CN109154382A - 在再生模式下使齿轮箱的轴上的齿轮同步的装置和对应方法及机动车辆 - Google Patents

在再生模式下使齿轮箱的轴上的齿轮同步的装置和对应方法及机动车辆 Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109154382A
CN109154382A CN201780029856.3A CN201780029856A CN109154382A CN 109154382 A CN109154382 A CN 109154382A CN 201780029856 A CN201780029856 A CN 201780029856A CN 109154382 A CN109154382 A CN 109154382A
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main shaft
energy
countershaft
equipment
spindle speed
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CN201780029856.3A
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CN109154382B (zh
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P·克维斯卡
L·梅里耶纳
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New H Power Transmission System Holdings Ltd
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Renault SAS
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H61/00—Control functions within control units of change-speed- or reversing-gearings for conveying rotary motion ; Control of exclusively fluid gearing, friction gearing, gearings with endless flexible members or other particular types of gearing
    • F16H61/04—Smoothing ratio shift
    • F16H61/0403—Synchronisation before shifting
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/26—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the motors or the generators
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
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    • B60K6/22—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs
    • B60K6/36—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings
    • B60K6/365—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by apparatus, components or means specially adapted for HEVs characterised by the transmission gearings with the gears having orbital motion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60K—ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PROPULSION UNITS OR OF TRANSMISSIONS IN VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENT OR MOUNTING OF PLURAL DIVERSE PRIME-MOVERS IN VEHICLES; AUXILIARY DRIVES FOR VEHICLES; INSTRUMENTATION OR DASHBOARDS FOR VEHICLES; ARRANGEMENTS IN CONNECTION WITH COOLING, AIR INTAKE, GAS EXHAUST OR FUEL SUPPLY OF PROPULSION UNITS IN VEHICLES
