CN109152760A - 胆汁淤积性和纤维化疾病的治疗方法 - Google Patents
胆汁淤积性和纤维化疾病的治疗方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN109152760A CN109152760A CN201780023051.8A CN201780023051A CN109152760A CN 109152760 A CN109152760 A CN 109152760A CN 201780023051 A CN201780023051 A CN 201780023051A CN 109152760 A CN109152760 A CN 109152760A
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于治疗纤维化疾病的活性成分的协同组合。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及医学领域,具体来说涉及胆汁淤积性或纤维化疾病的治疗。
背景技术
细胞外基质的异常且夸张的沉积是所有纤维化疾病(包括肝、肺、肾或心脏纤维化)的标志。在治疗纤维化疾病时,受影响的器官范围、纤维化过程的进行性本质、受影响人群的庞大数量和有效治疗的缺乏造成了巨大挑战。
在为纤维化疾病的治疗提出新的治疗策略的尝试中,本发明人发现2-[(5-硝基-1,3-噻唑-2-基)氨甲酰基]苯基]乙酸酯(硝唑尼特——NTZ)这种合成的抗原生动物剂或其氘化衍生物或其活性代谢物2-羟基-N-(5-硝基-2-噻唑基)苯甲酰胺(替唑尼特,被称为TZ)与他汀类药物相组合,显示出协同的抗纤维化活性。此外,在肝损伤模型中NTZ与他汀类药物的组合的评估,揭示出它降低循环胆汁酸浓度的能力,从而反映了这种组合治疗胆汁淤积性(例如PBC和PSC)和纤维化疾病两者的协同潜力。
首次描述于1975年(Rossignol和Cavier,1975)的NTZ对厌氧原生动物、蠕虫和广谱的微生物(包括厌氧和好氧细菌两者)显示出高度有效(Rossignol和Maisonneuve,1984;Dubreuil,Houcke等,1996;Megraudd,Occhialini等,1998;Fox和Saravolatz,2005;Pankuch和Appelbaum,2006;Finegold,Molitoris等,2009)。它首先在人类中被研究用于肠道绦虫的治疗(Rossignol和Maisonneuve,1984),并且现在在美国被批准(Romarklaboratories)用于治疗由原生动物寄生虫Crystosporidium parvum和肠贾第虫(Giardiaintestinalis)引起的腹泻。在拉丁美洲和印度,NTZ也已被广泛商业化,在那里它被指示用于治疗广谱的肠内寄生虫感染(Hemphill,Mueller等,2006)。提出的NTZ发挥其抗寄生虫活性的作用机制是通过抑制厌氧代谢所必需的丙酮酸:铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶(PFOR)依赖性电子传递反应(Hoffman,Sisson等,2007)。NTZ对不具有PFOR的同源物的结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis)也表现出活性,从而提出了可选的作用机制。事实上,作者显示,NTZ也可充当破坏膜电位和生物体内pH稳态的解偶联剂(de Carvalho,Darby等,2011)。
NTZ的药理效应不限于它的抗寄生虫或抗细菌活性,并且近年中,几项研究揭示出NTZ也可提供抗病毒活性(Di Santo和Ehrisman,2014;Rossignol,2014)。NTZ通过多种多样的方式干扰病毒复制,包括阻断红细胞凝集素(流感)或VP7(轮状病毒)蛋白的成熟或激活参与先天性免疫应答的蛋白质PKR(对于综述,参见(Rossignol,2014))。也已显示,NTZ通过干扰关键的代谢和促死亡信号转导途径而具有广泛的抗癌性质(Di Santo和Ehrisman, 2014)。
他汀类药物(3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰基-辅酶A还原酶抑制剂)通常作为用于治疗高胆固醇血症并用于预防心血管疾病的药物被开出。
