CN109153613A - 适用于使粗陶瓷耐火制品弹性化的耐火尖晶石颗粒,其制备方法和其用途 - Google Patents
适用于使粗陶瓷耐火制品弹性化的耐火尖晶石颗粒,其制备方法和其用途 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109153613A CN109153613A CN201780026607.9A CN201780026607A CN109153613A CN 109153613 A CN109153613 A CN 109153613A CN 201780026607 A CN201780026607 A CN 201780026607A CN 109153613 A CN109153613 A CN 109153613A
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- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 31
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 title claims description 27
- 229910052572 stoneware Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 11
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 5
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 40
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium oxide Chemical compound [Mg]=O CPLXHLVBOLITMK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 119
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 claims description 59
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 58
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
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- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 15
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- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000010891 electric arc Methods 0.000 claims description 10
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- 239000011822 basic refractory Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 8
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- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001353 Dextrin Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004375 Dextrin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001732 Lignosulfonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019425 dextrin Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
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- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(3+);oxygen(2-) Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Fe+3].[Fe+3] LIKBJVNGSGBSGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012768 molten material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims 1
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- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 67
- 235000012245 magnesium oxide Nutrition 0.000 description 48
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 31
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 31
- 229910001691 hercynite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 26
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 13
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 8
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- 239000011449 brick Substances 0.000 description 7
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- 208000035126 Facies Diseases 0.000 description 4
- VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe3+ Chemical compound [Fe+3] VTLYFUHAOXGGBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910026161 MgAl2O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000010459 dolomite Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910000514 dolomite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 4
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- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001095 magnesium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 4
- ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium carbonate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-]C([O-])=O ZLNQQNXFFQJAID-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 235000014380 magnesium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 229910000021 magnesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000000634 powder X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- MHKWSJBPFXBFMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron magnesium Chemical compound [Mg].[Fe] MHKWSJBPFXBFMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- -1 magnesium aluminate Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
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- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 2
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- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- BYFGZMCJNACEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Al2O Inorganic materials [Al]O[Al] BYFGZMCJNACEKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000282994 Cervidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910015372 FeAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PMVSDNDAUGGCCE-TYYBGVCCSA-L Ferrous fumarate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]C(=O)\C=C\C([O-])=O PMVSDNDAUGGCCE-TYYBGVCCSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910020068 MgAl Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000006508 Nelumbo nucifera Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 240000002853 Nelumbo nucifera Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000006510 Nelumbo pentapetala Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004645 aluminates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 229910002056 binary alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003518 