CN109371075A - 苹果汁中的蛋白质、苹果多酚、苹果淀粉和色素的分离方法 - Google Patents
苹果汁中的蛋白质、苹果多酚、苹果淀粉和色素的分离方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了苹果汁中的蛋白质、苹果多酚、苹果淀粉和色素的分离方法，提供一种苹果汁中的蛋白质、苹果多酚、苹果淀粉和色素的分离方法，以降低苹果汁的色值，提高苹果汁的质量和加强苹果汁脱色的副产物的综合利用，步骤为原料筛选、清洗、沥干、破碎与榨汁，得苹果汁和苹果渣；将巴氏杀菌后苹果汁中加入果胶酶和明胶酶解；管式超滤澄清得苹果清汁和大分子蛋白质、纤维素、淀粉和果胶副产物；卷式超滤分离得脱杂苹果澄清汁和富含苹果多酚、小分子蛋白质和色素的浓缩液；苹果澄清汁吸附脱除农残和重金属后浓缩；苹果汁超高温瞬时灭菌。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种果汁中有机成分的分离，特别是一种基于管式超滤澄清与卷式超滤分离相结合的分离苹果汁中的蛋白质、苹果多酚、苹果淀粉和色素的方法。
技术背景
苹果汁作为一种中性饮料，深受人们的喜欢。我国是世界上主要的苹果生产国，年产量居世界前列，由于浓缩苹果汁的运输及存储方便，已经成为我国主要的苹果深加工方向。近几年来，随着大量国外先进设备的引进，特别是膜分离设备的出现，大大提高了我国苹果汁的加工技术水平。我国浓缩苹果汁产量已跃居世界第一位，并且不断有新的生产厂家和生产线的出现。但是，由于我国生产的浓缩苹果汁从生产、运输到欧美用户的过程中色值变化过大，色偏高，不符合客户的要求，已造成诸多问题，我国浓缩苹果汁的价格基本上处于国际价格的低位，导致生产厂家的利益受到严重损失。因此苹果汁的脱色技术已成为制约苹果汁生产的瓶颈，是苹果深度加工企业迫切需要解决的关键技术。研究表明：苹果汁呈色并导致其色值不断变化的关键物质是苹果汁中的蛋白质、苹果多酚、苹果淀粉和色素。由此可知：苹果汁的脱色技术的关键就是从苹果汁中分离出蛋白质、苹果多酚、苹果淀粉和色素。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于针对已有的苹果汁处理工艺中，普遍存在的果汁酸性明显降低、原料消耗较大和生产运行成本较高等问题，提供一种苹果汁中的蛋白质、苹果多酚、苹果淀粉和色素的分离方法，以降低苹果汁的色值，提高苹果汁的质量和加强苹果汁脱色的副产物的综合利用，并以此为原料生产苹果多酚。
本发明的具体步骤为：
1)苹果原料的筛选，去除腐烂变质的原料和杂质；
2)原料清洗，将除去杂质和腐烂变质的苹果原料清洗，然后沥干；
3)破碎与榨汁，将清洗干净沥干的苹果鲜料破碎，压榨，得苹果汁和苹果渣；
4)巴氏杀菌，将所得的苹果汁流经热杀菌设备进行杀菌；
5)酶解，将巴氏杀菌所得的苹果汁中加入果胶酶和明胶酶解；
6)管式超滤澄清，将经酶解的苹果汁泵入管式超滤系统进行超滤澄清，从而制得苹果清汁和大分子蛋白质、纤维素、淀粉和果胶等副产物；
7)卷式超滤，将经管式超滤所得的澄清苹果汁用卷式超滤过滤分离得到脱杂苹果澄清汁和富含苹果多酚、小分子蛋白质和色素的浓缩液；
8)树脂吸附脱农残，将用卷式超滤脱除苹果多酚、小分子蛋白质和色素等所得的苹果澄清汁吸附脱除农残和重金属；