目前存在7种独特的处方他汀类药物,其包括普伐他汀、辛伐他汀和洛伐他汀(它们是从真菌发酵天然衍生的)和由氟伐他汀、阿托伐他汀、瑞舒伐他汀和匹伐他汀构成的第二组化学合成的他汀类药物。尽管所有的他汀类药物都含有竞争结合到HMG-CoA还原酶的二羟基庚酸HMG-CoA样组成部分,但每种他汀类药物是独特的,并在化学结构、效力(例如对HMG-CoA还原酶抑制的IC50)、组织穿透和驻留、半衰期、代谢和消除、药物-药物相互作用和安全性方面表现出显著差异。他汀类药物对预防心血管疾病的有益效果中所涉及的机制主要归因于这些药剂抑制胆固醇生物合成的能力。由于60-70%的血清胆固醇源自于肝生物合成并且HMG-CoA还原酶是胆固醇生物合成途径中关键的限速酶这一事实,该酶的抑制导致循环LDL-胆固醇的急剧减少,这一点并不令人吃惊。此外,LDL-胆固醇的减少引起肝LDL受体的上调和LDL清除的增加。临床和实验数据两者都表明来自于他汀类药物疗法的益处总和可能扩展到远远超出它们对血清胆固醇水平的有利效果。他汀类药物的这些被称为多效效应的不依赖于胆固醇的效应,与类异戊二烯的形成减少相关。事实上,HMG-CoA还原酶的抑制不仅引起细胞内甲羟戊酸的剥夺,而且引起几种下游类异戊二烯衍生物(包括焦磷酸法尼酯(FPP)和焦磷酸香叶基香叶酯(GGPP))的剥夺。FPP和GGPP两者是许多蛋白质(约2%的总细胞蛋白质(Wang,Liu等,2008))的翻译后异戊二烯化所需要的。蛋白质异戊二烯化能够使细胞内分子进行适合的亚细胞定位和运输。例如,未异戊二烯化的GTPase保留在细胞溶质中,而异戊二烯化的GTPase具有FPP或GGPP脂类附连,这允许插入并锚定在细胞膜内,并随后参与信号转导。因此,抑制异戊二烯化导致在许多细胞事件(细胞内信号转导、细胞增殖、炎症、移动性)中必不可少的小GTPase(例如Rho、Ras、Rac和Cdc42)的失活(对于综述,参见(McFarlane,Muniyappa等,2002;Zhou和Liao,2009;Yeganeh,Wiechec等,2014;Kavalipati,Shah等,2015))。由于已证实Rho GTPase及其靶蛋白Rock参与成纤维细胞活化/分化成肌成纤维细胞(Ji,Tang等,2014)这一纤维化过程中的关键事件,因此使用他汀类药物进行了几项研究,以评估它们在不同病理模型中的抗纤维化性质。辛伐他汀显示出在人类和大鼠HSC两者中降低纤维化标志物的表达,并在纤维化的各种不同动物模型中提供抗纤维化性质(Rombouts,Kisanga等,2003;Watts,Sampson等,2005;Wang,Zhao等,2013; Marrone,Maeso-Diaz等,2015)。同样地,匹伐他汀(Miyaki,Nojiri等,2011)和氟伐他汀(Chong,Hsu等,2015)能够在CDAA饮食诱导的NAFLD/NASH模型中减少纤维化。他汀类药物的这些有益效果不限于肝纤维化。事实上,已证实阿托伐他汀显著有效地对抗博来霉素诱导的肺纤维化(Zhu,Ma等,2013),而辛伐他汀显示出在源自于人类纤维化肺的成纤维细胞中抑制纤维化标志物的表达(Watts,Sampson等,2005)。
在本发明中,使用表型筛选测定法鉴定潜在的抗纤维化剂,发现了NTZ或其氘化衍生物或其活性代谢物TZ与他汀类药物相组合,以累加或协同方式干扰肌成纤维细胞的活化。有鉴于以前为这些分子报道的性质,这种效应是完全出人意料的。NTZ或其氘化衍生物或TZ与特定他汀类药物的组合似乎是多种多样类型的纤维化疾病的有效治疗策略。此外,与特定他汀类药物相组合的NTZ或其衍生物的评估,揭示出降低循环胆汁酸浓度的出人意料的协同能力,从而反映出它治疗胆汁淤积性疾病(例如PBC和PSC)和纤维化疾病两者的潜力。
发明内容
本发明涉及一种协同组合,其包含(i)[2-[(5-硝基-1,3-噻唑-2-基)氨甲酰基]苯基]乙酸酯(NTZ)、NTZ的氘化衍生物(NTZ-D)、2-羟基-N-(5-硝基-2-噻唑基)苯甲酰胺(TZ)或替唑尼特葡萄糖醛酸苷(TZG),以及(ii)至少一种他汀类药物。这种组合可用于治疗胆汁淤积性或纤维化疾病的方法中。
因此,本发明涉及下述(i)与(ii)的协同组合:
(i)NTZ、NTZ-D、TZ或TZG,或者NTZ、NTZ-D、TZ或TZG的可药用盐;
(ii)他汀类药物。
本发明的组合可以为药物组合物或试剂盒(kit-of-parts)的形式。
此外,本发明的协同组合的组分可以同时、顺序和分开地给药。
在特定实施方式中,所述协同组合的组分(i)是NTZ或其可药用盐。
在本发明的特定实施方式中,所述至少一种他汀类药物选自美伐他汀、西立伐他汀、匹伐他汀、氟伐他汀、辛伐他汀、阿托伐他汀、洛伐他汀、瑞舒伐他汀和普伐他汀。在另一个特定实施方式中,所述他汀类药物选自匹伐他汀、氟伐他汀、辛伐他汀和阿托伐他汀。在另一个特定实施方式中,所述他汀类药物选自匹伐他汀、氟伐他汀和辛伐他汀。