caustics Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001677 galaxite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009533 lab test Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 238000011069 regeneration method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 229910006297 γ-Fe2O3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- C04B35/04—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products based on oxide ceramics based on magnesium oxide, calcium oxide or oxide mixtures derived from dolomite based on magnesium oxide
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种用于耐火制品,特别是用于碱性耐火制品的粒状的耐火矿物弹性化颗粒,在矿物上分别由来自以下组成范围的三元系MgO‑Fe2O3‑Al2O3的单相熔化尖晶石混晶或多相熔化产物组成:MgO:12至19.5重量%,特别是15至17重量%,余量:Fe2O3/Al2O3的量比范围在80重量%/20重量%和40重量%/60重量%之间的Fe2O3和Al2O3,其中,基于在12和19.5重量%之间的MgO含量,各混晶在由为此分别给出的限定范围构成的固溶体中分别如此地具有Fe2O3和Al2O3含量,使得得到100%的总组成。本发明此外涉及一种用于制备所述弹性化颗粒的方法以及它的用途。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及适用于使粗陶瓷的、特别是碱性的耐火制品弹性化的耐火尖晶石弹性化颗粒(Spinellelastifizierergranulate)、其制备方法和其在含有尖晶石弹性体的、粗陶瓷的,特别是碱性的耐火制品中的用途。
背景技术
陶瓷耐火制品是以耐火材料为基础的,例如是以碱性耐火材料为基础的。耐火碱性材料是其中氧化物MgO和CaO的总和明显占主要部分的材料。它们例如在“平装书耐火材料,Gerald Routschka,Hartmut Wuthnow,Vulkan出版社,第5版”中的表4.26和4.27中列出。
在粗陶瓷的、具有至少一种耐火的矿物耐火材料颗粒作为所谓的主组分的、例如碱性耐火制品中的弹性尖晶石颗粒(在以下也仅称为“尖晶石弹性体”或“弹性体”,其通常以粗粒状的颗粒的形式使用),是以各适当的含量被混合到耐火制品中的、随机地分布在耐火制品结构中的、粒状地呈现的、与主组分比较具有不同的矿物组成的耐火材料颗粒,该耐火材料颗粒与主组分比较例如具有不同的热膨胀系数并且通过减小E-模量和G-模量使耐火制品的结构弹性化或降低耐火制品的脆性,并且由此,例如由于微裂纹的形成,提高抗热震性或者说抗热冲击性。通常,它们决定了例如碱性耐火制品的物理或机械和热机械特性,该碱性耐火制品具有至少有一种粒状的,例如碱性的耐火矿物材料作为主组分。这种弹性体例如是MA尖晶石、铁铝尖晶石、锰尖晶石、镁铁尖晶石,但也可以是铬铁矿、镁铬矿(Pikrochromit)。例如在上面提到的平装书中在第4.2章中与各种各样的例如碱性的粗陶瓷耐火制品一起描述过它们。
粒状的尖晶石弹性化颗粒的通常的粒度公知地主要例如介于0和4mm之间,特别是介于1和3mm之间。由耐火的例如碱性材料构成的耐火制品的主组分的粒度公知地主要例如介于0和7mm之间,特别是介于0和4mm之间。术语“粒状的”在下面原则上与术语粉或粉末或细粉或细粉末不同地使用,其中,粉或粉部分或细碎颗粒的粒度应该理解为低于1mm,特别是低于0.1mm。主要地是指,每种弹性体可以具有次要的粉部分和较粗部分。但是每个主组分也可以含有达到例如35重量%,特别是20重量%的粉或粉末部分和次要的较粗部分。因为这些是工业生产的产品,其只能以有限的精度生产。
粗陶瓷耐火制品主要是成型的和未成型的陶瓷烧制的或未烧制的制品,它们通过粗陶瓷制造工艺在使用例如直至6mm或8mm或12mm的耐火组分粒度下被制造出来(平装书,第21/22页)。
耐火的主组分(也称为抵抗体(Resistor))或者说这种类型的例如碱性的耐火制品的耐火的主组分基本上确保具有所期望的耐火性以及机械的或物理的和化学的抵抗力,而弹性体除了它们的弹性化作用外,还应该至少支持地确保机械性能和热机械性能,但也应该必要时确保具有例如抵抗碱和盐的耐腐蚀性以及耐化学性。通常,耐火的主组分的比例占优势,也就是说,它在耐火制品中超过50质量%,因此,弹性体的含量通常低于50质量%。
耐火弹性体(也称为微裂纹形成体)例如在DE3527789C3,DE4403869C2,DE10117026B4中被描述用于粗陶瓷耐火制品。因此,它是这样的耐火材料,该耐火材料特别是通过降低E-模量(弹性模量)来提高耐火的、例如碱性制品的结构对机械的和热机械的负荷的抵抗力并且至少不会恶化对化学侵蚀,例如对炉渣侵蚀,以及盐和碱侵蚀的抵抗力。通常,弹性化的原因是显微结构干扰,例如张力和/或微裂纹,它们导致从外部引入的张力可以被减小。
已知的是,例如用于在水泥、石灰或白云石工业中使用的、含氧化铝的碱性耐火制品在大约1500℃的高工作温度下通常具有足够的机械和热机械性能。这些制品通常通过将氧化铝和/或镁铝尖晶石(MA尖晶石)加入到烧制的氧化镁或熔融氧化镁中来进行弹性化。这种基于氧化镁的耐火制品需要低的氧化钙含量(CaO),这只能通过良好制备的昂贵的原料来实现。在氧化钙存在下,氧化铝和MA尖晶石形成CaO-Al2O3熔体并且因此不利地影响陶瓷制品的脆性。
