CN109329397A - 一种鲜切果蔬快速水分结构化的保鲜方法 - Google Patents
一种鲜切果蔬快速水分结构化的保鲜方法 Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
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- A23B—PRESERVING, e.g. BY CANNING, MEAT, FISH, EGGS, FRUIT, VEGETABLES, EDIBLE SEEDS; CHEMICAL RIPENING OF FRUIT OR VEGETABLES; THE PRESERVED, RIPENED, OR CANNED PRODUCTS
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- A23B7/14—Preserving or ripening with chemicals not covered by groups A23B7/08 or A23B7/10
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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Abstract
一种鲜切果蔬快速水分结构化的保鲜方法,属于果蔬保鲜贮藏技术领域。本发明将蔬原料经去皮切分后充入1∶1配比的四种非极性气体,选用耐压的密度98×10‑2‑110×10‑2g/cm3、厚度72±2μm的PE/PET/PE复合膜包装袋密封包装,在温度为10~15℃、将冲入非极性混合气体和装有鲜切果蔬的密封袋放入超高压容器中加压300~400MPa,处理20~30min,升压速度控制50MPa/s,卸压速度控制100MPa/s,果蔬经超高压处理后,在保持果蔬的原有营养价值和感官品质的基础上,使鲜切果蔬表面和组织中的水分快速结构化,降低水分子的活性,抑制了鲜切果蔬组织的酶促反应和微生物作用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种鲜切果蔬的保鲜方法。
背景技术
鲜切果蔬是指新鲜水果、蔬菜原料经分级、清洗、整修、去皮、切分、保鲜、包装等工序能保持产品新鲜状态,供消费者立即食用或餐饮业使用的一种新式果蔬加工产品。随着现代人们生活节奏的加快,生活水平的提高及对健康的关注,人们的消费模式以及对饮食的要求都发生了变化,具有品质新鲜、使用方便、营养卫生等特点的鲜切果蔬,符合食品发展的趋势,已经成为最受欢迎的果蔬鲜销产品之一。随着超市的迅速发展,鲜切果蔬市场和消费量迅速扩大。特别是近年来全国各地超市果蔬配送中心的建立,为我国鲜切果蔬的大发展提供了有利的条件。其年上市量已达2000万吨以上,约占果蔬总产量的1/30。目前鲜切果蔬生产的品种主要有西瓜、哈密瓜、菠萝、甘蔗、芦笋、西红柿、土豆、芹菜、山药、香菇等。
然而与新鲜果蔬原料相比,鲜切果蔬由于去皮、切分等处理,品质和新鲜度的保持难度明显增大。首先是组织细胞中酶和底物区域化结构受到破坏,酶和底物直接接触引起组织的各种生理生化反应,如多酚氧化酶催化酚类物质氧化反应,脂肪氧化酶催化膜脂反应,纤维素酶催化细胞壁的分解反应等,从而导致鲜切果蔬组织的褐变、细胞膜的破坏、细胞壁的分解及异味的产生。其次由于切割损伤,乙烯生成量增加,增强了组织本身的代谢,呼吸强度提高,产生次生代谢产物,加速了果蔬组织的衰老与腐败。另外经去皮切分,果蔬汁液外溢,产生较大的表面及丰富的营养加剧了微生物的污染和繁殖。因此鲜切果蔬货架期普遍很短,已成为影响该产业进一步快速发展的制约因素,研究开发高效、安全的保鲜方法已成为鲜切果蔬产业面临的首要任务。