此外,本发明的协同组合还可以包含具有已知抗纤维化活性的至少一种治疗活性剂,所述治疗活性剂选自吡非尼酮或受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(RTKI)例如尼达尼布、索拉非尼和其他RTKI,或血管紧张素II(AT1)受体阻断剂,或CTGF抑制剂,或对干扰TGFβ和BMP激活的途径易感的任何抗纤维化化合物,包括潜伏性TGFβ复合体的激活剂例如MMP2、MMP9、THBS1或细胞表面整合蛋白,I型TGFβ受体(TGFBRI)或II型TGFβ受体(TGFBRII)以及它们的配体例如TGFβ,激活素(Activin),抑制素(inhibin),Nodal,抗苗勒氏管激素,GDF或BMP,辅助性共受体(也被称为III型受体),或SMAD依赖性经典途径的组分,包括调节性或抑制性SMAD蛋白,或SMAD不依赖性或非经典途径的成员,包括MAPK信号转导的各种不同分支、TAK1、Rho样GTP酶信号转导途径、磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/AKT途径、TGFβ诱导的EMT过程或经典和非经典Hedgehog信号转导途径的成员,包括Hh配体或靶基因,或对影响TGFβ信号转导易感的WNT或Notch途径的任何成员。
可选地,本发明的协同组合还可以包含选自JAK/STAT抑制剂和其他抗炎剂和/或免疫抑制剂的至少一种治疗活性剂。例如,所述治疗活性剂可以选自糖皮质激素、NSAIDS、环磷酰胺、亚硝基脲、叶酸类似物、嘌呤类似物、嘧啶类似物、甲氨蝶呤、硫唑嘌呤、巯基嘌呤、环孢菌素、多球壳菌素、他克莫司、西罗莫司、霉酚酸衍生物、芬戈莫德和其他鞘氨醇-1-磷酸酯受体调节剂、针对靶例如促炎性细胞因子和促炎性细胞因子受体、T细胞受体和整合蛋白的单克隆和/或多克隆抗体。
本发明还涉及本发明的协同组合,其用作药物。
此外,本发明涉及本文中描述的协同组合,其用于治疗纤维化障碍的方法中。在特定实施方式中,所述纤维化障碍选自选自肝、内脏、肾、皮肤、表皮、内皮、肌肉、肌腱、软骨、心脏、胰腺、肺、子宫、神经系统、睾丸、阴茎、卵巢、肾上腺、动脉、静脉、结肠、肠(例如小肠)、胆道、软组织(例如纵隔或腹膜后腔)、骨髓、关节、眼和胃的纤维化。在另一个特定实施方式中,所述纤维化障碍选自肝、肾、皮肤、表皮、内皮、肌肉、肌腱、软骨、心脏、胰腺、肺、子宫、神经系统、睾丸、卵巢、肾上腺、动脉、静脉、结肠、肠(例如小肠)、胆道、软组织(例如纵隔或腹膜后腔)、骨髓、关节和胃的纤维化。在另一个特定实施方式中,所述纤维化障碍选自肝、内脏、肺、心脏、肾、肌肉、皮肤、软组织、骨髓、肠和关节的纤维化。在又一个实施方式中,所述纤维化障碍选自非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)、肺纤维化、特发性肺纤维化、皮肤纤维化、眼纤维化(例如囊纤维化)、心内膜心肌纤维化、纵隔纤维化、骨髓纤维化、腹膜后纤维化、进行性大块纤维化(煤矿工人尘肺的并发症)、增殖性纤维化、肿瘤性纤维化、慢性炎性气道疾病(COPD、哮喘、肺气肿、吸烟者的肺、肺结核)后继发的肺纤维化、酒精或药物诱导的肝纤维化、肝硬化、感染诱导的肝纤维化、辐射或化疗诱导的纤维化、肾源性系统性纤维化、克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎、瘢痕疙瘩、陈旧性心肌梗塞、硬皮病/系统性硬化症、关节纤维化、某些形式的粘连性囊炎、慢性纤维化胆管病变例如原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)、原发性胆汁性胆管炎(PBC)、胆管闭锁、3型家族性肝内胆汁淤积症(PFIC3)、植入物周围纤维化和石棉沉着病。
根据本发明的特定实施方式,所述胆汁淤积性疾病选自原发性胆汁性胆管炎(PBC)、原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)、妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症、进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症、胆管闭锁、胆石症、感染性胆管炎、与朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增多症相关的胆管炎、阿拉吉欧综合症(Alagille syndrome)、非综合征型胆管缺乏、药物诱导的胆汁淤积症和与全肠胃外营养相关的胆汁淤积症。在特定实施方式中,所述胆汁淤积性疾病是PBC。
根据特定实施方式,在本文中描述的每种情况和实施方式中,使用NTZ、NTZ-D或TZ或者NTZ、NTZ-D或TZ的可药用盐。
图表说明
在图、表和文本中使用的缩写:
α-SMA:α平滑肌肌动蛋白
ATORVA:阿托伐他汀
BDL:胆管结扎
BMP:骨形态发生蛋白
cDNA:互补的脱氧核糖核苷酸
COL1A1:胶原蛋白,1型,α1
CDAA:缺乏胆碱的限定L-氨基酸的饮食
CDAAc:增补有胆固醇的缺乏胆碱的限定L-氨基酸的饮食
CHOL:胆固醇
CSAA:增补胆碱的限定L-氨基酸的饮食
DDC:3,5-二乙氧基羰基-1,4-二氢三甲基吡啶
DMSO:二甲基亚砜
DTT:二硫苏糖醇
ELISA:酶联免疫吸附测定法
EMT:上皮-间质转化