附加地,在工业炉机组中,例如在水泥窑中,在氧化铝,原位尖晶石或MA尖晶石和含CaO的水泥熟料熔体之间的高温反应期间产生矿物,例如钙铝石(Ca12Al14O33)和/或硫铝酸钙(Ye'elimit,Ca4Al6O12(SO4)),它们可以导致炉衬里过早磨损。此外,作为弹性化组分含有或者烧结或者熔化MA尖晶石(镁铝尖晶石)的致密的和低孔隙的氧化镁尖晶石砖几乎不倾向于形成稳定的附着层,该附着层由水泥熟料熔体在运行期间在耐火衬里上形成并且在水泥回转窑中是期望的。
这些缺点已经导致将铁铝尖晶石(FeAl2O4)作为弹性体使用,并且是在用于水泥回转窑中的燃烧区的耐火制品中使用,其由于弹性体的铁含量而具有显著改善的附着能力并且在合成的铁铝尖晶石(DE4403869C2)或氧化铁-氧化铝颗粒(DE10117026A1)的情况下被添加到耐火制品的陶瓷充填料中。
但是,改变的氧化还原条件,其例如在水泥、白云石、石灰和菱镁矿工业的熔炉中出现,在含有铁铝尖晶石的衬里砖的情况下在高温下导致铝和铁离子的不利的交换。在800℃以上,在铁铝尖晶石晶体中的材料系统FeAl2O4(铁铝尖晶石)-Fe3O4(磁铁矿)内可以发生完全的固溶体,其中,在800℃以下形成具有分离出的磁铁矿的两相系统,这导致在某些氧化还原条件下对在耐火制品中的铁铝尖晶石的不希望的化学和物理的可侵蚀性。
在例如水泥,石灰,白云石或菱镁矿工业的现代回转窑中使用替代的燃料和原料在其气氛中产生相当浓度的各种来源的碱和盐。众所周知,在通常的运行温度下,在氧气进入和/或空气进入下,铁铝尖晶石分解成FeAlO3和Al2O3。这些多相的反应产物与碱性化合物和盐反应形成进一步的二次相其又导致耐火制品的脆化并限制其使用。
但是,在制备铁铝尖晶石时在烧结或熔化期间,这种多相性也已经出现,并且是在通过氧化进行冷却期间。在冷却之后,存在以铁铝尖晶石为主相的多相产物并且此外存在所谓的副相(Nebenphase)。在使用含有作为弹性体的铁铝尖晶石的耐火制品中,也就是说,在原位例如在运行的水泥回转窑中,与生产相关的副相也如上面所述的、在运行温度下由铁铝尖晶石形成的副相一样引起脆化作用。
为了避免氧化,根据CN101823872A已经提出通过在氮气气氛中实施陶瓷烧制来单相地生产铁铝尖晶石。这种措施非常昂贵并且尽管可以保证铁铝尖晶石的单相,但它仍然是在原位不稳定的并且在炉机组中的氧化条件下具有不足的耐抗性。
根据DE10117026B4的发明描述了一种针对铁铝尖晶石的替代方案,其中作为弹性体提出一种具有混晶组分(Mg2+,Fe2+)(Al3+,Fe3+)2O4和MgO含量为20至60重量%的镁铁尖晶石的尖晶石类型的合成耐火材料。在该文献中描述了在从尖晶石,在严格意义上(ss)MgAl2O4一直到铁铝尖晶石(FeAl2O4)的转化期间Mg2+离子和Fe2+离子的连续交换,其中,具有Mg2+/Fe2+比率为1至3的该系列的成员被称为镁铁尖晶石(Deer等,1985Introduction tothe rock forming minerals(形成岩石的矿物的介绍))。与烧结或熔融铁铝尖晶石相比,这种弹性体显示出改善的碱或熟料熔体抵抗力(Klischat等,2013,Smart refractorysolution for stress-loaded rotary kilns(用于应力加载的回转窑的智能耐火溶体),ZKG 66,第54-60页)。
在由熔体产生的、具有20-60重量%MgO的镁铁尖晶石或镁铁尖晶石类的尖晶石的情况下,例如存在三种矿物相MgFe2O4ss,MgAl2O4和方镁石。这些矿物相的存在是由来自具有干扰的副相的三元系(三元材料系统)MgO-Fe2O3-Al2O3的组分的能量密集的生产过程产生的。在熔化机组中,例如在电弧炉中的烧结或熔化导致大量的副相,如在MgO中溶解的FeO(MgOss,镁方铁矿(Magnesiowüstit))并且导致由多种矿物相构成的复杂混合物。
DE10117026B4描述了被研究的耐火砖的弹性模量(E-模量)与其中使用的镁铁尖晶石类的尖晶石的增加的MgO含量成正比。在实例中的MgO从20重量%到50重量%的增加导致E-模量从25.1GPa增加至28.6GPa。在这种情况下选择的镁铁尖晶石类的尖晶石的数量在许多情况下同时决定了矿物相的存在,如方镁石(MgO),镁方铁矿(MgOss)和镁铁矿(MgFe2O3),它们作为固有成分可以影响尖晶石的线性膨胀系数和不利地影响含尖晶石的耐火制品的脆性。
在根据DIN EN ISO 26845:2008-06在1025℃下测定灼热损耗时,铁铝尖晶石和镁铁尖晶石具有直至4%或直至2%的灼热增益。在氧化条件和相应的温度下,铁铝尖晶石的晶格破坏。在镁铁尖晶石的情况下,镁方铁矿转化为镁铁矿。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种具有较低的氧化电势或更抗氧化的,特别是在碱性耐火制品中更好和更持久地弹性化地作用的尖晶石弹性体,该尖晶石弹性体优选除了良好的弹性化作用以外,也保证良好的热化学和热机械的抵抗力和在特别是碱性耐火制品中在与例如铁铝尖晶石或镁铁尖晶石含量比较下具有相对较小的含量的情况下保证相同的弹性化作用,特别是在水泥回转窑中使用含有该尖晶石弹性体的耐火制品的情况下,其中,该尖晶石弹性体在此情况下此外应该促使良好的附着物形成。本发明的目的还在于提供粗陶瓷碱性耐火制品和为此的用途,它们由于含有至少一种根据本发明的类型的弹性化颗粒而在抗氧化性以及热化学和热机械抵抗力和在原位上附着物形成方面优于已知的粗陶瓷的,特别是碱性的耐火制品。
这些目的通过权利要求1,7和12的特征来实现。本发明的有利改进方案在从属于这些权利要求的从属权利要求中表征。
本发明涉及通过熔化工艺在中性或还原性气氛中生产的弹性化尖晶石颗粒,其具有根据本发明选择的、在三元系MgO-Fe2O3-Al2O3中的尖晶石的组成。除了各主要尖晶石混晶相以外,由熔化过程还产生矿物副相,例如镁方铁矿和镁铁矿。因此,熔化过程产生一种多相的矿物熔化产物,其在冷却之后经历粉碎和分级过程。以这种方式获得的颗粒可以作为弹性化耐火材料被加入到耐火制品中。如果该制品例如作为耐火衬里在大容量工业炉中使用,那么它们原位在高的应用温度(例如超过1000℃)下,以本身已知的方式,起到弹性化的作用。