    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/42—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs characterised by the architecture of the hybrid electric vehicle
    • B60K6/48—Parallel type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60K6/00—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00
    • B60K6/20—Arrangement or mounting of plural diverse prime-movers for mutual or common propulsion, e.g. hybrid propulsion systems comprising electric motors and internal combustion engines ; Control systems therefor, i.e. systems controlling two or more prime movers, or controlling one of these prime movers and any of the transmission, drive or drive units Informative references: mechanical gearings with secondary electric drive F16H3/72; arrangements for handling mechanical energy structurally associated with the dynamo-electric machine H02K7/00; machines comprising structurally interrelated motor and generator parts H02K51/00; dynamo-electric machines not otherwise provided for in H02K see H02K99/00 the prime-movers consisting of electric motors and internal combustion engines, e.g. HEVs
    • B60K6/50—Architecture of the driveline characterised by arrangement or kind of transmission units
    • B60K6/54—Transmission for changing ratio
    • B60K6/547—Transmission for changing ratio the transmission being a stepped gearing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
    • B60L15/00—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles
    • B60L15/20—Methods, circuits, or devices for controlling the traction-motor speed of electrically-propelled vehicles for control of the vehicle or its driving motor to achieve a desired performance, e.g. speed, torque, programmed variation of speed
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60W—CONJOINT CONTROL OF VEHICLE SUB-UNITS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OR DIFFERENT FUNCTION; CONTROL SYSTEMS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR HYBRID VEHICLES; ROAD VEHICLE DRIVE CONTROL SYSTEMS FOR PURPOSES NOT RELATED TO THE CONTROL OF A PARTICULAR SUB-UNIT
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • B60W20/10—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand
