CN109316597A - 淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂及其制备方法 - Google Patents
淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明涉及鱼类养殖领域,尤其涉及一种淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂及其制备方法,由以下重量份数的原料组成:复合中药50‑60份、抗菌肽1‑5份、活性炭0.5‑1份、复合酸化剂0.5‑1份、百里香酚10‑20份、可溶性淀粉20‑30份、维生素C 1‑3份、维生素E 0.8‑1.5份、50%粉剂氯化胆碱0.03‑0.05份,可提高血清抗氧化酶、免疫酶活性,改善肝脏功能,保证肝脏解毒,可提高饲喂鱼类的免疫力,减少发病率,提高成活率。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及鱼类养殖领域,尤其涉及一种淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂及其制备方法。
背景技术
现代水产养殖集约化程度越来越高,包括池塘高密度养殖、循环水高密度养殖、网箱等高密度养殖模式引起水生动物免疫力下降,特别是细菌性疾病多发。久治不愈或反复发生,对水产动物健康造成较大危害。针对细菌性疾病的防治,除了改善养殖环境,增强水产动物抵抗力,预防性水体施用微生态制剂调控水体有害化学指标或内服改善肠道菌群等方式,最为常见的防治措施仍然是内服抗生素,诸如恩诺沙星、氟苯尼考、甲砜霉素、土霉素、金霉素、新霉素等多种抗生素。众所周知,抗生素引起的动物健康危害、环境危害、食品安全的隐患等多方面严重问题,农业部已提出养殖环节禁抗将在2022年全面实施。目前国家对养殖业、食品安全提出的大政方针是建设环境友好型养殖,提出青山绿水就是生产力,全面禁用抗生素的无抗时代已经到来。急需在抗生素替代方面进行广泛的额,深入的研究,提出可行的防治细菌性疾病的健康、绿色处方。
2016年度,全国兽用抗菌药(含抗生素)原料药产量为5.47万吨,销量为5.04万吨。在动物身上大量使用抗生素却成为监控盲区,动物生产中超大剂量、大范围、种类、不限停药期地使用抗生素,导致动物源性病原菌耐药谱比人源性耐药菌广得多,强度也强得多,抗生素残留传递至食品环节,人类无法避免的摄入大量抗生素,必然造成人类疾病可能出现超级细菌,或无药可治的局面。抗生素在畜禽、水产动物中的应用危害众所周知,养殖户滥用环丙沙星、恩诺沙星等,滥用后动物机体会形成耐药株,进而使动物疾病治疗难度加大。抗生素的毒性较大,在肉类产品中超标残留将会加大危害使用者的健康。人体若长期摄入低剂量抗菌药物食品就会有过敏反应,人体内会不断蓄积药物,进而出现染色体畸变或基因突变,有些致癌作用明显。未经处理残留养殖用水向自然界中排放,环境中会持续蓄积有害物质,进而严重污染环境。抗生素在抑制或杀灭病原微生物的同时,可能会抑制有益微生物,使动物体内外的微生态平衡被打破,导致微生态环境恶化或消化吸收障碍而引起新的疾病。欧盟已于2006年1月1日起禁止在饲料中添加抗生素。美国在畜牧生产推行无抗养殖。禁抗是国家大政方针。国家颁布的《饲料和饲料添加剂管理条例》、《饲料原料目录》、《兽药管理条例》,《关于印发遏制细菌耐药国家行动计划(2017-2020年)的通知》,《动物源性食品中兽药残留最高限量》农业部发布公告第2638号明确2018年5月1日起养殖业禁用抗生素等多个法规的实施,对抗生素在养殖业的泛滥起到一定程度的遏制。
抗生素与功能性添加剂造成肝胰脏损伤:大量的功能性饲料添加剂使用在促进生长、改善肉质品质、增进鱼类色泽等多个方面的生理功能;促长剂中包含化学合成物质、抗生素类、中药类、寡糖类等多种,在获鱼类疾病的防治过程中抗生素的滥用也加重了肝脏的的解毒负担,大多数抗生素这无一例外的都会通过鱼类肝胰脏代谢,势必加重了肝胰脏的负担。长期使用高浓度的药物或短期内连续使用同一种杀虫杀菌剂,如敌百虫、硫酸铜等,造成药物在水体残留时问长,对水体环境破坏很大,很容易在水产养殖动物体内积累造成对肝脏的直接损伤。