在中性或还原性的炉气氛中,熔化产物的矿物相在此情况下弹性化地起作用。但是,特别有利的是在原位暴露于氧化气氛中的耐火制品中使用由多相熔化产物构成的颗粒。因为在此情况下由相应的多相熔化产物通过高温氧化在原位形成尖晶石单相,其在原位是具有抵抗性的并且因此稳定地保持在被暴露在氧化气氛中的、含有至少一种根据本发明的例如颗粒形式的尖晶石弹性体的粗陶瓷的,特别是碱性耐火制品中,并且确保它的弹性化作用以及还支持它的热化学和热机械稳定性。此外,尖晶石单相导致在水泥回转窑中的非常好的附着物形成。
在三元系MgO-Fe2O3-Al2O3中具有尖晶石单相的区域以复杂的三元混晶形式存在,这已经由W.Kwestroo在J.Inorg.Nucl.Chem.,1959,第9卷,第65至70页中基于实验室试验做了描述。因此,根据从上述引文中的图1和图2,在于空气中在烧制温度1250℃和1400℃下燃烧的和粉碎的并以X射线分析的样品中确定了一个相对大的分子量区域,在该区域中存在稳定的、不同组成的尖晶石单相。在此情况下已经确定,相应的单相的磁饱和或居里温度可以是它的化学组成的函数。单相的其他特性尚未被研究或给出。单相在尖晶石晶体中具有在固溶体中的不同量的(Al,Fe)2O3。
在本发明的范围内,在三元系MgO-Fe2O3-Al2O3中,在尖晶石单相的已知的宽的范围区域中可以发现单相的、稳定的混晶尖晶石的窄的组成区域,其具有根据图1的范围区域的以下组成的、适合作为弹性体的单相烧结尖晶石混晶:
MgO:12至19.5重量%,特别是15至17重量%,
余量:Fe2O3和Al2O3,Fe2O3/Al2O3的量比范围在80/20重量%和40/60重量%之间。
根据本发明的ESS的区域如下地产生:最小和最大MgO含量在本发明范围内被确定具有12重量%和19.5重量%。ESS区域的侧边界分别是恒定的Fe2O3/Al2O3比率(重量%)的线。
左边界:Fe2O3/Al2O3=80/20
右边界:Fe2O3/Al2O3=40/60
这些边界以图形方式示出了从三角形的顶点(MgO)到三角形的底边的连接线的一部分。上述的比率是三角形的底边的点的坐标。
基于在12和19.5重量%之间的MgO含量,混晶在由为此分别给出的限定范围构成的固溶体中分别如此地具有Fe2O3和Al2O3含量,使得总组成计算为100重量%。因此,对于MgO而言,这些组成总是位于在12和19.5重量%MgO之间的三元系的尖晶石区域范围内。
特别适合作为弹性体的是来自根据本发明的组成区域范围的尖晶石,其在粒状形式下具有根据DIN EN 993-18测量的、至少3.5g/cm3,特别是至少3.6g/cm3,优选至少3.8g/cm3,特别是直至4.0g/cm3,更特别是直至4.2g/cm3的颗粒粗密度。这些弹性体特别是由此最佳地使被铺设的粗陶瓷的碱性耐火制品弹性化。
在本发明的意义上的单相是指,在根据本发明的技术制备的尖晶石混晶中不存在,但是在任何情况下小于5重量%,特别是小于2重量%的副相,其例如源自起始材料的杂质。
如果弹性化颗粒的颗粒的颗粒抗压强度在30MPa至50MPa之间,特别是在35MPa至45MPa之间(根据DIN EN 13055-附录C测量),则是有利的。根据本发明的粒状尖晶石弹性体优选以下列粒度分布来制备和使用(通过筛分测定):
0.5-1.0mm 30-40重量%
1.0-2.0mm 50-60重量%,
在此情况下也可以分别存在小于0.5mm和大于2mm的直至5重量%的颗粒,该颗粒在数量上相应地减小了其它的颗粒。
这些颗粒以正常的、常规的粒度分布,特别是高斯粒度分布,或者以确定的常规的、在其中缺少某些颗粒级分(不连续粒度)的颗粒级分来使用,如通常的做法那样。
根据本发明的单相尖晶石弹性体借助于X射线衍射测量可以被清楚地识别为仅仅单相地存在,如在下面进一步所示的那样。
此外,于光学显微镜图像中可以分析尖晶石单相仅仅是存在的,通过X射线荧光元素分析,例如借助于X射线荧光光谱仪,例如采用型号Bruker S8Tiger,可以定量地确定混晶或单相的组成。
图1在三元的三元系MgO-Fe2O3-Al2O3中以重量%显示了根据本发明发现的、适合作为弹性体的单相尖晶石混晶的组成区域范围,作为限界的ESS的四边形,而已知的镁铁尖晶石类的尖晶石弹性体的组成区域被显示为限界的镁铁尖晶石的矩形。此外,在三元系的组成线Fe2O3-Al2O3上,通常使用的铁铝尖晶石的典型尖晶石弹性体组成被表征为限界的铁铝尖晶石的矩形。
因此,本发明涉及富含铁的尖晶石,其位于三元系MgO-Fe2O3-Al2O3内并且既不属于铁铝尖晶石的尖晶石也不属于镁铁尖晶石组的尖晶石。在熔化相应的高纯度的原材料或起始材料和随后的高温氧化之后,相应的尖晶石产物仅仅由合成的矿物单相构成并且其由于三价铁(Fe3+)的占优势的存在而不具有或几乎没有氧化电势。反应性副相,如其例如常常在镁铁尖晶石的或铁铝尖晶石的尖晶石类型中存在的那样,是不存在的或不能以X射线检测出其存在,并且根据本发明的尖晶石产物不能够损害含有根据本发明的尖晶石产物的耐火制品的性能。
如果根据本发明的尖晶石作为弹性化组分本身在较低的起始重量的情况下在例如用于水泥和石灰工业或白云石工业或菱镁矿工业的炉机组的成型的和未成型的,特别是碱性的耐火材料中使用,那么在应用常规的生产方法下形成对在炉气氛中出现的碱和盐具有高腐蚀抵抗性的陶瓷耐火制品。此外,这些耐火制品具有优异的热化学和热机械性能以及强烈的在高温下在所述工业炉机组中形成附着物的倾向性,其中,后者性能可能是归因于耐火产品的相对高的近表面的氧化铁含量。
根据本发明可作为弹性体使用的尖晶石颗粒处于一个有限的三元系中,该有限的三元系通过用于耐火材料的经济的生产方法引入了耐化学性、易于附着性、弹性化作用以及良好的能量平衡的所有优点。因此,本发明弥合了在铁铝尖晶石弹性化和镁铁尖晶石弹性化之间的缺陷,而不必担心其中的一个或另一个的缺点。
根据本发明的来自三元系MgO-Fe2O3-Al2O3的以颗粒形式使用的、在陶瓷烧制期间或者原位转化成由熔化产物构成的单相的尖晶石基本上通过阳离子的化合价和通过较低的MgO含量而与镁铁尖晶石类的尖晶石相区分。仅在高温范围内出现的过量的镁不会出现在根据本发明使用的富含铁的尖晶石的三元系中,而是后者在高温氧化后由于缺少副相例如镁铁矿、镁方铁矿而仅由矿物单相组成。因为缺少上述副相,该副相具有与氧化镁的线性膨胀系数接近的线性膨胀系数并且因此仅具有很小的弹性化作用,因此,根据本发明使用的单相尖晶石优于镁铁尖晶石类的尖晶石。
