该方法可以包括将至少一个温度传感器布置在碳纳米管层之上和/或之中的步骤。例如，可以将呈非常薄的膜传感器形式的至少一个温度传感器施加至碳纳米管层或施加至其上的端子中。替代性地或此外，至少一个温度传感器可以布置在第一物体和/或第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层上和/或外层中。例如，至少一个温度传感器可以被布置在与第一和/或第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层的待焊接的侧面相反的侧面上。这可以已经在施加包括热塑性材料的外层之前进行。替代性地或此外，在施加碳纳米管层之前，可以将至少一个温度传感器施加到第一和/或第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层上。
根据一个或多个温度传感器的布置，可以检测在包括热塑性材料的外层的层厚度方向上进行焊接期间的温度曲线。由此可以监测在焊接期间在外层的热塑性材料与第一或第二物体的另外的材料之间的过渡区域是否被加热。同样，可以监测第一或第二物体的外层和碳纳米管层的纵向和宽度方向上的温度曲线(即，在层延伸的平面内)。尤其可以监测温度曲线是否尽可能均匀地实现。
本发明此外教导了一种用于将第一物体与第二物体进行焊接的装置，其中第一物体由热固体制造并包括由热塑性材料构成的外层，其中第二物体包括由热塑性材料构成的至少一个外层。对第一物体和第二物体的制造和组合可以对应于所教导方法中描述的制造和组合。
在此，该装置可以包括保持元件，该保持元件被配置成用于接收和保持第一物体，其中第二物体被放置到第一物体上。保持元件可以像铸模一样具有与第一物体对应的形状，使得该第一物体以至少一个侧面或表面基本上齐平地处在保持元件中。
此外，保持元件可以被配置成使得第一物体的包括热塑性材料的外层暴露。由此，第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层的至少一部分可以被放置在第一物体的包括热塑性材料的外层上。在此，即在第一物体的包括热塑性材料的外层上，施加碳纳米管层，使得第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层的至少一部分处在碳纳米管层上。
此外，该装置可以包括至少一个电流端子，其被配置成向碳纳米管层施加电压。例如，该装置可以具有一个或多个导电线缆和/或连接端子。当通过至少一个电流端子将电压施加到碳纳米管层时，电流流过碳纳米管，其中将第一物体的包括热塑性材料的外层和第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层加热并相互焊接。
根据关于所教导方法所描述的变体和构型之一进行加热和焊接。
此外，该装置还可以包括挤压工具，该挤压工具被配置成用于将第二物体按压到第一物体上。挤压工具可以在与包括热塑性材料的外层相对的侧面上具有与第二物体的形状相对应的形状，即，像铸模或其中一部分。由此，挤压工具能够将第二物体按压到第一物体上，而第二物体不改变其位置。
替代性地或此外，挤压工具能够以辊子的形式设计。辊子可以被配置成用于吸引第一或第二物体，其中该辊子将第一或第二物体按压到第一和第二物体中的对应另一者上。
此外，挤压工具可以包括永磁体或电磁体，该永磁体或电磁体与布置在该保持元件中的对应永磁体或电磁体共同作用。尤其，可以挤压工具和保持元件中的磁体，使得第一和第二物体在没有其他外部影响的情况下压靠在一起。
替代地或此外，挤压工具或保持元件可以包括磁活性材料，其被挤压工具或保持元件中的另一者中的磁体吸引。
此外，保持装置可以包括磁活性材料或磁体，其在保持装置的整个长度上延伸，挤压工具(例如以辊子的形式)沿着该保持装置移动。
在进一步构型中，该装置此外可以包括电流源，该电流源被配置成用于连接至少一个电流端子并提供流过碳纳米管的电流。电流源可以是电池、逆变器或其他常见的工业电源线。