中草药饲料添加剂产品的研究开发虽已取得了一定的进展,且在一定范围内对动物疾病的控制取得了较好的效果,但还存在许多亟待解决的问题,
中兽药存在组方不合理,方剂成为药物的堆砌,无法进行方解,组方一般挑选几味进行组方,然后进行药效学实验,药效学试验不合理,临床试验病数量不够多,产品添加量大,有效成分不明,作用机理不清,作用效果不稳定性,剂型单一,缺乏毒理安全方面的研究,原料和产品的质量控制标准不完备等,适口性差、运输不便、用量难以掌控等,中兽药的开发要从药材种植环节开始,涉及加工处理、药物有效成分、药物生理功能、药物毒性研究等多方面引入最新科技,进行深入研究和开发,缩短进入生产应用的转化时间和环节,快速投入养殖业发展的应用中是当前国内迫切解决的问题。
因此,有必要探索一种能够结合多种生理功能的复合制剂,解决当前集约化养殖中存在的细菌性疾病多发,反复发作、鱼类免疫力下降,生长速度提高瓶颈等多项问题。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于克服现有技术中的不足,提供一种淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂及其制备方法。
本发明是通过以下技术方案实现的:一种淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂,由以下重量份数的原料组成:复合中药50-60份、抗菌肽1-5份、活性炭0.5-1份、复合酸化剂0.5-1份、百里香酚10-20份、可溶性淀粉20-30份、维生素C 1-3份、维生素E 0.8-1.5份、50%粉剂氯化胆碱0.03-0.05份。
进一步地,所述复合中药由以下重量份的原料组成:大黄3.5-5.6份、黄柏3.5-7份、地锦草3.5-7份、乌柏3.5-7份、穿心莲3.5-7份、马鞭草3.5-7份、白毛藤3.5-7份、黄芪3.5-7份、黄芩3.5-7份、黄连3.5-7份。
进一步地,所述复合酸化剂由以下重量百分比的原料制成:吸附载体50wt%、乳酸12.5-17.5wt%、磷酸12.5-17.5wt%、柠檬酸15-25wt%。
进一步地,由以下重量份数的原料组成:复合中药55份、抗菌肽4份、活性炭1份、复合酸化剂0.8份、百里香酚16份、可溶性淀粉25份、维生素C 2份、维生素E 0.8份、50%粉剂氯化胆碱0.03份。
一种制备淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂的方法,包括以下步骤:
步骤一,称取大黄、黄柏、地锦草、乌柏、穿心莲、马鞭草、白毛藤、黄芪、黄芩、黄连,其中大黄、黄柏、地锦草、乌柏、穿心莲、马鞭草、白毛藤、黄芪、黄芩、黄连的平均粒径均为2-3mm,含水率均低于6%,将大黄、黄柏、地锦草、乌柏、穿心莲、马鞭草、白毛藤、黄芪、黄芩、黄连投入无菌搅拌机中,搅拌5min,搅拌速度200-240rpm,得到中药混合物;
步骤二,将步骤一中的中药混合物投入超细粉碎机中,粉碎至平均粒径10-15μm,得到复合中药,备用;
步骤三,分别称取乳酸、磷酸、柠檬酸,然后分别使乳酸、磷酸、柠檬酸被吸附载体以1:1的比例吸附,得到50%乳酸、50%磷酸、50%柠檬酸,将50%乳酸、50%磷酸、50%柠檬酸投入无菌搅拌机中,搅拌2min,搅拌速度200-240rpm,控制温度5-8℃,得到复合酸化剂,冷藏备用;