9)苹果汁的浓缩，将脱除农残和重金属的苹果澄清汁浓缩；
10)超高温瞬时灭菌，将浓缩所得的苹果汁于超高温瞬时灭菌设备中灭菌；
11)灌装冷却，将高温瞬时灭菌的苹果浓缩汁趁热灌装、冷却，得浓缩苹果汁成品；
12)回收苹果多酚，将步骤7)所得的富含苹果多酚和小分子蛋白质的浓缩液为原料，回收苹果多酚。
在步骤2)中，将除去杂质和腐烂变质的苹果原料在清洗机(槽)中清洗，然后沥干。
在步骤3)中，将清洗干净沥干的苹果鲜料先用破碎设备破碎，然后用榨汁机压榨得苹果汁和苹果渣。
在步骤4)中，将所得的苹果汁流经热杀菌设备在85～100℃之间进行杀菌，杀菌时间为4～8min。
在步骤5)中，按质量比计算，苹果汁∶果胶酶∶明胶＝1∶(0.004～0.006)∶(0.022～0.027)在pH为3.4～3.5，温度为35～55℃条件下酶解60～80min。
在步骤6)中，管式超滤为截留分子量100000-200000的管式聚酰胺膜组件，膜组件以串联方式连接，工艺条件为：过滤温度为常温，操作压力为进压小于6Bar，出压大于1Bar。
在步骤7)中，卷式超滤为截留分子量4000-15000的膜组件(其最佳截留分子量为8000)，生产工艺条件为：过滤温度为20～50℃(其最佳温度为30～40℃)，操作压力为进压3.5～16Bar(最佳进压为12.5～15.3Bar)，出压1.5～13.8Bar(最佳出压为10.5～13.3Bar)。
在步骤8)中，将用卷式超滤脱除苹果多酚、小分子蛋白质和色素等所得的苹果澄清汁用大孔树脂吸附脱除农残和重金属；大孔树脂选自聚苯乙烯共聚体或聚乙烯共聚体，其孔径为25～32，比表面积500～750m2/g，湿真密度为1.00～1.05g/ml，湿视密度为0.62～0.70g/ml；运行流速为4～8BV/hr，柱高为1100～2000mm，可间隙操作也可连续操作。
在步骤9)中，所说的浓缩可选用将脱除农残和重金属的苹果澄清汁用真空浓缩或多效蒸发浓缩的方法；也可将脱除农残和重金属的苹果澄清汁先用纳滤浓缩2～3倍后，再用真空浓缩或多效蒸发浓缩的方法，以提高果汁的含固量和含糖量，此种生产工艺可以降低能源消耗。
在步骤10)中，将蒸发浓缩所得的苹果汁于超高温瞬时灭菌设备中经135～145℃超高温瞬时灭菌。
在步骤12)中，将步骤7)所得的富含苹果多酚和小分子蛋白质的浓缩液为原料，加入纯净水稀释后于常温条件下用孔径为32～50，比表面积大于或等于800m2/g、湿真密度为1.05～1.15g/ml、湿视密度为0.65～0.75g/ml的苯乙烯共聚体型大孔树脂吸附富集苹果多酚，将富集了苹果多酚的大孔树脂用40％～45％的乙醇溶液脱洗，收集脱洗液，得苹果多酚的乙醇溶液，蒸馏回收乙醇后再减压浓缩，浓缩液经喷雾干燥得苹果多酚产品。
在步骤12)中，蒸馏回收乙醇后最好再减压浓缩至含固量大于15％浓缩液。
与已有的工艺方法相比，本发明所采用的工艺路线具有如下优点：
1、应用管式超滤去杂澄清的技术可实现以下目的：
1)、可以有效去除苹果汁的蛋白质、淀粉等大分子杂质，并回收植物蛋白；
2)、得到澄清的苹果汁为进一步的脱色提纯提供良好的滤液条件。
2、应用卷式超滤分离苹果多酚技术，可以实现以下目的：