    • B60W20/13—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand in order to stay within battery power input or output limits; in order to prevent overcharging or battery depletion
    • B60W20/14—Controlling the power contribution of each of the prime movers to meet required power demand in order to stay within battery power input or output limits; in order to prevent overcharging or battery depletion in conjunction with braking regeneration
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
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    • Y02T10/62—Hybrid vehicles
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
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    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
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Abstract

一种用于使主轴(1，6)的主轴速度与传动系副轴(10)的小于该主轴速度的副轴速度同步的设备，该主轴从电动机器(7)接收电动转矩，该主轴(1，6)和副轴(10)是解除联接的，该主轴(1，6)具有与该主轴速度相关联的动能，该设备的特征在于，该设备包括用于向该主轴(1，6)提供电动制动转矩直至该主轴速度基本上等于该副轴速度的装置、以及用于以电能形式至少部分地回收该主轴(1，6)损失的动能并且将所述电能传递至能量储存装置的装置。

Description

在再生模式下使齿轮箱的轴上的齿轮同步的装置和对应方法 及机动车辆
1.技术领域
本发明涉及在装备有自动齿轮箱的混合动力或电动机动车辆中换挡的领域。本发明更具体地涉及一种用于使主轴与副轴同步的装置。本发明还涉及一种对应的机动车辆以及一种对应的方法。
2.背景技术
本发明适用于具有平行轴的任何传动系，即，其中通过移动两个齿轮之间的联接装置来实现带有转矩中断的传动比改变，这两个齿轮在与车辆车轮相连的轴上自由旋转。
本发明非限制性地应用于配备有燃烧发动机和电动驱动机器的机动车辆的混合动力传动系，该混合动力传动系包括：两个同心的主轴，每个主轴承载了到与车辆车轮相连的副轴的至少一个中间齿轮；以及在两个主轴之间的第一联接装置，该第一联接装置能够占据三个位置，其中：燃烧发动机与将电动机器连接到这些车轮的传动系解除联接(第一位置)；燃烧发动机在有或没有来自电动机器的动力补充的情况下驱动这些车轮(第二位置)；或者燃烧发动机联接至电动机器从而使得它们的转矩可以相加(第三位置)。
图1描述了基于本架构原理的混合动力传动系的一个非限制实例。这种传动系包括实心主轴1，该主轴通过过滤系统2(阻尼轮毂、阻尼器、双飞轮或类似物)直接连接至燃烧发动机(未示出)的飞轮3上。该实心轴1承载惰轮4，该惰轮可以通过第一联接系统5(牙嵌式离合器、同步器或其他形式的渐进或非渐进式联接器)来与该实心轴相连接。空心主轴6被连接到电动机器7的转子上。该空心轴6承载两个固定齿轮8、9。空心轴可以通过联接系统5与实心主轴1相连。副轴10承载两个惰轮11和12。这些惰轮11、12可以通过第二联接系统13(牙嵌式离合器、同步器或其他形式的渐进或非渐进式联接器)连接到该主轴上。副轴10还承载着固定齿轮14以及到差速器16的中间齿轮15，该差速器与该车辆的车轮相连。
如上所述，第一联接装置5可以占据至少三个位置，其中：
-燃烧发动机与将电动机器7连接到这些车轮的传动系解除联接(如图1中滑动齿轮在中心)，
-燃烧发动机在有或没有来自电动机器的动力补充的情况下驱动这些车轮(滑动齿轮在左侧)，以及
-燃烧发动机与电动机器7相联接从而使得它们在车轮方向上的对应转矩相加(滑动齿轮在右侧)。
装备有自动齿轮箱的车辆的驾驶员舒适度很大程度上取决于换挡所花的时间。换挡需要减小主轴速度与副轴速度之间的速度差乘以减速比，该减速比取决于所接合的传动比。只有当速度差下降到低于某个阈值时，才可能联接主轴和副轴。如图2a和2b所示，在降挡换挡、例如图2a中从传动比EV2到传动比EV1期间，主轴必须加速，例如图2b中从2000rpm的主轴速度ωp变为6000rpm的主轴速度ωp；在升挡换挡、例如图2a中从传动比EV1到传动比EV2期间，主轴必须减速，例如图2b中从6000rpm的主轴速度ωp变为2000rpm的主轴速度ωp。在图1中，传动比EV1对应于齿轮8和12，牙嵌式离合器13位于右侧，并且传动比EV2对应于齿轮9和11，牙嵌式离合器13位于左侧。