步骤四,称取抗菌肽、活性炭、百里香酚、可溶性淀粉、维生素C、维生素E、50%粉剂氯化胆碱,将抗菌肽、活性炭、百里香酚、可溶性淀粉、维生素C、维生素E、50%粉剂氯化胆碱与步骤二得到的复合中药、步骤三得到的复合酸化剂投入无菌搅拌机中,搅拌2min,搅拌速度200-240rpm,控制温度5-8℃,得到成品淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂,冷藏备用。
复合中药在替代抗生素方面研究自1980年以来,研究人员对中草药饲料添加剂进行了大量的研究,在畜禽应用中主要体现内服杀灭或抑制消化道致病菌,保证肠道健康;提高蛋鸡产蛋率,降低死亡率。中草药的抑菌机理不同于抗生素,抗生素是直接作用于细菌而将其杀灭的,由于大量、单纯、长期连续使用,病原微生物出现抗药性。而中草药则是通过扶正祛邪的调理作用,恢复机体正常的生理状态。中草药中多种成分,从核糖核酸、脱氧核糖核酸、能量转化等许多方面缓解干扰病原微生物的代谢,从而有效地抑制、杀灭。
中药的超微粉碎加工技术应用提高药效、节约资源、减少用药量:中药的超微粉碎主要是指细胞级的微粉碎,粉碎后物料颗粒的粒径一般在30μm以下,中药超微粉碎后,细胞的破壁率可达到86.5%,超微粉碎技术的优点是细胞破壁后有利于有效成分在液体中的溶出。中药超微粉使其粒度细,其表面积增加,有利于药物吸附于胃肠道,因而有利于药物的吸收,提高药物的生物利用率,中药超微粉的药效将得到明显的加快和加强。应用中药超微粉时剂量可以减少,应用次数减少,从而减少中药用量,节省资源。通过制粒机直接把超微粉制成颗粒,避免了中药煎煮提取有效成分的复杂过程,也有利于节省辅料。但是超微粉碎技术存在设备昂贵,粉碎时间与破壁率相关也限制了产量,粉碎温度影响有效成分的挥发,药材含水量影响粉碎时间,中药材原料粗粉的粒度大小影响超微粉碎的时间和速度,也决定了超微粉的粒度。这些因素都对超微粉碎的应用有不利的影响。
植物精油一般是以芳香族植物的各个部位包括叶子、花、果实、种子、芽、茎、根、树皮为原料,通过蒸馏、萃取等方式获得的一种具有芳香特征的挥发性液体,他们可溶于脂类和有机溶剂,不溶于水,密度一般比水低。植物精油的化学成分极其复杂,可归纳为四大类,其中最为常见且量最多为萜类,主要包括单萜、倍半萜跟双萜,如柠檬烯、β-榄香烯、薄荷酮等;芳香族类是排名第二大类的化合物,主要是一些酚类、醛类、酮类、酯类、萜源衍生物及苯丙环类衍生物,如百里酚、丁香酚等。
植物精油成为替代抗生素的另一热门选择。在生产方面,植物精油具有资源丰富、安全、无毒等优点,在应用方面,植物精油可以作为免疫和生理反应的调节剂,具有抗应激、抗氧化、促进胃肠道健康和治疗的优点。当前,植物精油的研究方向大多集中在畜禽养殖方向,在水产养殖上的研究相对较少,但有限的信息让人们知道植物精油对鱼的健康具有潜在的促进作用。植物精油的投放使用不仅可以合理的利用资源,还为水产养殖业的健康发展提供了保障,但是将植物精油运用到饲料行业还存在一定的问题:加工工艺提高,成分精准,作用机理,动物毒性试验验证等多方面完善。一是植物精油在加工和投饵时的损耗以及不能在水产动物肠道精准释放;二是植物精油的成分过于复杂,需要对单一成分进行提炼研究,同时从分子、基因水平对精油抗菌、抗病毒的作用机理的研究较少。总之,完善植物精油在水产养殖中的开发与研究,以求在水产饲料和疾病防治中全面替代抗生素,保障水产品的食品安全,维护养殖环境的生态友好,更好地促进水产行业的可持续发展。
大黄抗菌作用强,抗菌谱广,常用于细菌性治病的防治中,具有收敛,清热解毒、破积去淤,增加血小板促进血夜凝固等功效。大黄对大多数革兰氏阳性菌和某些革兰氏阴性菌皆有效,例如防治“草鱼三病”赤皮、烂鳃、肠炎常与黄芩、黄柏组成三黄粉内服治疗。抗病毒治疗或预防效果显著。同时大黄、黄连、黄柏、黄芩、黄芪等五黄粉具有增加免疫力功能,增加白细胞的吞噬性,增加免疫酶活性的功效,以被前人的研究多次试验证实。复合中药可提高血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、红细胞过氧化氢酶活性(CAT)。可降低机体血液丙二醛(MDA)含量,降低血清谷丙胺酸氨基转移酶(ALT)活性、血清谷草转氨酶活性、血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶活性(ACP),具有显著的抗肝损伤作用。