此外，该装置还可包括控制器，该控制器被配置成用于调节由电流源提供的电流，从而加热第一物体的包括热塑性材料的外层以及第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层并且将其相互焊接。根据至少一个电流端子的布置和碳纳米管层的构型(例如线状或格栅状布置的碳纳米管)，控制器可以彼此相继地将第一和第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层的不同区域相互焊接。当然，整个碳纳米管层也可以基本上同时被加热，第一和第二物体之间的整个截面被焊接。
为此，此外或替代性地，该装置可以包括在碳纳米管层之上和/或之中的一个或多个温度传感器。因此，控制器可以从温度传感器或多个温度传感器接收信号，并基于所接收的信号调节由电流源提供的电流。由此，仅在必要的时间段上可以实现所需的焊接温度，使得第一和第二物体的外层的热塑性材料相互熔化(焊接)。
替代性地或此外，该装置可包括在第一物体和/或第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层之上和/或之中的一个或多个温度传感器。在此，控制器可以被配置成用于从温度传感器或多个温度传感器接收信号，并且根据温度传感器的信号来调节由电流源提供的电流。因此，如果在第一和/或第二物体的包括热塑性材料的外层与第一或第二物体的另一内部区段(即，背离外层的待焊接侧面的那个侧面)之间的过渡区域中测量到过高的温度，则可以下调由电流源提供的电流。由此，可以防止由于对第一和/或第二物体的已成形和硬化的部分的加热而造成损坏。
附图说明
下文将借助于附图对本发明的实施例进行更详细的描述。
图1示意性地示出了根据现有技术的、借助连接器接合的由复合材料构成的构件；
图2示意性地示出了根据现有技术的、用于接合由复合材料构成的两个构件的粘合方法；
图3示意性地示出了热凝性复合物体的构造；
图4示意性地示出了两个热凝性复合物体在焊接之前的结构；
图5示意性地示出了一种用于焊接第一物体与第二物体的装置；并且
图6示出了根据一种用于焊接第一物体与第二物体方法的流程图。
具体实施方式
根据在此描述的发明，提出了一种用于焊接第一物体与第二物体的方法和装置。第一物体可以为热凝性复合物体。换言之，第一物体至少部分地由热固体制成。
图3示意性地示出了这类热凝性复合物体10的构造。该复合物体包括纤维增强的芯12，该芯例如由一个或多个织物辐板和一个热固体(或热凝物)制成。在芯12的至少一个侧面或表面施加有由热塑性材料制成的外层11。由热塑性材料制成的这种外层11改善了物体10的机械性能(尤其在损坏情况下)。例如，由热塑性材料制成的外层11防止或至少抑制了其他物体碰撞热凝物之后通常出现的脱层。
由热塑性材料制成的一个或两个层11的厚度在10μm与20μm之间。这种薄的层已经有助于改善物体10的机械性能。
在图4中示意性地示出了在将两个物体10和20相互焊接之前，两个此类热凝性复合物体10和20的布置。图4中所示的物体10和20在两侧具有由热塑性材料制成的层11或21。然而物体10和20的待焊接表面(层)由热塑性材料制成就足够了。由此，这些物体中的至少一个物体(例如物体20)也可以完全由热塑性材料(具有和不具有纤维增强)制成。在第一物体10和第二物体20各自为一种热凝性复合物体时，能够成本有效地制造由两个物体10、20制成的构件。
至少在第一物体10的包含热塑性材料的外层11上施加有一层碳纳米管30。碳纳米管30可以通过一种溶液(溶剂)或者作为箔或所谓的“巴克纸”来施加在第一物体10上。碳纳米管30可以为任意形式，只要第一物体10的平面区域尽可能地例如被线状和格栅状的碳纳米管30的走向所覆盖即可。
当然，碳纳米管30的层可以被施加到第二物体20上，尤其是其包括热塑性材料的、朝向第一物体10的层21上。替代性地，碳纳米管30的层可以相应地被施加在第一物体10和第二物体20上、在其朝向彼此且相互焊接的相应外层11、21上。