在生态和经济上有利的是,根据本发明使用的尖晶石可以通过简单的方法生产,该方法在制备三种原材料组分之后设定一个熔化工序。在本发明的范围内已发现,例如由烧结氧化镁、天然存在的氧化铁和/或轧屑氧化皮(Walzenzunder)以及氧化铝的混合物,在熔化、冷却、破碎和分级之后以及在高温氧化气氛的作用下在原位形成一种矿物单相,其中,苛性的氧化镁、熔融氧化镁和冶金铝土矿也可以用作起始材料。
根据本发明作为颗粒使用的尖晶石的结构特性允许吸收在晶体中的固溶体中的氧化物如Al2O3或Fe2O3,其末项(Endglieder)通过γ-Al2O或γ-Fe2O3表示。这种情况允许在三元的三元系MgO-Fe2O3-Al2O3中制备矿物单相,它的电中性通过在尖晶石晶格中的阳离子缺陷来保证。
一般地,在烧结过程之后在陶瓷耐火制品冷却期间在陶瓷耐火制品中的两个或更多组分的线性膨胀系数α的差异导致主要沿晶界形成微裂纹并且由此提高它的延展性或降低脆性。在使用常规生产技术将在混合物中的被烧制的氧化镁与根据本发明的尖晶石颗粒混合、成型和烧结导致产生碱性耐火材料,其具有降低的脆性、高的延展性和优异的耐碱性,其特别地优于含有烧结或熔融铁铝尖晶石或者烧结或熔融镁铁尖晶石作为弹性化组分的碱性制品。在水泥窑中与水泥熟料熔化相接触时,含有根据本发明的尖晶石颗粒的、根据本发明的耐火制品的富含铁的表面导致形成在1395℃下熔化的钙铁石(Brownmillerit),它导致非常好的附着物形成并且因此有助于非常好地保护耐火材料免受由在炉中的燃烧物引起的热机械应力的影响。
在下文中,将举例说明地描述根据本发明作为弹性体使用的尖晶石的制备。如上已述,这涉及一种来自在三元系MgO-Fe2O3-Al2O3中根据图1的组成区域ESS的富含铁的尖晶石(在下文该尖晶石也仅称为ESS)。
起始材料是至少一种氧化镁组分、至少一种氧化铁组分和至少一种氧化铝组分。
氧化镁组分特别是高纯度的MgO组分以及特别是熔融氧化镁和/或烧结氧化镁和/或苛性氧化镁。
氧化镁组分的MgO含量特别地大于96重量%,优选大于98重量%。
氧化铁组分特别地是高纯度的Fe2O3组分以及特别是天然或洗矿的磁铁矿和/或赤铁矿和/或轧屑氧化皮,一种来自钢铁生产的副产物。
氧化铁组分的Fe2O3含量特别地大于90重量%,优选大于95重量%。
氧化铝组分特别地是高纯度的Al2O3组分以及特别是α和/或γ氧化铝。
铝组分的Al2O3含量特别地大于98重量%,优选大于99重量%。
这些起始材料优选具有粒度≤1mm,特别是≤0.5mm的粉细度。它们被紧密地混合,直到在混合物中存在起始材料的均匀的至几乎均匀的分布。
但是,用于熔化反应的最佳粉细度和起始材料的混合物也可以有利地在磨碎机组中通过磨碎产生,其中使用至少一种具有例如大于1mm,例如1至6mm的粒度的粒状起始材料,该粒状起始材料在磨碎期间被粉碎成细粉。
起始材料的混合物接着例如在电弧炉中于中性或还原性气氛中在连续的或不连续的过程中进行处理直至达到熔化,其中,形成一个固体或形成多个固体。然后冷却并将固体粉碎,例如借助于锥式或辊式破碎机或类似的粉碎机组,由此形成可作为弹性体使用的粉碎的颗粒。随后,被粉碎的粒状物质例如通过筛分被分级成一定的粒状的颗粒级分。对于熔化,可以使用电弧炉。
对混合物的压实加速了熔化反应并且有利于低的副相含量。
在熔化和冷却后,从矿物学上看,存在Fe2O3和Al2O3于固溶体中的尖晶石混晶和副相,其中,混晶中的铁不仅以二价而且以三价形式存在。由于使用来自根据本发明的范围的混合物的熔化合成方法,超过50摩尔%作为二价铁Fe2+存在。
下面将举例说明地更详细地解释本发明。
两种混合物如下列在一起(数据以重量%计):
混合物1 | 混合物2 | |
烧结氧化镁 | 17 | 18 |
氧化铝 | 45.5 | 38 |
氧化铁(磁铁矿) | 37.5 | 44 |
这些混合物在电弧炉中在2100℃下被熔化,其中,高温导致在原料混合物中的Fe2O3的还原。
针对矿物成分的化学组成(X射线粉末衍射测量)和显微结构,检查了来自混合物1和2的熔化样品1和2。下表1显示了结果。
表1:在(实验室)电弧炉中熔化的样品(样品1,样品2)的化学组成和矿物成分。-=未检测到,?=没有清楚地检测到,±=微量,+=被检测到,++=明确的含量,++++=作为主要相被检测到
1)尖晶石S1(MgFe2O4ss)
2)尖晶石S2(MgAl2O4ss))
样品1和2的熔化材料具有显著的灼热增益(1至2重量%)。这证明在熔化产物中的显著比例的铁以二价形式(Fe2+)存在。二价铁(Fe2+)的存在是在电弧炉中的熔化过程期间氧化铁组分还原的结果(Fe3+→Fe2+)。
样品1经受了高温氧化。图2显示该样品1的X射线粉末衍射图。
样品1的反射具有小的半值宽度。反射的位置和强度可以通过单一的尖晶石相来解释。
相反,图3和4显示未经受高温氧化的仅仅熔化的样品中的样品1和2的X射线粉末衍射图。与根据图2的X射线粉末衍射图相比,反射被限定得不太明确并具有更高的半值宽度。反射的位置和强度可以通过两个尖晶石相(尖晶石S1(MgFe2O4ss)和尖晶石S2(MgAl2O4ss)的共存以及方铁矿和微量的方镁石来解释。
在熔化的尖晶石颗粒被作为弹性体在耐火制品中使用的情况下,这些颗粒在还原气氛中和部分地也在中性气氛中仅仅弹性地起作用,而它们在原位在高温下和在此在氧化气氛中转化成相应的单相,该单相确保高的抗氧化性、非常好的弹性化作用和非常好的抗腐蚀性以及在水泥回转窑中的非常好的附着物形成。
在电弧炉中熔化的样品是多相的。除了两个尖晶石相(尖晶石S1(MgFe2O4ss)和尖晶石2(MgAl2O4ss))之外,借助于X射线粉末衍射测量可以检测方铁矿和方镁石。微结构也证实了熔化产物为多相。这由图5和图6示出。这些是反光显微图像(auflichtmikroskopischeBilder)。根据反射率,可以清楚地区分不同的相。
在电弧炉中的熔化过程期间的还原条件下,Fe3+被还原为Fe2+。由此二价阳离子(Mg2+,Fe2+)的数量增加。最后,三价阳离子(Al3+,Fe3+)和二价阳离子的比率对于尖晶石晶格不再是足够的,不是形成一个唯一的单相,而是形成两个尖晶石相和其他的相(方铁矿,方镁石)。