乌柏又名油子树、白乌柏、木摔树等,落叶乔木。以果、叶入药。含有生物碱、黄酮类、鞣质类、有机酸、酚类等成分,主要抑菌成分为酚酸类物质。有杀菌、消肿作用,在酸性条件下能溶于水并在生石灰作用下生成沉淀,有增效作用。乌柏叶可防治鱼类烂鳃病和白头白嘴病。
地锦草又名奶浆草、血见愁、铺地红等,一年生草本。药用全草,含黄酮类化合物及没食子酸,有强的抑菌作用,抗菌谱广,并有止血和中和毒素的作用而具有止血散瘀、清热解毒作用。主治肠类、烂鳃病。
穿心莲含穿心莲内酯、新穿心莲内酯、脱氧穿心莲内酯等,有解毒、消肿、抑菌、止泻及促进白细胞吞噬细菌等功能。可防治肠炎病。
马鞭草为马鞭草科多年生草本,又名铁马鞭、铁扫帚,生于村边路旁、效野荒地。全草入药,具清热解毒、破瘀活血、祛风行湿,通经活络之功。对金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、卡他球菌、福氏痢疾杆菌都有抑制和杀灭作用。能治疗多种鱼类疾病,在草鱼的赤皮、烂鳃、肠炎、出血四大病并发症中,可单用或与金银花、大青、鱼腥草等同用煎汁泼洒或内服。在治疗甲鱼红脖于病、鳗鱼烂鳃病、赤点病和爱德华氏菌病时,可与筋骨草、车前草同用。
白毛藤为多年生蔓生藤本植物,又名白英。生于山坡路旁阴湿地或灌木丛中,也有于菜园庭院栽培。全草入药,具清热利湿,消肿解毒之功。在鱼类疾病中,能抗菌消炎、利湿解毒、凉血保肝。对甲鱼的穿孔病、干瘪病、脂肪代谢不良症、白底症,可用白毛藤、一点红、筋骨草干粉按3%~5%添加于饲料中,症状能明显改善。对于鲢鱼、草鱼出血病,草鱼打印病、胡子鲶黑体病,可与败酱草、鬼针草、鱼腥草等同用。
添加多种维生素作为健康保健剂,生长促进剂,具有促进鱼类免疫功能,增强对疾病的抵抗力。维生素是鱼类体内多种生物氧化酶的活性中心,维持鱼类正常生长和健康不可缺少的物质。
胆碱是维持水产动物正常生长必需的水溶性维生素。胆碱是重要神经递质乙酰胆碱的前体,是卵磷脂和神经鞘磷脂的组成成分,参与肝脏脂肪代谢;作为甲基供体,参与体内的转甲基反应和机体合成代谢,在促进脂肪转运和参与神经传导方面作用显著。作为合成磷脂的原料,参与生物膜的构造,是重要的细胞结构物质;促进肝脏中脂肪的转移和利用,防止出现脂肪肝。影响鱼体内消化器官的消化酶活性、引发脂肪代谢障碍、诱发脂肪肝等症状。
维生素C是鱼类生长所必需的微量营养元素,作为重要的机体生理代谢调节因子,在鱼类生长发育、抗应激、免疫等方面发挥作用。鱼类生长发育过程中若长期缺乏维生素C,将导致鱼类出现厌食、肌肉组织出血、眼球突出、游动异常、骨质畸形、骨胶原减少等维生素C缺乏症状,并减缓其生长发育。尤其是在高密度养殖条件下,在饲料中添加适量的维生素 C 可以减缓应激反应,提升鱼类生长速度和机体免疫能力。
维生素E与水产动物机体的代谢、抗氧化功能、免疫功能、繁殖功能、生长性能、肉质品质有着密切的关系,饲料中添加高水平的维生素E有利于提高鱼类饵料效率和生长速度。维生素E具有调节动物机体新陈代谢和性腺中类固醇类激素的生物合成的作用,有利于促进水产动物的性腺发育。维生素E能有效地提高鱼类、虾蟹的抗应激能力及免疫力。维生素E是动物体内重要的抗氧化剂,维生素E缺乏时脂类过氧化物反应水平升高,细胞膜结构遭受破坏,血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)等酶的活性增高。维生素E作为细胞内的一种抗氧化剂,可增加肉品的稳定性和延长保存时间。