专利申请FR 2988799和FR 3003620建议，对于混合动力车辆，使用车辆的电动机器来使车辆的主轴与副轴同步，特别是在降挡换挡期间提供转矩。对于升挡换挡，与主轴的主轴速度相关联的动能的一部分通常通过机械损失而耗散，以制动主轴。
在降低车辆能量消耗的背景下，有意义的是以电池中的电能的形式来回收在升挡换挡期间由于主轴减速而产生的动能。由于目标是达到约200ms的短同步时间，因此所涉及的功率相对高、约为50kW。现在，当电池达到接近100％的电量水平、例如90％时，它只能接受很少的功率。这在升挡换挡期间造成了能量回收障碍。
此外，为了实现快速降挡换挡，有必要向电动机器提供高功率以使主轴加速。现在，当电池达到接近0％的电量水平、例如10％时，它只能提供很少的功率。这对驾驶员舒适度造成障碍。
3.发明目的
本发明提出了一种旨在减轻上述缺点的解决方案。本发明的一个目的是通过使用电动机器的再生模式来在升挡换挡期间使轴同步而实现更好的能量效率。本发明还具有改善驾驶员舒适度的目的。
4.发明内容
本发明涉及一种用于使主轴的主轴速度与传动系副轴的小于该主轴速度的副轴速度同步的设备，该主轴从电动机器接收电动转矩，该主轴和副轴是解除联接的，该主轴具有与该主轴速度相关联的动能，该设备的特征在于，该设备包括用于向该主轴提供电动制动转矩直至该主轴速度基本上等于该副轴速度的装置、以及用于以电能形式至少部分地回收该主轴损失的动能并且将所述电能传递至能量储存装置的装置。回收主轴的动能能够在车辆中实现更好的能量效率。
根据一个特定实施例，该设备包括逆变器。将该逆变器用作再生元件具有以下优点：由于已经存在逆变器来产生电动机器的供电电压，因此不需要额外的部件来回收主轴的动能。
根据一个特定实施例，该能量储存装置包括联接至能量缓冲器的电池。该联接至电池的能量缓冲器使得储存装置能够提供与该电池的最大可获得功率相对应的功率，无论该电池的电量水平如何。以类似的方式，该联接至电池的能量缓冲器使得储存装置能够接收与该电池的最大可容许功率相对应的功率，无论该电池的电量水平如何。因此，这个实施例使得能够增强驾驶员舒适度、并且改善能量效率。
根据一个特定实施例，该能量缓冲器包括至少一个超级电容器。超级电容器具有的优点是，能够以有限的成本和有限的整体尺寸来实现本发明所既定的能量储存容量。
根据一个特定实施例，该设备进一步包括控制单元，该控制单元被配置用于在该主轴制动期间在该能量缓冲器中充入所述电能、并且一旦该主轴与该副轴同步就使得该能量缓冲器放电到该电池中。该控制单元能够实现对该电池和该能量缓冲器的充电和放电的编排。
根据一个特定实施例，该控制单元包括斩波电路。该斩波电路能够用适当的电流来使得该能量缓冲器放电到该电池中并且对该能量缓冲器的充电没有与该电池相关的电压限制。
根据一个特定实施例，该控制单元被配置用于检测该电池的电量水平低于预限定下限阈值、并且在检测到该电池的电量水平低于该下限阈值的情况下在该能量缓冲器中维持预定能量水平。相应地，如果电池的电量水平不能使电池向电动机器提供在降挡换挡期间足够快速同步所必需的功率，则能量缓冲器具有足够的能量可用于为该电动机器提供功率补充。
根据一个特定实施例，电池提供能够在齿轮比改变之后在能量缓冲器中维持预定能量水平的能量。
根据一个特定实施例，该控制单元被配置用于在该电动机器提供加速转矩以使该主轴的主轴速度与该副轴的高于该主轴速度的副轴速度同步时，对该电动机器供应该能量缓冲器中包含的能量。因此，减少了同步时间，并且改善了驾驶员舒适度。
本发明还涉及一种包括所述设备的电动或混合动力车辆。
本发明进一步涉及一种用于使主轴的主轴速度与传动系副轴的小于该主轴速度的副轴速度同步的方法，该主轴从电动机器接收电动转矩，该主轴和副轴是解除联接的，该主轴具有与该主轴速度相关联的动能，该方法的特征在于，控制该电动机器在再生模式下向该主轴提供电动制动转矩直至该主轴速度基本上等于该副轴速度，以至少部分地回收该主轴的动能并且将所述能量传递至储存装置。
5.附图说明
从通过非限制性展示方式参照附图提供的以下描述，其他创新的优点和特征将会显现，在附图中：
-图1示出了现有技术混合动力传动系处于空挡及其两个电动比；
-图2a示出了现有技术中传动比随时间的变化；
-图2b示出了主轴的主轴速度对应于图2a中的传动比变化的变化；
-图3是根据本发明一个实施例的电动机器在帕克(Park)坐标系中的图解表示；
-图4是图3的电动机器的控制结构的简图；
-图5a示出了在本发明一个实施例中传动比随时间的变化；
-图5b示出了由电动机器提供的转矩对应于图5a中的传动比变化的变化；
-图5c示出了电池端子处的电压对应于由图5b的电动机器提供的转矩变化的变化；
-图6示出了随着带有和没有能量缓冲器的电池的电量水平而变的电池可用功率和电池可容许功率；
-图7是在本发明一个实施例中包括能量缓冲器的能量储存装置的功能图；并且
-图8是图7的能量缓冲器及其控制单元的功能图。
6.具体实施方式