EOB:超过极值(Excess Over Bliss)
FBS:胎牛血清
FDA:食品和药品监督管理局
FLUVA:氟伐他汀
FPP:焦磷酸法尼酯
GDF:生长分化因子
Hh:Hedgehog
GGPP:焦磷酸香叶基香叶酯
HMG-CoA:3-羟基-3-甲基戊二酰基-辅酶A
hHSC:人类肝星状细胞
HSC:肝星状细胞
IC50:半最大抑制浓度
InMyoFib:肠肌成纤维细胞
MMP2:基质金属肽酶2
MMP9:基质金属肽酶9
μl:微升
LDL:低密度脂蛋白
LOVA:洛伐他汀
NHLF:正常人肺成纤维细胞
NTZ:硝唑尼特
PBC:原发性胆汁性胆管炎
PBS:磷酸盐缓冲盐水
PITA:匹伐他汀
PSC:原发性硬化性胆管炎
qPCR:定量聚合酶链反应
pMol:皮摩尔
PRAVA:普伐他汀
rhFGF:重组人碱性成纤维细胞生长因子ROSU:瑞舒伐他汀
RNA:核糖核酸
RT:反转录酶
SIMVA:辛伐他汀
SmBM:平滑肌细胞基础培养基
SteCGS:星状细胞生长增补剂
STeCM:星状细胞培养基
TBA:总胆汁酸
TGFβ1:肿瘤生长因子β1
TGFBRI:I型TGFb受体
TGFBRII:II型TGFb受体
THBS1:血小板反应蛋白1
TMB:四甲基联苯胺
TZ:替唑尼特
TZG:替唑尼特葡萄糖醛酸苷
图1.硝唑尼特及其代谢物替唑尼特在人类HSC中抑制TGFβ1诱导的α-SMA蛋白的表
达
将剥夺血清的HSC与NTZ(A)或TZ(B)预温育1小时,然后用促纤维发生的细胞因子TGFβ1(1ng/ml)活化。在温育48小时后,通过ELISA测量α-SMA的表达。将获得的值转换成与TGFβ1对照相比的抑制百分率。数据被呈现为平均值(三份平行样)±标准偏差(SD)。使用Sigma Plot 11.0软件,通过单向ANOVA,随后通过Bonferroni事后检验来进行统计分析。[*:p<0.05;**:p<0.01;***:p<0.001(相对于TGFβ1 1ng/mL组进行比较)]。使用XLFit软件5.3.1.3进行曲线拟合和半最大抑制浓度(IC50)的计算。
图2:他汀类药物在TGFβ诱导的hHSC中的差异性抗纤维化效果
将剥夺血清的hHSC与匹伐他汀(A)、氟伐他汀(B)、辛伐他汀(C)、阿托伐他汀(D)、洛伐他汀(E)、瑞舒伐他汀(F)和普伐他汀(G)预温育1小时,然后用促纤维发生的细胞因子TGFβ1(1ng/ml)活化。在温育48小时后,通过ELISA测量α-SMA的表达。将获得的值转换成与TGFβ1对照相比的抑制百分率。数据被呈现为平均值(三份平行样)±标准偏差(SD)。使用Sigma Plot 11.0软件,通过单向ANOVA,随后通过Bonferroni事后检验来进行统计分析。[*:p<0.05;**:p<0.01;***:p<0.001(相对于TGFβ1 1ng/mL组进行比较)]。使用XLFit软件5.3.1.3进行曲线拟合和半最大抑制浓度(IC50)的计算。
图3:NTZ和匹伐他汀的组合在TGFβ1诱导的hHSC中协同抑制α-SMA
将组合以剂量响应矩阵格式进行试验,并按照超过极值(EOB)累加模型进行分析。制备NTZ(列)和匹伐他汀(行)的连续稀释液,包括它们相应的DMSO对照。将得到的混合物添加到剥夺血清的HSC,1小时后使用促纤维发生的细胞因子TGFβ1(1ng/ml)进行活化。(A)对于所有组合对来说,与TGFβ1对照相比α-SMA抑制的百分率。数据被呈现为四份平行样的平均值。(B)EOB分值如材料和方法中所述来计算。具有正EOB值的任何化合物对被认为是协同的(颜色从浅灰色到黑色)。(C)将源自于协同组合对的数据值在条形图表述中作图。数据被呈现为平均值(四份平行样)±标准偏差(SD)。使用Sigma Plot11.0软件,通过student t-检验或Mann-Whitney秩和检验来进行单一药剂相比于产品组合之间的统计分析[*:p<0.05;**:p<0.01;***:p<0.001]。
图4:NTZ和辛伐他汀的组合在TGFβ诱导的hHSC中协同抑制α-SMA
将组合以剂量响应矩阵格式进行试验,并按照超过极值(EOB)累加模型进行分析。制备NTZ(列)和辛伐他汀(行)的连续稀释液,包括它们相应的DMSO对照。将得到的混合物添加到剥夺血清的HSC,1小时后使用促纤维发生的细胞因子TGFβ1(1ng/ml)进行活化。(A)对于所有组合来说,与TGFβ1对照相比α-SMA抑制的百分率。(B)EOB分值如材料和方法中所述来计算。具有正EOB值的任何化合物对被认为是协同的(颜色从浅灰色到黑色)。(C)将源自于协同组合对的数据值在条形图表述中作图。数据被呈现为平均值(四份平行样)±标准偏差(SD)。使用Sigma Plot 11.0软件,通过student t-检验或Mann-Whitney秩和检验来进行单一药剂相比于产品组合之间的统计分析[*:p<0.05;**:p<0.01;***:p<0.001]。