在碳纳米管30的层上可以施加电压，从而使得电流流经碳纳米管30。施加电压是在如下状态下进行的，其中第一物体10或第二物体20的相应外层11、21上下叠置或彼此贴靠。在图4中，为了展示层构造，第二物体20与第一物体10分开地进行展示。当然，为了焊接两个物体10、20，它们必须相互贴靠。由于电流流经碳纳米管30，第一物体10的外层11的热塑性材料和第二物体20的外层21的热塑性材料被加热(软化和/或液化)，由此两个外层11、21被相互焊接。
此外，可以在碳纳米管30的层之上和/或之中、和/或在第一物体10和/或第二物体20的包括热塑性材料的外层11、21之上和/或之中布置温度传感器40。由此，可以根据情况对第一物体10和第二物体20的复合体的对应层中的温度进行测量和分析。同样，也可以对第一物体10和第二物体20的外层11、21或者碳纳米管30的层的平面内某个区域的温度进行测量和分析。
图5示意性地示出了一种用于焊接第一物体10与第二物体20的装置。该装置包括保持元件50，该保持元件被配置成用于接收和保持第一物体10。保持元件50为此具有如下形状，该形状与第一物体10的形状相对应，从而使得第一物体10被可靠固定。在第一物体10上放置有第二物体20。尤其，第一物体10或第二物体20的两个待焊接的外层11、21相互叠置，其中对此，碳纳米管30的层位于其间。在图5中示例性地示出了飞行器的纵梁10，在该纵梁上焊接有蒙皮20(例如飞行器的外蒙皮)。
该装置此外包括电流端子55，该电流端子被配置成用于向碳纳米管30的层施加电压。电流端子55例如可以由一根或多根线缆、连接端子、电连接器等构成。电流端子55连接碳纳米管30的层与电流源56。由此，电流流经碳纳米管30，电流端子55将碳纳米管30的层的或第一物体10和第二物体20的相反侧面与电流源56的不同极相连接。
为了容易地将电流端子55连接至碳纳米管30，在碳纳米管30的层上可以安置有导电端子35，电流端子55进而被连接至这些导电端子。导电端子35可以从由第一物体10和第二物体20构成的组合构件伸出，以便可以容易地连接电流端子55。例如，带有电导体的箔35可以被安置在碳纳米管30的层的边缘上，从而可以容易地触及箔35。在箔35之上或之中，同样可以与第一物体10和第二物体20之间的碳纳米管30的层相对应地布置碳纳米管30。
此外，该装置具有挤压工具60，该挤压工具被配置成用于将第二物体20按压在第一物体10上。由挤压工具60施加的压紧力例如仅基于挤压工具60的质量。此外，挤压工具60可以配备有磁体61。磁体61可以与保持元件50内的对应磁体51共同作用，其方式为使得它们相互吸引，并将第一物体10和第二物体20按压在一起。
此外，磁体51、61中的一个或两个磁体被设计为永磁体或电磁体。替代性地，可以提供磁活性元件来代替这两个磁体51、61中的一者，该磁活性元件被保持元件50或挤压工具60中的磁体51、61吸引。同样替代性地，保持元件50或挤压工具60还可以是磁活性的并被另一部件(保持元件50或挤压工具60)中的磁体51、61吸引。
替代性地或此外，挤压工具还可以被设计为呈真空袋的形式，该真空袋包裹第一物体10和第二物体20并在袋中产生真空时将两个物体10、20按压在一起。同样替代性地或此外，可以基本上完全将另一个挤压工具施加在第二物体20上。由此，对应于保持元件50，由挤压工具60将第二物体20完全按压在第一物体10上。
最后，该装置控制器57，该控制器被配置成用于调节由电流源提供的电流，从而加热第一物体10的包括热塑性材料的外层11和第二物体20的包括热塑性材料的外层21并将其相互焊接。为此，控制器57检测并分析(例如借助参考值)流经碳纳米管30的层的电压曲线和/或电流强度曲线。
替代性地或此外，也可以在待焊接的外层11、21的区域中布置一个或多个温度传感器40(图4)，控制器57对其信号进行检测和分析。一旦在所需的时间段上达到热塑性材料的焊接温度，则控制器57可以停止流经碳纳米管30的电流。接着，热塑性材料完全冷却，并且两个外层11、21—以及由此物体10、20—被相互焊接。