百里香酚促进胆汁、消化道黏液、消化酶分泌来改进营养物质吸收,从而提高对饲料的消化利用率,提高了水产动物的生产性能。植物精油因其免疫抗氧化的作用广泛的应用于水产养殖中,植物精油的抗氧化作用表现在可以参与调控免疫细胞,增加免疫受体、免疫相关酶的活力,减少对机体组织、细胞和器官的损伤,从而影响动物的免疫系统。里香酚可使肠道绒毛数量提升并加速成熟的肠上皮细胞更新,增加与营养物质接触的表面积,促进了营养物质的吸收;可减少肠道总厌氧菌数量,肠道乳酸杆菌数量,促进肠道微生物多样性。精油能有效抑制对虾肠道有害细菌,调节菌落的平衡,提高营养吸收效率。
活性炭具有很大的比表面积,对气体、溶液中的无机或有机物质及胶体颗粒等都有良好的吸附能力,可以固化水体有害微生物,从而降低水层有机物含量和重金属等物质对水产动物的毒害作用。
复合酸化剂对鱼类的主要作用包括提高饲料的适口性,增加摄食量,降低饲料pH值,刺激肠道和肝胰脏分泌更多的消化酶,提高消化酶活性, 提高饲料转化率,促进鱼类生长,抑制肠道有害微生物,促进部分矿物元素吸收,作为营养物质直接被机体吸收等功能。由柠檬酸、乳酸和磷酸配伍组成复合酸化剂,,能够使不同酸化剂的生理功能互相补充、相互协同,具有全面高效的生理功能。
抗菌肽是具有抗菌活性短肽的总称,一般是由12~50个氨基酸残基组成,具有亲水性和疏水性,结构种类多样,包括α螺旋结构、β折叠结构及无规则卷曲。抗菌肽具有较为全面的功能,具有安全、稳定性高、广谱抗菌、抗病毒及真菌的能力。抗菌肽除了抗菌能力强以外,亦显示出其可通过免疫受体依赖性与对主动免疫的调控达到促进生长性能的作用以及其他重要的功能如血管再生、创伤复原等。抗菌肽具有广谱抗菌性,通过与细胞膜脂质双分子层结合行成通道,或直接穿透细胞膜,进而使细胞裂解、死亡,可杀灭细菌、真菌、原虫及病毒等。抗菌肽可直接通过分离提取技术,从果蝇、黄鳝、家蚕体内提取获得;也可利用基因工程手段,构建表达载体获得抗菌肽;还可通过酶工程技术,水解乳铁蛋白、酪蛋白获得抗菌肽。
可溶淀粉即可作为能量物质,饲喂鱼类可以增加能量,同时也具有分散性作为主要药效成分的载体。
本发明的有益效果在于:
本发明采用大黄、黄柏、黄芪、黄芩、黄连等复合中草药作为组方制剂,对复合中药超微粉碎,提高中药的利用率,减少中药的包装,并创造性的引入百里香酚与复合中药进行科学复合,能够达到促进消化酶活性提高,增进营养物质吸收,提高机体免疫力等综合效用。
复合中药和百里香酚共同用于防治鱼类细菌性疾病,增加鱼类成活率;
饲喂本颗粒制剂可改善肝脏功能,保证肝脏解毒,可提高饲喂鱼类的免疫力,减少发病率,提高成活率。可改善提高肝胰脏消化酶活性,促进消化吸收,提高水产动物摄食量,降低饵鱼类料系数,促进鱼类生长,增加经济效益;
超微粉碎加工工艺提高复合中药生理效用,减少复合中药的用量,利于复合中药的小型化开发和推广。
具体实施方式
以下各实施例中复合中药由以下重量的原料组成:大黄3.5-5.6kg、黄柏3.5-7kg、地锦草3.5-7 kg、乌柏3.5-7 kg、穿心莲3.5-7 kg、马鞭草3.5-7 kg、白毛藤3.5-7 kg、黄芪3.5-7 kg、黄芩3.5-7 kg、黄连3.5-7 kg。
复合中药制备方法如下:
A,称取大黄、黄柏、地锦草、乌柏、穿心莲、马鞭草、白毛藤、黄芪、黄芩、黄连,其中大黄、黄柏、地锦草、乌柏、穿心莲、马鞭草、白毛藤、黄芪、黄芩、黄连的平均粒径均为2-3mm,含水率均低于6%,将大黄、黄柏、地锦草、乌柏、穿心莲、马鞭草、白毛藤、黄芪、黄芩、黄连投入无菌搅拌机中,搅拌5min,搅拌速度200-240rpm,得到中药混合物;
B,将步骤A中的中药混合物投入超细粉碎机中,粉碎至平均粒径10-15μm,得到复合中药,备用。
复合酸化剂由以下重量百分比的原料制成:吸附载体50wt%、乳酸12.5-17.5wt%、磷酸12.5-17.5wt%、柠檬酸15-25wt%,其中吸附载体为淀粉吸附载体,具体为申请号为200510032653.9的发明专利公开的淀粉吸附载体 。
复合酸化剂制备方法如下:
称取乳酸、磷酸、柠檬酸,然后分别使乳酸、磷酸、柠檬酸被吸附载体以1:1的比例吸附,得到50%乳酸、50%磷酸、50%柠檬酸,将50%乳酸、50%磷酸、50%柠檬酸投入无菌搅拌机中,搅拌2min,搅拌速度200-240rpm,控制温度5-8℃,得到复合酸化剂,冷藏备用。