图5:NTZ和氟伐他汀的组合在TGFβ诱导的hHSC中协同抑制α-SMA
将组合以剂量响应矩阵格式进行试验,并按照超过极值累加模型进行分析。制备NTZ(列)和氟伐他汀(行)的连续稀释液,包括它们相应的DMSO对照。将得到的混合物添加到剥夺血清的HSC,1小时后使用促纤维发生的细胞因子TGFβ1(1ng/ml)进行活化。(A)对于所有组合来说,与TGFβ1对照相比α-SMA抑制的百分率。(B)超过极值(EOB)分值如材料和方法中所述来计算。具有正EOB值的任何化合物对被认为是协同的(颜色从浅灰色到黑色)。(C)将源自于协同组合对的数据值在条形图表述中作图。数据被呈现为平均值(四份平行样)±标准偏差(SD)。使用Sigma Plot 11.0软件,通过student t-检验或Mann-Whitney秩和检验来进行单一药剂相比于产品组合之间的统计分析[*:p<0.05;**:p<0.01;***:p<0.001]。
图6:NTZ和洛伐他汀的组合在TGFβ诱导的hHSC中协同抑制α-SMA
将组合以剂量响应矩阵格式进行试验,并按照超过极值累加模型进行分析。制备NTZ(列)和洛伐他汀(行)的连续稀释液,包括它们相应的DMSO对照。将得到的混合物添加到剥夺血清的HSC,1小时后使用促纤维发生的细胞因子TGFβ1(1ng/ml)进行活化。(A)对于所有组合来说,与TGFβ1对照相比α-SMA抑制的百分率。(B)超过极值(EOB)分值如材料和方法中所述来计算。具有正EOB值的任何化合物对被认为是协同的(颜色从浅灰色到黑色)。协同对的实例示出在,(C)将源自于协同组合对的数据值在条形图表述中作图。数据被呈现为平均值(四份平行样)±标准偏差(SD)。使用Sigma Plot11.0软件,通过student t-检验或Mann-Whitney秩和检验来进行单一药剂相比于产品组合之间的统计分析[*:p<0.05;**:p<0.01;***:p<0.001]。
图7:NTZ和阿托伐他汀的组合在TGFβ诱导的hHSC中协同抑制α-SMA
将组合以剂量响应矩阵格式进行试验,并按照超过极值累加模型进行分析。制备NTZ(列)和阿托伐他汀(行)的连续稀释液,包括它们相应的DMSO对照。将得到的混合物添加到剥夺血清的HSC,1小时后使用促纤维发生的细胞因子TGFβ1(1ng/ml)进行活化。(A)与TGFβ1对照相比α-SMA抑制的百分率。(B)超过极值(EOB)分值如材料和方法中所述来计算。具有正EOB值的任何化合物对被认为是协同的(颜色从浅灰色到黑色)。(C)将源自于协同组合对的数据值在条形图表述中作图。数据被呈现为平均值(四份平行样)±标准偏差(SD)。使用Sigma Plot 11.0软件,通过student t-检验或Mann-Whitney秩和检验来进行单一药剂相比于产品组合之间的统计分析[*:p<0.05;**:p<0.01;***:p<0.001]。
图8:NTZ和普伐他汀的组合在TGFβ诱导的hHSC中协同抑制α-SMA
将组合以剂量响应矩阵格式进行试验,并按照超过极值累加模型进行分析。制备NTZ(列)和普伐他汀(行)的连续稀释液,包括它们相应的DMSO对照。将得到的混合物添加到剥夺血清的HSC,1小时后使用促纤维发生的细胞因子TGFβ1(1ng/ml)进行活化。(A)与TGFβ1对照相比α-SMA抑制的百分率。(B)超过极值(EOB)分值如材料和方法中所述来计算。具有正EOB值的任何化合物对被认为是协同的(颜色从浅灰色到黑色)。(C)将源自于协同组合对的数据值在条形图表述中作图。数据被呈现为平均值(四份平行样)±标准偏差(SD)。使用Sigma Plot 11.0软件,通过student t-检验或Mann-Whitney秩和检验来进行单一药剂相比于产品组合之间的统计分析[*:p<0.05;**:p<0.01;***:p<0.001]。
图9:氟伐他汀也与NTZ的一种代谢物替唑尼特协同,在TGFβ诱导的hHSC中减少纤
维化
将剥夺血清的HSC与亚最佳剂量的替唑尼特(TZ)、氟伐他汀或两种产品的组合预温育1小时。数据被呈现为四份平行样的平均值。使用Sigma Plot 11.0软件,通过单向ANOVA,随后通过Bonferroni事后检验来进行统计分析[*:p<0.05;**:p<0.01;***:p<0.001(相对于“产品组合”组进行比较)]。
图10:NTZ和辛伐他汀的组合协同地防止CCl4诱导的循环TBA浓度水平
将250-275g大鼠每周两次用橄榄油(对照组)或用在橄榄油中乳化的CCl4(CCl4:橄榄油1:2v/v,CCl4终浓度:2ml/kg)腹膜内注射共3周。同时,将橄榄油注射组置于对照饮食下,而将CCl4注射组置于对照饮食或增补有NTZ 30mg/kg/天、SIMVA 10mg/kg/天或NTZ30mg/kg/天/SIMVA 10mg/kg/天的组合的饮食下。在处死后,确定循环TBA浓度。数据被呈现为平均值±标准偏差(SD)。使用Sigma Plot 11.0软件进行统计分析:橄榄油相比于CCl4:Mann-Whitney秩和检验:###:p<0.001;CCl4相比于CCl4+cpd处理:Kruskal Wallis检验,随后是Dunn's事后检验:***:p<0.001;NTZ/SIMVA组合相比于NTZ 30mpk或SIMVA1 10mpk:Mann-Whitney秩和检验:$$$p<0.001。