图6示出了根据一种用于焊接第一物体10与第二物体20的方法的流程图，其中，第一物体10由热固体12制造并包括由热塑性材料构成的外层11。第二物体20包括至少一个外层21，该外层同样包括热塑性材料。
在第一步骤S205中，将碳纳米管30的层施加到包括热塑性材料的第一物体10的外层11上。替代性地或此外，在步骤S205中，可以将碳纳米管30的层施加到第二物体20的包括热塑性材料的外层21上。
在进一步的步骤S210中，将第二物体20放置到第一物体10上。在此，将第二物体20放置到第一物体10上的方式为使得第二物体20的包括热塑性材料的外层21的至少一部分处于所施加的碳纳米管30的层上。
可选步骤S215提出，将导电端子35安置到碳纳米管30的层上。导电端子35用于在第一和/或第二物体10、20之外的区域内延长碳纳米管30的层，以便容易地连接碳纳米管30与电流源56。
同样可选地，在步骤S216中，可以在碳纳米管30的层之上和/或之中、和/或在第一物体10和/或第二物体20的包括热塑性材料的外层11、21之上和/或之中布置温度传感器40。至少一个温度传感器40用于确定待焊接层11、21中的和/或第一或第二物体10、20的在待焊接层11、21周围的材料中的温度或温度曲线。
例如可以在首次制造由第一物体10和第二物体20构成的构件时(即，在制造样品时)执行步骤S216。可以存储并分析由至少一个温度传感器40测量到的在焊接第一物体10与第二物体20期间的温度以及相关的电压曲线和/或电流强度曲线。对于随后要制造的由基本上相同地制造的第一物体10和第二物体20构成的构件而言，可以省去步骤S216(安置至少一个温度传感器40)，而使用所存储的用于焊接第一物体10和第二物体20的电压曲线和/或电流强度曲线。
根据第一物体10和第二物体20的构型以及尤其重量，在另一个可选步骤S217中，向第一物体10和/或第二物体20上施加压力，使得位于所施加的碳纳米管30的层上的第二物体20的包括热塑性材料的外层21的至少一部分被按压到第一物体10的包括热塑性材料的外层11上。由此确保第一物体10和第二物体20的两个外层11、21的可靠连接。
最后，在步骤S220中，向碳纳米管30的层施加电压，使得电流流经碳纳米管30。经过碳纳米管30的电流实现了，对第一物体10的包括热塑性材料的外层11和第二物体20的包括热塑性材料的外层21进行加热和焊接。施加电压可以包括向导电端子35施加电压。
在替代性构型中，还可以以相反的顺序来执行步骤S217和S220。同样替代性地，可以同时实施这两个步骤S217和S220。
最后，尤其需要指出的是，上述变体、构型和实施例仅用于描述要求保护的教导内容，然而其并不局限于这些变体、构型和实施例。

Claims (13)

1.一种用于焊接第一物体(10)与第二物体(20)的方法，其中，所述第一物体(10)由热固体(12)制造并包括由热塑性材料构成的外层(11)，其中，所述第二物体(20)包括由热塑性材料构成的至少一个外层(21)，并且其中所述方法包括：
将碳纳米管(30)的层施加到所述第一物体(10)的包括热塑性材料的外层(11)上；
将所述第二物体(20)放置到所述第一物体(10)上，其中，所述第二物体(20)的包括热塑性材料的外层(21)的至少一部分位于所施加的碳纳米管(30)的层上；并且
向碳纳米管(30)的层施加电压，使得电流流经所述碳纳米管(30)，其中，将所述第一物体(10)的包括热塑性材料的外层(11)和所述第二物体(20)的包括热塑性材料的外层(21)加热并相互焊接。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法，其中，由于流过碳纳米管(30)的层的电流，能够通过远程焦耳加热来加热所述第一物体(10)的包括热塑性材料的外层(11)和所述第二物体(20)的包括热塑性材料的外层(21)。