在配备有自动变速箱的混合动力车辆或电动车辆的背景下，本发明提出了一种用于在以下构型中使主轴的主轴速度与传动系副轴的副轴速度同步的装置，在该构型中，主轴从电动机器接收转矩并且其中副轴速度小于主轴速度，即，在升挡换挡期间。在这样的同步期间，主轴和副轴是解除联接的，换句话说，齿轮箱处于空挡并且车辆正在滑行。在所述构型中，同步包括：控制电动机器使得其向主轴提供制动转矩以降低主轴速度，直到主轴速度与副轴速度之间的差值低于预定阈值。旋转的主轴具有与主轴速度相关联的动能。现在，减小主轴速度导致主轴的动能减小。本发明提出在电动机器制动主轴期间吸收主轴的一部分动能并将其储存而不是将其耗散。该动能部分被再生元件吸收并转换成电能、然后被送到能量储存装置。
在图3中，在帕克坐标系中图解地表示了根据本发明的电动机器7。电动机器7是例如永磁三相同步电动机器。电动机器7包括定子，该定子包括三个绕组31、32和33，它们各自与三条轴线x1、x2、x3对齐，这三条轴线之间形成了三个2π/3角度。在这三个绕组31、32、33中分别循环正弦电流I1、I2、I3，各个电流的相移为2π/3。同样是正弦的并且各自相移了2π/3的电压V1、V2和V3分别应用于这三个绕组31、32、33的端子。因此定子在电动机器7中产生旋转磁场。电动机器7进一步包括转子34，该转子包括永磁体，该永磁体与由定子产生的旋转磁场自然对齐，从而以角速度ωr转动。在该实例的构型中，角速度ωr等于电流和电压正弦信号的角频率。所示的帕克坐标系包括两条轴线d和q，d与旋转磁场对齐，q与d直接正交。在帕克坐标系中，电流和电压的投影是常数。
为了使用电动机器7来向主轴提供受控的制动转矩，提出了一种控制结构。图4提出了对应于图3中所示模型的控制结构实例。图3中的模型使得能够在用于控制电动机器7的各个参数之间建立以下等式：
其中
-Vd和Vq分别是施加到帕克坐标系的轴线d和q上的电压，以伏特为单位，
-Id和Iq分别是在帕克坐标系的轴线d和q上循环的电流，以安培为单位，
-Rs是电动机器的定子的等效电阻，以欧姆为单位，
-Ld和Lq分别是帕克坐标系的轴线d和q上的电感，以亨为单位，
-ωr是电动机器的磁场的旋转速度，以弧度每秒为单位，
-φf是转子的磁体所产生的通量，以韦伯为单位。
使用这种表示法，电动机器提供的转矩Te写成：
(E2)Te＝φf·Iq+Id·Iq(Ld-Lq)。
上述等式使得能够建立图4的控制结构。输入数据Te_cons对应于由电动机器7提供的设定点制动转矩。第一计算模块41使得能够根据设定点制动转矩Te_cons来计算帕克坐标系中的设定点电流Id_cons和Iq_cons，以满足等式E2。通过第二计算模块42将设定点电流Id_cons和Iq_cons与通过在电动机器7中测量的电流I1、I2和I3的帕克变换而获得的电流Id和Iq进行比较，帕克变换由第三计算模块43计算。接着，在第四计算模块44中根据来自第二计算模块42的电流Id_cons-Id和Iq_cons-Iq的比较来计算校正的电流设定点Id_cons.c和Iq_cons.c。根据等式组E1，根据校正的电流设定点Id_cons.c和Iq_cons.c，在第五计算模块45中计算帕克坐标系中的电压设定点Vd_cons和Vq_cons。第六计算模块46基于帕克坐标系中的电压设定点Vd_cons和Vq_cons来计算帕克逆变换，以获得真实电压设定点V1_cons、V2_cons和V3_cons。逆变器70向电动机器7施加符合真实电压设定点V1_cons、V2_cons和V3_cons的正弦电压V1、V2和V3。
维持通过施加设定点制动转矩Te_cons而获得的制动转矩Te，直到主轴速度与副轴速度之间的差值下降到低于预定阈值。
逆变器70被配置用于吸收在制动主轴期间该主轴损失的动能的一部分，以将该动能部分转换成电能并将所述电能传递到能量储存装置、例如电池。在这个实例中，逆变器70是再生元件。
图5a、5b和5c示出了在例如从EV1变化到EV2的升挡传动比改变期间，电动机器7提供负转矩Te以降低主轴速度ωp、例如从6000rpm到2000rpm。在这种背景下，逆变器将由主轴的动能产生的电能送到电池，并且该电池的端子处的电压Ubatterie增大。相反，例如在从EV2变化到EV1的降挡传动比改变期间，电动机器7提供正转矩Te以增大主轴速度ωp，例如从2000rpm到6000rpm。在这种背景下，逆变器从电池获取电能，并且该电池的端子处的电压U电池减小。
在图6中，示出了随该电池的电量水平而变的、电池可以提供的可用功率P可耗用和电池可以接收的可容许功率P可容许。考虑经典构型，即图表的无阴影部分，当电池的电量水平低时，例如当电量水平低于10％时，电池只能提供有限的功率P可耗用，该功率小于电量水平高于10％时的可用功率Pmax_dispo。因此，电池不能提供足以在足够短而能提供良好驾驶舒适度的时间内使主轴和副轴同步的电压Ubatterie。以类似的方式，当电池的电量水平高时，例如当电量水平高于90％时，电池只能接收有限的功率P可容许，该功率小于电量水平低于90％时所接受的功率Pmax_admis。因此，电池不能接收足以在足够短而能提供良好驾驶员舒适度的时间内使主轴和副轴同步的电压Ubatterie。在这种情况下，主轴速度通过机械损失而降低，并且与主轴速度的降低相对应的动能被耗散。这种情况导致了驾驶员舒适度差和能量效率差的双重缺点。本发明提出将能量缓冲器联接至电池以提供最佳操作，包括在电量水平低于10％或高于90％的极限情况下。最佳操作对应于可用功率P可耗用等于Pmax_dispo以及可容许功率P可容许等于Pmax_admis，而无论电池的电量水平如何，如图6中由图表的阴影部分和无阴影部分的组合所示。