目前鲜切果蔬保鲜方法的研究主要聚中在低温保鲜,防腐剂保鲜,涂膜保鲜和气调包装保鲜等方面。低温保鲜仅仅延迟了酶和微生物的作用时间,并不能使酶失活和灭菌,因此抑制效果在一定货架期内并不显著;防腐剂保鲜主要利用的是防腐剂抑制鲜切果蔬褐变的原理,目前效果较好的防腐剂是亚硫酸盐,但亚硫酸盐对人体健康有不良影响(特别是诱发哮喘病),虽然许多亚硫酸盐的替代物被用于抑制果蔬褐变的研究上,但效果远不及亚硫酸盐,同时防腐剂处理后产品还存在化学残留的安全性问题;涂膜保鲜应用较多的是可食性抗菌涂膜法。涂膜剂多采用蛋白质、油脂和多糖等生物材料,如山梨酸、蔗糖脂肪酸酯、纤维素基质、支链淀粉、乳蛋白等。但可食涂膜在抗菌保鲜的同时,还存在抑制鲜切果蔬的呼吸作用,易形成CO2过高产生异常代谢的问题;气调包装(MAP)可有效地抑制微生物和果蔬的呼吸作用,对延长新鲜果蔬的货架期有效,但在果蔬鲜切后酶作用加剧的情况下起到的保鲜作用却很有限。
在一定温度和压力条件下非极性气体会溶解在水中,水分子通过氢键形成多面体笼形结构,并将气体包含在结构的空隙中,形成的特殊化合物称为笼形水合物。研究者用X射线分析笼形水合物的晶体结构并对笼形水合物进行分型,先后发现了笼形水合物的三种结构,I型、II型和H型水合物结构。果蔬组织水分经结构化形成水合物后,水分子的活动能力受到限制,并一定程度影响果蔬组织中蛋白质等大分子的空间结构,降低了酶的活性,抑制了组织的酶促反应和微生物作用,对果蔬有明显的保鲜效果。
发明内容
本发明为了解决现有的鲜切果蔬保鲜期短的难题,提出一种鲜切果蔬快速水分结构化的保鲜方法。
本发明的技术方案:一种鲜切果蔬快速水分结构化的保鲜方法,选用低成本的非极性气体氩气、氪气、氮气或二氧化碳混合配比;果蔬原料经去皮切分后充入1∶1配比的四种非极性气体氩气、氪气、氮气或二氧化碳中任意两种,选用耐压的密度98×10-2~110×10-2g/cm3、厚度72±2μm的PE/PET/PE复合膜包装袋密封包装,在温度10~15℃、将冲入非极性混合气体和装有鲜切果蔬的密封袋放入超高压容器中加压300~400MPa,处理20~30min,升压速度控制50MPa/s,卸压速度控制100MPa/s,处理时间不包括升压和卸压的时间;果蔬经超高压处理后,在保持果蔬的原有营养价值和感官品质的基础上,使鲜切果蔬表面和组织中的水分快速结构化,降低水分子的活性,抑制了鲜切果蔬组织的酶促反应和微生物作用,延长鲜切果蔬的货架保鲜期至10~15天。
果蔬原料选用宜鲜切的瓜果、块茎类蔬莱。
经超高压结构化处理后的鲜切果蔬,鲜切面细胞液黏度提高30%~50%,过氧化物酶POD和多酚氧化物PPO的活性分别降低为原有的5%~10%;在果蔬组织中形成10%~15%含有非极性气体的微气孔。
采用本处理方法加工鲜切果蔬的工艺流程为:果蔬原料经挑选、预冷、清洗、离心脱水、去皮、切分、充气包装、超高压处理、撤压、冷藏、配送和销售。
果蔬原料首先要检出机械损伤、虫蛀、病斑、不成熟的果蔬,同时切分后容易流汁或变色的品种不适用于加工需要几天货架期的产品,挑选的必须是新鲜的果蔬和适宜鲜切的品种。经挑选后刚采收的果蔬还需进行预冷,降低到适宜的低温范围,并维持这一低温,以利后续加工。用含氯量或柠檬酸量为100~200mg/L的水进行清洗果蔬原料,用离心机脱除沥干果蔬表面的水分。根据不同果蔬需要进行去皮,并切分成一定的大小和形状规格,切分大小既要有利保存,又要符合饮食需求,切分越小,切分面积越大,保存性越差。切分方式对切割果蔬的保存也有影响,如甘蓝切成丝状,马铃薯切成片状、丝状。组织纤维较明显的果蔬(如山药、莴笋),与组织纤维平行切片的保存性优于垂直切割。要求切分刀具要锋利且切割前需采用质量分数1%的次氯酸盐溶液处理3min进行消毒。
切分后的果蔬充入混合非极性气体氩气、氪气、氮气或二氧化碳等,选用耐压的PE/PET/PE复合膜(密度98×10-2~110×10-2g/cm3,厚度72±2μm)包装袋,充入低成本的四种非极性气体氩气、氪气、氮气或二氧化碳中任意两种按1∶1配比混合,进行密封包装。然后用300~400MPa的超高压处理20~30分钟,使鲜切果蔬表面和组织中的水结构化形成笼形水合物。升压速度约50MPa/s,卸压速度约100MPa/s,处理时间不包括升压和卸压的时间。传压介质为水。处理前水温12℃,处理时水温会上升,升压至400MPa水温20℃左右,处理后水温降低至14℃左右。撤压后,立即放人冷库中贮存,贮存温度5℃。贮存时,包装小袋要摆放成平板状,以使温度均匀。配送时可使用冷冻冷藏车或保冷车,温度保持在5℃左右。同时可用回收的隔热容器和蓄冷剂(如冰)进行隔热处理,以防品温波动,销售时,为保持产品品质,应配备冷藏设施,贮存温度应≤5℃。