3.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，所述第二物体(20)至少部分地由热固体(22)制造。
4.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，其中，所述第一物体(10)和/或所述第二物体(20)包括复合材料，和/或其中，所述第一物体(10)的包括热塑性材料的外层(11)和/或所述第二物体(20)的包括热塑性材料的外层(21)相应地具有在10μm与20μm之间的厚度。
5.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，此外包括：
向碳纳米管(30)的层上安置导电端子(35)，
其中，施加电压包括向所述导电端子(35)施加电压。
6.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，此外包括：
向所述第一物体(10)和所述第二物体(20)施加压力，使得位于所施加的碳纳米管(30)的层上的所述第二物体(20)的包括热塑性材料的外层(21)的至少一部分被按压到所述第一物体(10)的包括热塑性材料的外层(11)上。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法，其中，施加压力包括在所述第一物体(10)和所述第二物体(20)的相反侧面上布置至少一个磁性构件和被所述至少一个磁性构件磁性地吸引的另一个构件，其中，所述至少一个磁性构件和所述另一个构件使所述第一物体(10)和所述第二物体(20)彼此上下压靠。
8.根据权利要求1或2所述的方法，此外包括：
在碳纳米管(30)的层之上和/或之中、和/或在所述第一物体(10)的包括热塑性材料的外层(11)和/或所述第二物体(20)的包括热塑性材料的外层(21)之上和/或之中布置至少一个温度传感器(40)。
9.一种用于焊接第一物体(10)和第二物体(20)的装置，其中，所述第一物体(10)由热固体(12)制造并包括由热塑性材料构成的外层(11)，其中，所述第二物体(20)包括由热塑性材料构成的至少一个外层(21)，并且其中所述装置包括：
保持元件(50)，所述保持元件被配置成用于接收和保持所述第一物体(10)，其中，所述第二物体(20)被放置到所述第一物体(10)上，其中，所述第二物体(20)的包括热塑性材料的外层(21)的至少一部分位于被施加到所述第一物体(10)的包括热塑性材料的外层(11)上的碳纳米管(30)的层上；以及
至少一个电流端子(55)，所述电流端子被配置成用于向碳纳米管(30)的层施加电压，使得电流流经所述碳纳米管(30)，其中，将所述第一物体(10)的包括热塑性材料的外层(11)和所述第二物体(20)的包括热塑性材料的外层(21)加热并相互焊接。
10.根据权利要求9所述的装置，此外包括：
挤压工具(60)，所述挤压工具被配置成用于将所述第二物体(20)按压到所述第一物体(10)上。
11.根据权利要求9或10所述的装置，此外包括：
电流源(56)，所述电流源被配置成用于连接至少一个电流端子(55)并提供流经所述碳纳米管(30)的电流。
12.根据权利要求11所述的装置，此外包括：
控制器(57)，所述控制器被配置成用于调节由所述电流源(56)提供的电流，从而加热所述第一物体(10)的包括热塑性材料的外层(11)和所述第二物体(20)包括热塑性材料的外层(21)并将其相互焊接。
13.根据权利要求12所述的装置，此外包括：
在碳纳米管(30)的层之上和/或之中、和/或在所述第一物体(10)的包括热塑性材料的外层(11)和/或所述第二物体(20)的包括热塑性材料的外层(21)之上和/或之中布置温度传感器(40)，
其中，所述控制器(57)被配置成用于从所述温度传感器(40)接收信号，并且根据所述温度传感器(40)的所述信号来调节由所述电流源(56)提供的电流。
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