发明详述
在本申请的实验部分中,显示了(i)NTZ或TZ与(ii)他汀类药物的组合可以在活化的肌成纤维细胞中协同地提供抗纤维化性质。此外,显示了(i)NTZ或TZ与(ii)他汀类药物的组合也可以在肝损伤模型中减少总胆汁酸水平的改变。因此,本发明涉及一种活性剂的新的协同组合,其包含(i)NTZ或NTZ的衍生物例如NTZ的氘化衍生物(NTZ-D)、TZ或TZG,或者NTZ、NTZ-D、TZ或TZG的可药用盐,以及(ii)他汀类药物。
具体来说,本发明涉及(i)NTZ、NTZ的氘化衍生物或TZ或者NTZ、TZ或NTZ的氘化衍生物的可药用盐与(ii)他汀类药物的协同组合,其用于治疗胆汁淤积性或纤维化障碍的方法中。
此外,本发明涉及本发明的协同组合在制造可用于治疗胆汁淤积性和纤维化障碍的药物中的用途,所述协同组合包含(i)NTZ、NTZ-D、TZ或TZG,或者NTZ、NTZ-D、TZ或TZG的可药用盐,和(ii)他汀类药物。本发明还涉及药物组合物,其包含(i)NTZ、NTZ-D、TZ或TZG,或者NTZ、NTZ-D、TZ或TZG的可药用盐,和(ii)他汀类药物,所述组分(i)和(ii)如本文中所述协同地起作用。本发明的药物组合物可用于治疗胆汁淤积性或纤维化障碍。
尽管纤维化障碍的致病物或初始事件相当多样并且它们的发病机理可变,但受影响的组织中的共同特点是存在大量被称为肌成纤维细胞的活化的成纤维细胞(Rosenbloom,Mendoza等,2013)。纤维化刺激物例如TGFβ可以诱导成纤维细胞分化成肌成纤维细胞(Leask和Abraham,2004;Leask,2007)。肌成纤维细胞是在代谢和形态上与众不同的成纤维细胞,所述成纤维细胞的活化在纤维化应答期间发挥关键作用。此外,这些肌成纤维细胞展现出独特的生物功能,包括参与细胞外基质形成的蛋白质例如不同形式的胶原蛋白的表达。α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)表达的诱导是休眠的成纤维细胞向活化的肌成纤维细胞分化的公认的标志,并且可用作生理读数来评估药物干扰纤维化过程的效力。肿瘤生长因子β、特别是肿瘤生长因子β1(TGFβ1),是诱导成纤维细胞表型转化成促纤维化的肌成纤维细胞的公认的生理信号,所述肌成纤维细胞表达高水平的α-SMA和高水平的细胞外基质蛋白,然后它们被分泌并形成纤维化瘢痕组织。
此外,已知成纤维细胞的增殖和活化造成几种构成细胞外基质的结缔组织组分(例如胶原蛋白、弹性蛋白、蛋白聚糖和透明质酸)的产生(Kendall和Feghali-Bostwick,2014)。
出人意料的是,NTZ及其活性代谢物TZ和NTZ的氘化衍生物揭示出抗纤维化性质,因为这些化合物在TGFβ诱导的肝星状细胞和来自于其他器官的原代成纤维细胞中剂量依赖性地降低α-SMA水平。此外,NTZ及其代谢物TZ通过它们在肝损伤模型中减少循环总胆汁酸的能力,揭示出抗胆汁淤积性质。
按照本发明使用的NTZ、TZ和TZG分别具有下述式(I)、(II)和(III):
NTZ和TZ(G)(“TZ(G)”是指“TZ或TZG”)以它们的抗寄生虫和抗病毒活性著称,但现有技术没有教导NTZ和TZ(G)具有抗胆汁淤积和抗纤维化效果。
本发明人以新的和创造性方式证实了这些化合物在胆汁淤积症或纤维化的治疗中具有治疗效果。
现有技术也没有教导NTZ的氘化衍生物(在本申请中的别处也被称为“NTZ-D”)具有抗胆汁淤积或抗纤维化效果。
根据本发明,在本发明的组合物中使用的NTZ的氘化衍生物具有下述式(IV):
其中R2表示基团,其中R2a、R2b和R2c相同或不同,表示氢原子或氘原子,前提是R2a、R2b、R2c不同时是氢原子。
在特定实施方式中,R2a、R2b和R2c表示氘原子。
在特定实施方式中,R2a和R2b表示氘原子,R2c表示氢原子。
在特定实施方式中,R2a表示氘原子,R2b和R2c表示氢原子。
本发明的这些化合物的实例包括:
Cpd.1:2-[(5-硝基-1,3-噻唑-2-基)氨甲酰基]苯基(d3)乙酸酯;
Cpd.2:2-[(5-硝基-1,3-噻唑-2-基)氨甲酰基]苯基(d2)乙酸酯;和
Cpd.3:2-[(5-硝基-1,3-噻唑-2-基)氨甲酰基]苯基(d1)乙酸酯。
在本发明的情形中,“NTZ、NTZ-D和TZ(G)以及NTZ、NTZ-D和TZ(G)的可药用盐”或“式(I)、(II)、(III)和(IV)的化合物以及式(I)、(II)、(III)和(IV)的化合物的可药用盐”被合称为“组分(i)”或“组合的组分(i)”。