1)、可以有效地将苹果多酚、水溶性蛋白质、色素等从苹果清汁中分离，既克服用吸附法分离苹果多酚、色素时吸附材料(活性炭或树脂)消耗量大，生产成本高和苹果汁中的酸性物质也一同被吸附，果汁酸度明显降低，不利于产品销售的缺点，又避免了吸附剂带来果汁污染的风险。
2)、从富含苹果多酚的浓缩液中回收苹果多酚，提高资源利用率，降低产品生产成本。
由此可见，采用管式超滤与卷式超滤相结合的二级超滤分离技术脱除苹果汁中的蛋白质、苹果多酚、苹果淀粉和色素，不仅可节省活性炭、树脂，降低活性炭、树脂吸附脱色成本，增加苹果汁产量；而且可从副产品中提取苹果多酚和天然苹果色素等；同时可避免果汁中的酸性物质一同被吸附，果汁酸度明显降低的缺陷，又避免吸附剂带来果汁污染的风险。总之，本发明的原料综合利用率高，产品质量好，适用于苹果汁大规模工业化生产。
具体实施方式
下面将以实施例对本发明作进一步的说明。
实施例1
取新鲜苹果550Kg洗净，人工筛选，去除杂质和腐烂变质的苹果，计量得原料500Kg。将筛选所得的500Kg苹果经槽式水果清洗机清洗沥干。先将洗净沥干的苹果用粉碎机粉碎，然后用苹果榨汁机榨汁得苹果原汁452Kg(贮存于果汁贮罐中)，果渣47.6Kg。将果汁贮罐中452Kg苹果原汁经原料泵泵入热杀菌设备，在85～100℃之间进行杀菌，杀菌时间为4～5min，得灭菌苹果原汁。再将巴氏杀菌所得的452Kg苹果汁中加入22g果胶酶和115g明胶，在pH为3.4～3.5和温度为35～55℃条件下酶解60～80min(必要时取样用碘试剂检验判断淀粉的水解程度，至水解完全，下同)。
将经酶解的苹果汁泵入截留分子量200000的管式超滤系统进行超滤澄清脱除悬浮物，大分子的蛋白质、残余淀粉等杂质，得苹果清汁500Kg和浓缩物32Kg(悬浮物，大分子的蛋白质、淀粉等杂质，用80Kg纯水清洗)。工艺条件为：过滤温度为常温，操作压力为进压小于5.5Bar，出压大于3.0Bar。
将管式超滤所得的500Kg澄清苹果汁均分成3批泵入卷式超滤系统，过滤分离并分别用纯水13Kg清洗，得到脱色苹果澄清汁510Kg(3批合计)和富含苹果多酚、小分子蛋白质、色素的浓缩液30Kg；所用卷式超滤为截留分子量8000的膜组件，生产工艺条件为：过滤温度分别为33.8，35.6，36℃，操作压力为：进压分别为12.9，13.7，13Bar，出压分别为10.4，11.1，10.5Bar；3批的脱色效果。
经过超滤膜后，苹果汁的酸度、pH值以及氨基态氮变化不大，而透光率、色值以及浊度等均有较大程度的提高。从膜透过机理来说，有机酸、氨基态氮等物质的分子均小于膜孔径，而色素等分子大于膜孔孔径，因此利用超滤膜的选择透过性，将色素和糖分及有机的营养物质分离，以达到对苹果汁进行脱色处理的目的。从试验结果来看，膜法脱色效果较好，色值可达85％以上，而浊度指标可小于0.3NTU，苹果汁的总体指标均远远优于进料果汁。
将经卷式超滤脱除苹果多酚和小分子蛋白质等所得的苹果澄清汁5I0Kg泵入用大孔树脂吸附柱吸附脱除农残和重金属，并收集流出液得澄清苹果汁493Kg。所用的大孔树脂为聚苯乙烯共聚体或聚乙烯共聚体，其孔径为25～32，比表面积500～750m2/g，湿真密度为1.00～1.05g/ml，湿视密度为0.62～0.70g/ml。运行流速为6.5BV/h，柱高为1420mm，可间隙操作也可连续操作。