在通常氧化的烧制条件下,例如用于在1400℃至1700℃的温度范围内生产弹性化的镁砖,在原位由多相熔化产物形成均匀的尖晶石相。
如果使用熔化产物来制备要弹性化的例如镁砖,那么在陶瓷烧制或制备烧制期间形成弹性化效果。
相同的情况在原位也在以未烧制形式安装到炉衬里中的耐火制品中实现,该耐火制品具有根据本发明的熔化尖晶石颗粒作为弹性体。
本发明还涉及碱性耐火制品,例如,碱性耐火成型体和碱性耐火物料,其例如具有50至95重量%,特别是60至90重量%的至少一种粒状的、碱性耐火材料,特别是氧化镁,特别是熔融氧化镁和/或烧结氧化镁,其具有例如在1mm至7mm之间,特别是在1mm至4mm之间的粒度,以及5重量%至20重量%,特别是6重量%至15重量%的至少一种根据本发明的粒状的弹性体,其具有例如在0.5mm至4mm之间,特别是在1mm至3mm之间的粒度,其中可以含有0至20重量%,特别是2至18重量%的至少一种粉状的碱性耐火材料,特别是氧化镁,特别是熔融氧化镁和/或烧结氧化镁,其具有≤1mm,特别是≤0.1mm的粒度,和0至5重量%,特别是1至5重量%的至少一种根据本发明的粉状的尖晶石作为添加剂,其具有≤1mm,特别是≤0.1mm的粒度,和0至5重量%,特别是1至2重量%的至少一种用于耐火制品的已知的粘合剂,特别是至少一种有机粘合剂,如木质素磺酸盐、糊精、甲基纤维素。
本发明的特征尤其在于一种用于耐火制品,特别是用于碱性耐火制品的、破碎的颗粒形式的粒状弹性体,其在矿物上分别由来自以下组成范围的三元系MgO-Fe2O3-Al2O3的单相熔化的混晶尖晶石组成,
MgO:12重量%至19.5重量%,特别是15重量%至17重量%,
余量:Fe2O3和Al2O3,Fe2O3/Al2O3的量比范围在80重量%/20重量%和40重量%/60重量%之间,
其中,基于在12重量%和19.5重量%之间的MgO含量,各混晶在由为此分别给出的限定范围构成的固溶体中分别如此地具有Fe2O3和Al2O3含量,使得得到100%的总组成。
此外有利的是,弹性体具有:
根据DIN EN 993-18测量的颗粒粗密度≥3.5g/cm3,特别是≥3.6g/cm3,优选≥3.7g/cm3,更优选直至3.8g/cm3
或
少于15重量%,特别是少于10重量%的副相
或
根据DIN EN 13055(附录C)测量的在30MPa至50MPa之间,特别是在35MPa至45MPa之间的颗粒抗压强度
或
在8.5·10-6K-1至9.5·10-6K-1之间,特别是在8.8·10-6K-1至9.2·10-6K-1之间的线性膨胀系数α
或
在0至6之间,特别是在0和4mm之间的粒度分布,优选具有以下的粒度分布,分别具有正常的常规的粒度分布,特别是高斯粒度分布的粒度,或具有确定的选择的颗粒级分或颗粒带。
0.5-1.0mm 30-40重量%
1.0-2.0mm 50-60重量%。
本发明的特征尤其还在于一种用于制备单相的烧结尖晶石的方法,其中,
以确定的、处于根据权利要求1所述的组成范围内的、基于氧化物的量来混合
-至少一种高纯度的,特别是粉状的MgO组分,
-至少一种高纯度的,特别是粉状的Fe2O3组分,
-至少一种高纯度的,特别是粉状的Al2O3组分,
并且将混合物在中性的或还原性的气氛中,在例如电弧炉中熔化,在熔体冷却之后,将熔化产物粉碎成颗粒和进行分级并且优选接着将被分级的或尚未分级的高温氧化的颗粒,例如在原位作为耐火制品的弹性化组成部分,转化为单相的尖晶石产物。
此外有利的是,使用以下的工艺参数:
-作为MgO组分,使用来自以下组中的至少一种起始材料:烧结氧化镁,苛性氧化镁,其特别是具有高于96重量%,优选高于98重量%的MgO含量,
-作为Fe2O3组分,使用来自以下组中的至少一种起始材料:赤铁矿或磁铁矿,其特别是具有高于90重量%,优选高于95重量%的Fe2O3含量,
-作为Al2O3组分,使用来自以下组中的至少一种起始材料:α和/或γ氧化铝,其特别是具有高于98重量%,优选高于99重量%的Al2O3含量,优选α和γ氧化铝。
替代纯的通常使用的高质量的初始原材料,至少在部分数量上也可以使用由再生材料,如轧屑氧化皮(Fe2O3)或再生镁砖(MgO)或氧化镁尖晶石砖(Al2O3,MgO)制成的颗粒。
此外有利的是,将这些组分通过磨碎能量在磨碎机组中进行粉碎和混合,优选直到≤1mm。
或
将所述混合物在1750℃和2200℃之间,特别是在1800℃和2100℃之间的温度下熔化,
或
将所述混合物在熔化之前例如通过造粒或压制进行压实。
本发明还涉及一种碱性的、陶瓷烧制的或未烧制的、耐火成型体形式的,特别是压制的耐火成型体或非成型的耐火物料形式的耐火制品,其具有以下组成,特别是由以下组分组成:
50至95重量%,特别是60至90重量%的至少一种粒状的、碱性耐火材料,特别是氧化镁,特别是熔融氧化镁和/或烧结氧化镁,其具有例如在1mm至7mm之间,特别是在1mm至4mm之间的粒度,
0至20重量%,特别是2至18重量%的至少一种粉状的碱性耐火材料,特别是氧化镁,特别是熔融氧化镁和/或烧结氧化镁,其具有≤1mm,特别是≤0.1mm的粒度,
5至20重量%,特别是6至15重量%的至少一种根据本发明的粒状的弹性化颗粒,其具有例如在0.5至4mm之间,特别是在1至3mm之间的粒度,
0至5重量%,特别是1至5重量%的至少一种例如来自根据本发明制备的粉状熔化尖晶石的粉状添加剂,其具有≤1mm,特别是≤0.1mm的粒度,
0至5重量%,特别是1至2重量%的至少一种用于耐火制品的已知粘合剂,特别是具有至少一种有机粘合剂,如木质素磺酸盐,糊精,甲基纤维素,等等。
根据本发明的、含有根据本发明的弹性化颗粒的耐火制品特别适合用作以中性的或氧化的炉气氛运行的工业大容量炉机组的向火侧衬里,特别是用于水泥回转窑的衬里。
Claims (13)
1.一种用于耐火制品,特别是用于碱性耐火制品的粒状的耐火矿物弹性化颗粒,其在矿物上分别由来自以下组成范围的三元系MgO-Fe2O3-Al2O3的单相熔化尖晶石混晶或多相熔化产物组成,
MgO:12重量%至19.5重量%,特别是15重量%至17重量%,