在本发明的情形中,“组分(ii)”或“组合的组分(ii)”是指“至少一种他汀类药物”或“他汀类药物”。
本发明人还以新的和创造性方式证实了NTZ、NTZ-D、TZ(G)与他汀类药物的组合可能在人类HSC中具有协同的抗胆汁淤积和/或抗纤维化效果。
在本发明中,协同作用被定义为两种或更多种结构的协调或关联作用,使得组合的作用大于每一者分开作用的总和。
因此,本发明涉及(i)NTZ、NTZ-D、TZG或者NTZ、NTZ-D或TZ(G)的可药用盐与(ii)他汀类药物的协同组合。本发明还涉及这种组合,其用于治疗胆汁淤积性或纤维化障碍的方法中。
根据本发明的特定实施方式,所述组合包含(i)NTZ、NTZ-D或TZ,或者NTZE、NTZ-D或TZ的可药用盐,以及(ii)他汀类药物。
另一方面,本发明涉及本发明的协同组合,其用于抑制成纤维细胞的增殖和/或活化。正如本领域中已知的,成纤维细胞负责细胞外基质的胶原蛋白纤维或其他结缔组织组分的生产。
根据本发明,术语“纤维化”、“纤维化疾病”、“纤维化障碍”及其衍生词表示纤维状结缔组织在器官或组织中过度沉积的病理状况。更具体来说,纤维化是一种病理过程,其包括作为对组织损伤的响应,持久性纤维化瘢痕形成和结缔组织过量生产细胞外基质。在生理上,结缔组织的沉积物可以毁灭下方器官或组织的结构体系和功能。
根据本发明,所述纤维化或纤维化障碍可以与任何器官或组织纤维化相关。特定器官纤维化的说明性而非限制性实例包括肝、内脏、肾、皮肤、表皮、内皮、肌肉、肌腱、软骨、心脏、胰腺、肺、子宫、神经系统、睾丸、阴茎、卵巢、肾上腺、动脉、静脉、结肠、肠(例如小肠)、胆道、软组织(例如纵隔或腹膜后腔)、骨髓、关节、眼或胃的纤维化,特别是肝、肾、皮肤、表皮、内皮、肌肉、肌腱、软骨、心脏、胰腺、肺、子宫、神经系统、睾丸、卵巢、肾上腺、动脉、静脉、结肠、肠(例如小肠)、胆道、软组织(例如纵隔或腹膜后腔)、骨髓、关节或胃的纤维化。
根据本发明,术语“胆汁淤积症”或“胆汁淤积性疾病”或“胆汁淤积性障碍”及其衍生词表示由于肝细胞的分泌受损或通过肝内或肝外胆管的胆汁流动的堵塞造成的胆汁流量下降所定义的病理状况。因此,胆汁淤积症的临床定义是其中正常分泌到胆汁中的物质被潴留的任何病症。
在特定实施方式中,所述纤维化障碍选自肝、内脏、肺、心脏、肾、肌肉、皮肤、软组织(例如纵隔或腹膜后腔)、骨髓、肠和关节(例如膝、肩或其他关节)的纤维化。
在优选实施方式中,所述纤维化障碍选自肝、肺、皮肤、肾和肠的纤维化。
在本发明的更优选实施方式中,所治疗的纤维化障碍选自下述纤维化障碍的非穷举性名单:非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH),肺纤维化,特发性肺纤维化,皮肤纤维化,眼纤维化,心内膜心肌纤维化,纵隔纤维化,骨髓纤维化,腹膜后纤维化,进行性大块纤维化(煤矿工人尘肺的并发症),增殖性纤维化,肿瘤性纤维化,慢性炎性气道疾病(COPD、哮喘、肺气肿、吸烟者的肺、肺结核)后继发的肺纤维化,酒精或药物诱导的肝纤维化,肝硬化,感染诱导的肝纤维化,辐射或化疗诱导的纤维化,肾源性系统性纤维化,克罗恩病,溃疡性结肠炎,瘢痕疙瘩,陈旧性心肌梗塞,硬皮病/系统性硬化症,关节纤维化,某些形式的粘连性囊炎,慢性纤维化胆管病变例如原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)和原发性胆汁性胆管炎(PBC),胆管闭锁,3型家族性肝内胆汁淤积症(PFIC3),植入物周围纤维化和石棉沉着病。
根据本发明的特定实施方式,所述胆汁淤积性疾病选自原发性胆汁性胆管炎(PBC)、原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)、妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症、进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症、胆管闭锁、胆石症、感染性胆管炎、与朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增多症相关的胆管炎、阿拉吉欧综合症、非综合征型胆管缺乏、药物诱导的胆汁淤积症和与全肠胃外营养相关的胆汁淤积症。在优选实施方式中,所述胆汁淤积性疾病是PBC或PSC,特别是PBC。
术语“治疗”是指在需要的对象中胆汁淤积性或纤维化障碍的治愈性或预防性治疗。所述治疗包括向具有所宣称的障碍的对象即患者给药本发明的组合,以治愈、延迟、逆转或减缓所述障碍的进展,由此改善所述对象的状况。治疗也可以被施用于健康或处于发生胆汁淤积性或纤维化障碍的风险中的对象,以预防或延迟所述障碍。
因此,根据本发明,纤维化障碍的治疗包括将本发明的组合给药于具有所宣称的障碍的对象以治愈、延迟、逆转或减缓所述障碍的进展,由此改善所述患者的状况,或给药于健康对象,特别是处于发生胆汁淤积性或纤维化障碍的风险中的对象,所述本发明的组合例如为含有所述组合的组分(i)和(ii)的药物组合物的形式。