实施例1
一种淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂,由以下重量的原料组成:复合中药50kg、抗菌肽5 kg、活性炭0.5 kg、复合酸化剂1 kg、百里香酚15 kg、可溶性淀粉20 kg、维生素C 1 kg、维生素E 1.2 kg、50%粉剂氯化胆碱0.04 kg。
制备方法包括以下步骤:
称取抗菌肽、活性炭、百里香酚、可溶性淀粉、维生素C、维生素E、50%粉剂氯化胆碱,将抗菌肽、活性炭、百里香酚、可溶性淀粉、维生素C、维生素E、50%粉剂氯化胆碱与复合中药、复合酸化剂投入无菌搅拌机中,搅拌2min,搅拌速度200-240rpm,控制温度5-8℃,得到成品淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂,冷藏备用。
实施例2
一种淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂,由以下重量的原料组成:复合中药55kg、抗菌肽4kg、活性炭0.5 kg、复合酸化剂1 kg、百里香酚15 kg、可溶性淀粉20 kg、维生素C 1 kg、维生素E 1.2 kg、50%粉剂氯化胆碱0.03 kg。
制备方法包括以下步骤:
称取抗菌肽、活性炭、百里香酚、可溶性淀粉、维生素C、维生素E、50%粉剂氯化胆碱,将抗菌肽、活性炭、百里香酚、可溶性淀粉、维生素C、维生素E、50%粉剂氯化胆碱与复合中药、复合酸化剂投入无菌搅拌机中,搅拌2min,搅拌速度200-240rpm,控制温度5-8℃,得到成品淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂,冷藏备用。
实施例3
一种淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂,由以下重量的原料组成:复合中药60kg、抗菌肽2 kg、活性炭0.8 kg、复合酸化剂0.6 kg、百里香酚18 kg、可溶性淀粉29 kg、维生素C 2.2 kg、维生素E 0.9 kg、50%粉剂氯化胆碱0.05kg。
制备方法包括以下步骤:
称取抗菌肽、活性炭、百里香酚、可溶性淀粉、维生素C、维生素E、50%粉剂氯化胆碱,将抗菌肽、活性炭、百里香酚、可溶性淀粉、维生素C、维生素E、50%粉剂氯化胆碱与复合中药、复合酸化剂投入无菌搅拌机中,搅拌2min,搅拌速度200-240rpm,控制温度5-8℃,得到成品淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂,冷藏备用。
实施例4
一种淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂,由以下重量的原料组成:复合中药58kg、抗菌肽5 kg、活性炭1 kg、复合酸化剂0.8 kg、百里香酚20 kg、可溶性淀粉30 kg、维生素C 3 kg、维生素E 0.8 kg、50%粉剂氯化胆碱0.03 kg。
制备方法包括以下步骤:
称取抗菌肽、活性炭、百里香酚、可溶性淀粉、维生素C、维生素E、50%粉剂氯化胆碱,将抗菌肽、活性炭、百里香酚、可溶性淀粉、维生素C、维生素E、50%粉剂氯化胆碱与复合中药、复合酸化剂投入无菌搅拌机中,搅拌2min,搅拌速度200-240rpm,控制温度5-8℃,得到混合药粉,得到成品淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂,冷藏备用。
实施例5