本发明的有益效果:本发明利用超高压短时作用使鲜切果蔬组织水分快速结构化,降低了鲜切果蔬水分子的活性,抑制了鲜切果蔬组织的酶促反应和微生物作用,取得明显的保鲜效果。在超高压下多数非极性气体和鲜切果蔬组织水分子能快速结构化形成水合物,本发明选用低成本的非极性气体氩气、氪气、氮气或二氧化碳,克服了常规结构化处理采用昂贵氙气的弊端,降低了保鲜成本。超高压作用利用的是液体高静压(300~400MPa)对产品进行均匀、短时的加工处理,只对果蔬组织成分分子的非共价键(氢键、离子键、疏水键)产生影响,而共价键对高压不敏感,故对果蔬组织中的维生素、色素、香味等小分子物质几乎没有影响。且该技术为物理过程,水分结构化所用的是性质稳定的非极性气体氩气、氪气、二氧化碳或氮气,不会使果蔬成分发生不良化学变化,很好的保持了鲜切果蔬感官特性和营养价值。撤压后,还能在果蔬组织中留下10~15%含有非极性气体的微气孔,产生较好的后续保鲜效果,后续无需进行气调包装,能使鲜切果蔬的保鲜货架期延长到10~15天。
本发明选用低成本的非极性气体氩气、氪气、氮气或二氧化碳任意两种按1∶1配比混合,果蔬经去皮切分后进行短时的超高压处理,在保持果蔬的原有营养价值和感官品质的基础上,使鲜切果蔬表面和组织中的水分快速结构化,降低水分子的活性,抑制了鲜切果蔬组织的酶促反应和微生物作用,延长鲜切果蔬的货架保鲜期。
实施例1:利用氩和氪混合气体超高压水分结构化处理方法保鲜鲜切鸭梨:采收的鸭梨加工前贮存在5℃的冷藏库中。挑选出无腐烂、无虫斑、色泽均匀、大小一致、成熟度相同的鸭梨原料,用质量浓度600mg/kg的漂白粉溶液在常温下浸泡5min,再用清水冲洗。切分刀具和装载容器采用质量分数1%的次氯酸盐溶液处理3min进行消毒,沥干鸭梨表面的水分,以锋利的不锈钢刀片人工去皮和剔除核仁,将每个鸭梨切成均匀的8个楔形片状,鲜切面细胞液初始黏度1.28Pa.s,过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化物(PPO)的初始活力分别为19.734U/g.min和31.527U/g.min,鸭梨片充入1∶1氩气和氪气的混合惰性气体,选用耐压的PE/PET/PE复合膜(密度98×10-2~110×10-2g/cm3,厚度72±2μm)包装袋密封包装。然后放入高压容器中加压400MPa超高压处理30min,升压速度控制50MPa/s,卸压速度控制100MPa/s,处理时间不包括升压和卸压的时间。撤压后,立即放入冷库中贮存,贮存温度5℃,鲜切面细胞液黏度达到1.78Pa.s,过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化物(PPO)的活性分别控持在1.785U/g.min和2.562U/g.min左右,在鲜切鸭梨组织中形成约15%含有非极性气体的微气孔,贮存保鲜期可达15天,产品不出现明显的褐变和异味。
实施例2:利用氩和二氧化碳混合气体超高压水分结构化处理法保鲜鲜切西红柿:采收西红柿预冷后,挑选出无腐烂、大小均匀的西红柿原料,用质量浓度600mg/kg的漂白粉溶液在常温下浸泡5min,再用清水冲洗。切分刀具和装载容器采用质量分数1%的次氯酸盐溶液处理3min进行消毒,沥干西红柿表面的水分,以锋利的不锈钢刀片人工去除外部绿色的表皮,径向切成4~6厘米的薄片,鲜切面细胞液初始黏度1.35Pa.s,过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化物(PPO)的初始活力分别为45.625U/g.min和19.832U/g.min,将西红柿片充入1∶1氩和二氧化碳的混合气体,选用耐压的PE/PET/PE复合膜(密度98×10-2~110×10-2g/cm3,厚度72±2μm)包装袋密封包装。然后放入高压容器中加压300MPa超高压处理20min,升压速度控制50MPa/s,卸压速度控制100MPa/s,处理时间不包括升压和卸压的时间。撤压后放入冷库中贮存,贮存温度5℃,鲜切面细胞液黏度达到1.86Pa.s,过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化物(PPO)的活性分别控持在3.163U/g.min和1.548U/g.min左右,在鲜切西红柿组织中形成约10%含有非极性气体的微气孔,贮存保鲜期可达10天,产品不出现明显变色和变软现象。