从对能量缓冲器进行评级的纯粹说明性的观点来看，其中电动机器的额定功率为50kW的量级，并且同步时间为200ms的量级，能量缓冲器必须被评定为接收或提供50kW的功率并且接收或提供10kJ的能量。能量缓冲器是例如一组串联的超级电容器，以获得50mF的等效电容，超级电容器具有的优点是能够以有限的成本和有限的整体尺寸来实现目标能量储存容量。
在图7中示出了储存装置71，该储存装置包括由控制单元74控制的电池72和能量缓冲器73。
在图8中示出了图7中的能量缓冲器73。能量缓冲器73包括一组串联的超级电容器80、以及绕组81，使得能够在第一时间段内储存能量以在第二时间段内输出该能量。能量缓冲器73还包括两个晶体管82和84，这两个晶体管分别由控制单元74的输出Com2和Com2控制、并且分别耦合到指定电流方向的二极管83和85。二极管83指定与对超级电容器组80充电相对应的电流方向，并且二极管85指定与对该组超级电容器放电相对应的电流方向。因此，为了控制对能量缓冲器73的充电，控制单元74命令晶体管82闭合并且晶体管84打开，而为了将其放电则反过来。能量缓冲器73进一步包括晶体管86，该晶体管能够斩断该组超级电容器80的端子处的电压。在对能量缓冲器73充电的阶段中，当该组超级电容器80的端子处的电压低于电池的端子处的电压时，控制单元74命令晶体管86打开。当该组超级电容器和电池的端子处的电压的比率颠倒时，控制单元74命令执行闭合和打开晶体管86的循环，以斩断该组超级电容器80的端子处的电压，来使得该组超级电容器80的端子处的平均电压返回到低于电池电压、并且因此继续对能量缓冲器充电。在使能量缓冲器放电到电池中的阶段中，控制单元74还命令晶体管86斩断该组超级电容器的端子处的电压，以便调节被送至电池72的再充电电流。
为了在电池的电量水平低的情况下确保良好的驾驶员舒适度，控制单元74被配置用于检测电池的电量水平低于预限定下限阈值，并且在必要时命令电池向能量缓冲器73供电以在能量缓冲器中维持预定能量水平，使得能够以可容许最大功率水平来实现迅速同步。电池通过车辆的通信网络(通常称为CAN)向控制单元74发送对于检测电池的电量水平低于预限定下限阈值所必需的信息。在涉及能量缓冲器73的情况下，电压测量部件能够评估储存在能量缓冲器中的能量。
以上通过举例对本发明进行了描述。应当理解，在不背离发明范围的情况下，例如通过单独地或组合地关联以上不同特征，本领域技术人员能够得出本发明的不同变体实施例。

Claims (10)

1.一种用于使主轴(1，6)的主轴速度(ωp)与传动系副轴(10)的小于该主轴速度的副轴速度同步的设备，该主轴从电动机器(7)接收电动转矩，该主轴(1，6)和该副轴(10)是解除联接的，该主轴(1，6)具有与该主轴速度(ωp)相关联的动能，该设备的特征在于，该设备包括用于向该主轴(1，6)提供电动制动转矩(Te)直至该主轴速度基本上等于该副轴速度的装置、以及用于以电能形式至少部分地回收该主轴(1，6)损失的动能并且将所述电能传递至能量储存装置(71)的装置。
2.如权利要求1所述的设备，其特征在于，该设备包括逆变器(70)。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的设备，其特征在于，该能量储存装置包括联接至能量缓冲器(73)的电池(72)。
4.如权利要求3所述的设备，其特征在于，该能量缓冲器(73)包括至少一个超级电容器(80)。
5.如权利要求3或4所述的设备，其特征在于，该设备进一步包括控制单元(74)，该控制单元被配置用于在该主轴制动期间在该能量缓冲器(73)中充入所述电能、并且一旦该主轴被同步就使得该能量缓冲器(73)放电到该电池(72)中。
6.如权利要求5所述的设备，其特征在于，该控制单元(74)包括斩波电路(86)。
7.如权利要求5或6所述的设备，其特征在于，该控制单元(74)被配置用于检测该电池(72)的电量水平穿过低于预限定的下限阈值、并且在检测到该电池(72)的电量水平低于该下限阈值的情况下在该能量缓冲器(73)中维持预定能量水平。
8.如权利要求7所述的设备，其特征在于，该控制单元(74)被配置用于在该电动机器(7)提供加速转矩以使该主轴(1，6)的主轴速度(ωp)与该副轴(10)的高于该主轴速度的副轴速度同步时，对该电动机器(7)供应该能量缓冲器(73)中包含的能量。
9.一种电动或混合动力车辆，包括如权利要求1至8中任一项所述的设备。
10.一种用于使主轴(1，6)的主轴速度(ωp)与传动系副轴(10)的小于该主轴速度的副轴速度同步的方法，该主轴从电动机器(7)接收电动转矩从电动机器(7)接收电动转矩，该主轴(1，6)和该副轴(10)是解除联接的，该主轴(1，6)具有与该主轴速度(ωp)相关联的动能，该方法的特征在于，控制该电动机器(7)在再生模式下向该主轴(1，6)提供电动制动转矩(Te)直至该主轴速度基本上等于该副轴速度，以至少部分地回收该主轴(1，6)的动能并且将所述能量传递至储存装置(71)。
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