一种淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂,由以下重量的原料组成:复合中药60kg、抗菌肽2 kg、活性炭0.5 kg、复合酸化剂0.9kg、百里香酚12kg、可溶性淀粉24kg、维生素C 1 kg、维生素E 1.5 kg、50%粉剂氯化胆碱0.05 kg。
制备方法包括以下步骤:
称取抗菌肽、活性炭、百里香酚、可溶性淀粉、维生素C、维生素E、50%粉剂氯化胆碱,将抗菌肽、活性炭、百里香酚、可溶性淀粉、维生素C、维生素E、50%粉剂氯化胆碱与复合中药、复合酸化剂投入无菌搅拌机中,搅拌2min,搅拌速度200-240rpm,控制温度5-8℃,得到成品淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂,冷藏备用。
将本发明得到的淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂以拌料最低有效量0.2%持续投喂饲养草鱼,两周后对体重50克草鱼抗氧化酶、免疫酶活性等进行检测,检测结果见附表1。
附表1
将本发明得到的淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂以拌料最低有效量0.2%持续投喂饲养草鱼,5天后对体重50克鲤鱼肝胰脏消化酶、肠消化酶活性等进行检测,检测结果见附表2。
附表2
对细菌性肠炎鲤鱼投喂本发明得到的淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂进行饲养,24后肠道菌群变化检测结果见附表3。
附表3
附表1-3中,GSH-PX具有清除机体内脂质过氧化物、消除活性氧自由基对组织损伤的功能,是一种常见的活性氧自由基清除剂;
MDA 作为氧自由基攻击多不饱和脂肪酸形成的脂质过氧化物,可间接反映机体内活性氧自由基水平和脂质过氧化程度,间接反映出机体受损伤的情况。
谷丙转氨酶ALT谷丙转氨酶升高分析:说明有急性和慢性病毒性肝炎、胆囊炎或胆道疾病、病毒性肝炎、药物引起的肝脏损伤;
谷草转氨酶(AST)增高表明急性肝炎、药物中毒性肝细胞坏死等;
过氧化氢酶(CAT)在肝脏中以高浓度存在,是一种酶类清除剂,清除体内生物氧化产生的自由基,它可促使H2O2分解为分子氧和水,清除体内的过氧化氢,从而使细胞免于遭受H2O2的毒害,是生物防御体系的关键酶之一;
超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)是生物体内重要的抗氧化酶,SOD具有特殊的生理活性,是生物体内清除自由基的首要物质。SOD在生物体内的水平高低意味着衰老与死亡的直观指标;它可对抗与阻断因氧自由基对细胞造成的损害,并及时修复受损细胞。
由附表1-3可以看出,饲喂本发明得到的淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂可提高血清抗氧化酶、免疫酶活性,改善肝脏功能,保证肝脏解毒,可提高饲喂鱼类的免疫力,减少发病率,提高成活率。
将本申请得到的淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂用于鱼塘,具体如下:某鲤鱼精养池塘20亩,草鱼个体均体重400克。水体理化常规指标皆在正常范围,鲤鱼肛门红肿、腹部发红、肠道充血发炎,有脓状物,每天5之10尾,逐渐发展死亡较多,每日死亡20尾以上,解剖观察内脏可见肝胰脏色泽不均,有黄色斑块、显示有细菌性疾病并发症,胆囊肿胀,诊断为细菌性肠炎。处理方案:外撒聚维酮碘隔天撒施,消毒2次,同时拌料投喂本发明制剂,拌料比例0.2%,连续投喂5天,3天后发现死鱼数量逐渐减少,最后停止死亡,细菌性肠炎得以治愈,肝胰脏颜色恢复正常。