余量:Fe2O3/Al2O3的量比范围在80重量%/20重量%和40重量%/60重量%之间的Fe2O3和Al2O3,
其中,基于在12重量%和19.5重量%之间的MgO含量,各混晶在由为此分别给出的限定范围构成的固溶体中分别如此地具有Fe2O3和Al2O3含量,使得得到100%的总组成。
2.根据权利要求1所述的弹性化颗粒,
其特征在于,
根据DIN EN 993-18测量的粗密度≥3.5g/cm3,特别是≥3.6g/cm3,优选≥3.7g/cm3,更特别是直至3.8g/cm3。
3.根据权利要求1和/或2所述的弹性化颗粒,
其特征在于,
少于15重量%,特别是少于10重量%的副相。
4.根据权利要求1至3中一项或多项所述的弹性化颗粒,
其特征在于,
根据DIN EN 13055(附录C)测量的颗粒抗压强度在30MPa至50MPa之间,特别是在35MPa至45MPa之间。
5.根据权利要求1至4中一项或多项所述的弹性化颗粒,
其特征在于,
线性膨胀系数在8.5至9.5·10-6K-1之间,特别是在8.8至9.2·10-6K-1之间。
6.根据权利要求1至5中一项或多项所述的弹性化颗粒,
其特征在于,粒度具有正常的常规的粒度分布,特别是高斯粒度分布,或具有在0至6mm之间,特别是在0和4mm之间的确定的颗粒级分,优选具有以下的粒度分布:
0.5-1.0mm 30-40重量%
1.0-2.0mm 50-60重量%。
7.一种用于制备根据权利要求1至6中一项或多项所述的单相弹性化颗粒的方法,
其特征在于,
以确定的、处于根据权利要求1所述的组成范围内的、基于氧化物的量来混合
-至少一种高纯度的,特别是粉状的MgO组分,
-至少一种高纯度的,特别是粉状的Fe2O3组分,
-至少一种高纯度的,特别是粉状的Al2O3组分,
并且将混合物在中性的或还原性的气氛中,例如在电弧炉中熔化,在熔体冷却之后,将熔化产物粉碎成颗粒并进行分级并且优选接着将被分级的或尚未分级的高温氧化的颗粒,例如在原位作为耐火制品的弹性化组成部分,转化为单相尖晶石产物。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,
其特征在于
-作为MgO组分,使用来自以下组中的至少一种原材料:熔融氧化镁,烧结氧化镁,苛性氧化镁,特别是具有高于98重量%,优选高于98重量%的MgO含量,或富含铁的高山烧结氧化镁,
-作为Fe2O3组分,使用来自以下组中的至少一种原材料:磁铁矿,赤铁矿,轧屑氧化皮,特别是具有高于90重量%,优选高于95重量%的Fe2O3含量,
-作为Al2O3组分,使用来自以下组中的至少一种原材料:氧化铝,特别是α或γ氧化铝形式的氧化铝,特别是具有高于98重量%,优选高于99重量%的Al2O3含量,或煅烧冶金铝土矿。
9.根据权利要求7和/或8所述的方法,
其特征在于,
将所述组分在磨碎机组中进行混合和/或粉碎,优选直到≤1mm。
10.根据权利要求7至9中一项或多项所述的方法,
其特征在于,
将所述混合物在1750℃至2200℃之间,特别是在1800℃至2100℃之间的温度下熔化。
11.根据权利要求7至10中一项或多项所述的方法,
其特征在于,
将所述混合物在熔化之前例如通过造粒或压制进行压实。
12.一种碱性的、陶瓷烧制的或未烧制的耐火制品,例如以耐火成型体,特别是压制的耐火成型体的形式,或者以未成型的耐火物料的形式,其具有以下组成,特别是由以下组分组成:
50至95重量%,特别是60至90重量%的至少一种粒状的碱性耐火材料,特别是氧化镁,特别是熔融氧化镁和/或烧结氧化镁,其具有例如在1mm至7mm之间,特别是在1mm至4mm之间的粒度,
0至20重量%,特别是2至18重量%的至少一种粉状的碱性耐火材料,特别是氧化镁,特别是熔融氧化镁和/或烧结氧化镁,其具有≤1mm,特别是≤0.1mm的粒度,
5至20重量%,特别是6至15重量%的至少一种根据本发明的粒状的弹性化颗粒,其具有例如在0.5mm至4mm之间,特别是在1mm至3mm之间的粒度,
0至5重量%,特别是1至5重量%的至少一种例如来自根据本发明制备的熔化材料的粉状的添加剂,其具有≤1mm,特别是≤0.1mm的粒度,
0至5重量%,特别是1至2重量%的至少一种通常用于耐火制品的粘合剂,特别是至少一种有机粘合剂,如糊精,甲基纤维素,木质素磺酸盐。
13.一种根据权利要求12所述的根据本发明的耐火制品的用途,所述耐火制品含有根据权利要求1至6中一项或多项所述的弹性化颗粒,所述弹性化颗粒根据权利要求7至11中的一项或多项来制备,所述耐火制品被用作以中性的或氧化的炉气氛运行的大容量工业炉机组的向火侧的衬里,特别是用于水泥回转窑的衬里。
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RU2018131234A (ru) | 2020-06-19 |
RU2018131234A3 (zh) | 2020-06-19 |
MX2018014153A (es) | 2019-08-16 |
US20190152860A1 (en) | 2019-05-23 |
DE102016109258B4 (de) | 2018-08-16 |
ES2842426T3 (es) | 2021-07-14 |
JP2019518697A (ja) | 2019-07-04 |
WO2017198378A1 (de) | 2017-11-23 |
KR20190008539A (ko) | 2019-01-24 |
EP3458430B1 (de) | 2020-10-14 |
CN109153613B (zh) | 2021-12-21 |
EP3458430B8 (de) | 2021-03-10 |
EP3458430A1 (de) | 2019-03-27 |
CA3024525A1 (en) | 2017-11-23 |
DE102016109258A1 (de) | 2017-12-07 |
HUE052965T2 (hu) | 2021-05-28 |
BR112018073645A2 (pt) | 2019-02-26 |
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