将脱除农残和重金属的苹果澄清汁493Kg用真空浓缩至含糖量71BRIX，得苹果浓缩汁70.5Kg。将蒸发浓缩所得的苹果汁70.5Kg于超高温瞬时灭菌设备中经138～140℃超高温瞬时灭菌，灭菌时间为3s。将高温瞬时灭菌的苹果浓缩汁70.5Kg质检，合格后趁热灌装、冷却即得浓缩苹果汁成品。
将所得的富含苹果多酚和小分子蛋白质的浓缩液30Kg，加入纯净水稀释10倍后于常温条件下用孔径为32～50，比表面积大于或等于800m2/g、湿真密度1.05～1.15g/ml、湿视密度0.65～0.75g/ml的苯乙烯共聚体型大孔树脂吸附富集苹果多酚。再将富集了苹果多酚的大孔树脂用40％～45％的乙醇溶液100L脱洗，收集脱洗液，得苹果多酚的乙醇溶液，蒸馏回收乙醇后再减压浓缩至含固量大于15％浓缩液43L。浓缩液经喷雾干燥得苹果多酚产品7.2Kg，得率为1.4％。
Claims (1)
1.苹果汁中的蛋白质、苹果多酚、苹果淀粉和色素的分离方法，其特征在于其具体步骤为：
1)苹果原料的筛选，去除腐烂变质的原料和杂质；
2)原料清洗，将除去杂质和腐烂变质的苹果原料清洗，然后沥干；
3)破碎与榨汁，将清洗干净沥干的苹果鲜料破碎，压榨，得苹果汁和苹果渣；
4)巴氏杀菌，将所得的苹果汁流经热杀菌设备进行杀菌；
5)酶解，将巴氏杀菌所得的苹果汁中加入果胶酶和明胶酶解；
6)管式超滤澄清，将经酶解的苹果汁泵入管式超滤系统进行超滤澄清，从而制得苹果清汁和大分子蛋白质、纤维素、淀粉和果胶等副产物；
7)卷式超滤，将经管式超滤所得的澄清苹果汁用卷式超滤过滤分离得到脱杂苹果澄清汁和富含苹果多酚、小分子蛋白质和色素的浓缩液；
8)树脂吸附脱农残，将用卷式超滤脱除苹果多酚、小分子蛋白质和色素等所得的苹果澄清汁吸附脱除农残和重金属；
9)苹果汁的浓缩，将脱除农残和重金属的苹果澄清汁浓缩；
10)超高温瞬时灭菌，将浓缩所得的苹果汁于超高温瞬时灭菌设备中灭菌；
11)灌装冷却，将高温瞬时灭菌的苹果浓缩汁灌装、冷却，得浓缩苹果汁成品；
12)回收苹果多酚，将步骤7)所得的富含苹果多酚和小分子蛋白质的浓缩液为原料，回收苹果多酚。
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| CN111869802A (zh) * | 2020-06-29 | 2020-11-03 | 浙江佰恩氏食品股份有限公司 | 一种高色泽苹果汁的酶法提取方法 |
| CN113412896A (zh) * | 2021-07-07 | 2021-09-21 | 文昌友助食品有限公司 | 一种椰子分离蛋白质提取物用于椰浆制备工艺方法 |
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| CN111869802A (zh) * | 2020-06-29 | 2020-11-03 | 浙江佰恩氏食品股份有限公司 | 一种高色泽苹果汁的酶法提取方法 |
| CN113412896A (zh) * | 2021-07-07 | 2021-09-21 | 文昌友助食品有限公司 | 一种椰子分离蛋白质提取物用于椰浆制备工艺方法 |
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