实施例3:用氮和二氧化碳混合气体超高压水分结构化处理法保鲜鲜切菠萝,采收的菠萝加工前贮存在5℃的冷藏库中。选择七成熟、无腐烂的菠萝,用质量浓度600mg/kg的漂白粉溶液在常温下浸泡8min,再用清水冲洗。沥干菠萝表面的水分。切分刀具和装载容器采用质量分数1%的次氯酸盐溶液处理5min进行消毒,用一个锋利的菠萝去皮专用的不锈钢圆筒,将菠萝皮和目去掉,然后将果实横切成约2.5cm厚的圆片,通心并切成四扇片。鲜切面细胞液初始黏度1.32Pa.s,过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化物(PPO)的初始活力分别为36.482U/g.min和26.863U/g.min,菠萝片充入1∶1氮和二氧化碳混合气体,选用耐压的PE/PET/PE复合膜(密度98×10-2~110×10-2g/cm3,厚度72±2μm)包装袋密封包装。然后放入高压容器中,加压400MPa超高压处理25min,升压速度控制50MPa/s,卸压速度控制100MPa/s,处理时间不包括升压和卸压的时间。撤压后,立即放入冷库中贮存,贮存温度5℃,鲜切面细胞液黏度达到1.92Pa.s,过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化物(PPO)的活性分别控持在2.382U/g.min和1.869U/g.min左右,在鲜切菠萝组织中形成约15%含有非极性气体的微气孔,贮存保鲜期可达12天,产品没有出现色泽变暗和异味。
Claims (3)
1.一种鲜切果蔬快速水分结构化的保鲜方法,其特征在于:选用低成本的非极性气体氩气、氪气、氮气或二氧化碳混合配比;果蔬原料经去皮切分后充入1∶1配比的四种非极性气体氩气、氪气、氮气或二氧化碳中任意两种,选用耐压的密度98×10-2~110×10-2g/cm3、厚度72±2μm的PE/PET/PE复合膜包装袋密封包装,在温度为10~15℃、将充入非极性混合气体和装有鲜切果蔬的密封袋放入超高压容器中加压300~400MPa,处理20~30min,升压速度控制50MPa/s,卸压速度控制100MPa/s,处理时间不包括升压和卸压的时间;果蔬经超高压处理后,在保持果蔬的原有营养价值和感官品质的基础上,使鲜切果蔬表面和组织中的水分快速结构化,降低水分子的活性,抑制了鲜切果蔬组织的酶促反应和微生物作用,延长鲜切果蔬的货架保鲜期至10~15天。
2.根据权利要求1所述的鲜切果蔬快速水分结构化的保鲜方法,其特征在于:果蔬原料选用宜鲜切的瓜果、块茎类蔬莱。
3.根据权利要求1所述的鲜切果蔬快速水分结构化的保鲜方法,其特征在于:经超高压结构化处理后的鲜切果蔬,鲜切面细胞液黏度提高30%~50%,过氧化物酶POD和多酚氧化酶PPO的活性分别降低为原有的5%~10%;在果蔬组织中形成10%~15%含有非极性气体的微气孔。
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CN113068797A (zh) * | 2021-04-29 | 2021-07-06 | 遂宁市三丰食品有限公司 | 即食皮蛋瘦肉粥的加工杀菌工艺 |
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CN113068797A (zh) * | 2021-04-29 | 2021-07-06 | 遂宁市三丰食品有限公司 | 即食皮蛋瘦肉粥的加工杀菌工艺 |
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