最后应说明的是:以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已,并不用于限制本发明,尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明,对于本领域的技术人员来说,其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改,或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换,凡在本发明的精神和原则之内,所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等,均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。
Claims (5)
1.一种淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂,其特征在于,由以下重量份数的原料组成:复合中药50-60份、抗菌肽1-5份、活性炭0.5-1份、复合酸化剂0.5-1份、百里香酚10-20份、可溶性淀粉20-30份、维生素C 1-3份、维生素E 0.8-1.5份、50%粉剂氯化胆碱0.03-0.05份。
2.根据权利要求1所述的淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂,其特征在于,所述复合中药由以下重量份的原料组成:大黄3.5-5.6份、黄柏3.5-7份、地锦草3.5-7份、乌柏3.5-7份、穿心莲3.5-7份、马鞭草3.5-7份、白毛藤3.5-7份、黄芪3.5-7份、黄芩3.5-7份、黄连3.5-7份。
3.根据权利要求1所述的淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂,其特征在于,所述复合酸化剂由以下重量百分比的原料制成:吸附载体50wt%、乳酸12.5-17.5wt%、磷酸12.5-17.5wt%、柠檬酸15-25wt%。
4.根据权利要求1所述的淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂,其特征在于,由以下重量份数的原料组成:复合中药55份、抗菌肽4份、活性炭1份、复合酸化剂0.8份、百里香酚16份、可溶性淀粉25份、维生素C 2份、维生素E 0.8份、50%粉剂氯化胆碱0.03份。
5.一种制备根据权利要求1所述的淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂的方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
步骤一,称取大黄、黄柏、地锦草、乌柏、穿心莲、马鞭草、白毛藤、黄芪、黄芩、黄连,其中大黄、黄柏、地锦草、乌柏、穿心莲、马鞭草、白毛藤、黄芪、黄芩、黄连的平均粒径均为2-3mm,含水率均低于6%,将大黄、黄柏、地锦草、乌柏、穿心莲、马鞭草、白毛藤、黄芪、黄芩、黄连投入无菌搅拌机中,搅拌5min,搅拌速度200-240rpm,得到中药混合物;
步骤二,将步骤一中的中药混合物投入超细粉碎机中,粉碎至平均粒径10-15μm,得到复合中药,备用;
步骤三,分别称取乳酸、磷酸、柠檬酸,然后分别使乳酸、磷酸、柠檬酸被吸附载体以1:1的比例吸附,得到50%乳酸、50%磷酸、50%柠檬酸,将50%乳酸、50%磷酸、50%柠檬酸投入无菌搅拌机中,搅拌2min,搅拌速度200-240rpm,控制温度5-8℃,得到复合酸化剂,冷藏备用;
步骤四,称取抗菌肽、活性炭、百里香酚、可溶性淀粉、维生素C、维生素E、50%粉剂氯化胆碱,将抗菌肽、活性炭、百里香酚、可溶性淀粉、维生素C、维生素E、50%粉剂氯化胆碱与步骤二得到的复合中药、步骤三得到的复合酸化剂投入无菌搅拌机中,搅拌2min,搅拌速度200-240rpm,控制温度5-8℃,取出,得到成品淡水鱼用具有抗菌保肝功能的中药制剂,冷藏备用。
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