待治疗的对象是哺乳动物,优选为人类。可以在与胆汁淤积性或纤维化疾病相关的几种判据例如以前的药物治疗、相关病理、基因型、向风险因子的暴露、病毒感染的基础上,以及在可以利用成像方法和免疫学、生物化学、酶、化学或核酸检测方法来评估的任何相关生物标志物的检测的基础上选择本发明的待治疗对象。
根据本发明,术语“他汀类药物”是指HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂,其是一类降胆固醇药物,抑制在胆固醇的生产中发挥中心作用的酶HMG-CoA还原酶。已将升高的血液胆固醇水平与心血管疾病(CVD)相关联,并且许多研究显示CVD事件的风险可以被降脂疗法降低。在开始时,降脂医疗方式基本上限于低饱和脂肪和胆固醇饮食、胆汁酸螯合剂(消胆胺和考来替泊)、烟酸(尼克酸)、贝特类药物和普罗布考。不幸的是,所有这些治疗具有有限的功效或耐受性或两者。
上述HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂属于含有可以作为3-羟基内酯环或作为相应的开环二羟基开环酸存在的组成部分的化合物结构类别。可以制备二羟基开环酸的盐,并且事实上,正如上面指出的,几种市场上销售的他汀类药物作为二羟基开环酸盐的形式给药。
例如,洛伐他汀和辛伐他汀在全世界以它们的内酯化形式销售。
已发现他汀类药物在处于高风险下的人中减少心血管疾病和死亡率。他汀类药物在疾病的早期阶段(二级预防)和在高风险但没有CVD的人中(一级预防)有效地治疗CVD,这种证据是强烈的。
根据本发明,术语“他汀类药物”当在本文中使用时,包括但不限于氟伐他汀、阿托伐他汀、美伐他汀、西立伐他汀、洛伐他汀、辛伐他汀、瑞舒伐他汀、普伐他汀和匹伐他汀。根据本发明的特定实施方式,所述他汀类药物选自匹伐他汀、氟伐他汀、辛伐他汀和阿托伐他汀。
他汀类药物可以为盐、水合物、溶剂化物、多形体或共晶体的形式。他汀类药物也可以为盐的水合物、溶剂化物、多形体或共晶体的形式。根据本发明,他汀类药物也可以以内酯的游离酸的形式存在。
所述组合的组分(ii)可以包含一种或多种他汀类药物,即一种他汀类药物或他汀类药物的混合物。
根据本发明,包含在本发明的组合中的他汀类药物被选择成使得所述他汀类药物与本发明组合的组分(i)的组合针对胆汁淤积症或纤维化提供协同作用。这种协同性可以按照本领域中公知的方法来确定,例如通过使用在实施例中描述的超过极值(EOB)方法。
在优选实施方式中,本发明的协同组合中的他汀类药物选自洛伐他汀、瑞舒伐他汀、普伐他汀、匹伐他汀、氟伐他汀、辛伐他汀和阿托伐他汀,特别是选自匹伐他汀、氟伐他汀和辛伐他汀。
本发明的另一方面涉及药物组合物形式的上述协同组合。因此,本发明还涉及药物组合物,其包含(i)NTZ、NTZ-D或TZ(G),或者NTZ、NTZ-D或TZ(G)的可药用盐,以及(ii)他汀类药物。
另一方面,本发明涉及试剂盒形式的上述协同组合,用于其组分的同时、顺序或分开给药,正如在下文更详细描述的。
本发明还提供了一种治疗胆汁淤积症或纤维化的方法。
所述治疗包括将本发明的协同组合给药于具有所宣称的障碍的患者以治愈、延迟或减缓进展,由此改善所述患者的状况,或给药于健康对象,特别是处于发生胆汁淤积性或纤维化障碍的风险中的对象,以预防所述疾病。
可以在与纤维化疾病相关的几种判据例如以前的药物治疗、相关病理、基因型、向风险因子的暴露、病毒感染,以及可以利用成像方法和免疫学、生物化学、酶、化学或核酸检测方法来评估的任何其他相关生物标志物的基础上选择本发明的待治疗对象。
NTZ或TZ的合成可以例如如Rossignol和Cavier,1975所述,或通过本领域技术人员已知的任何其他合成方式来进行。TZG可以例如按照本领域中已知的,例如下述文献中的合成方式来合成:Wadouachi 2011.S'agit-il de A Wadouachi,J Kovensky,“葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸和甘露糖醛酸的糖苷的合成:概述”(Synthesis of Glycosides ofGlucuronic,Galacturonic and Mannuronic Acids:An Overview),Molecules,2011,16(5),3933-3968。
在特定实施方式中,胆汁淤积性或纤维化障碍的治疗可以包括给药包含选自NTZ、NTZ-D和TZ(G)的至少两种化合物的组合物。在这个实施方式中,所给药的他汀类药物被提供在与所述两种化合物相同的组合物中,或以分开的形式提供,例如在不同组合物中。
在另一个实施方式中,本发明的协同组合在疗法中用于同时、顺序或分开给药,因此可能被包含在不同组合物中。在顺序给药的情况下,所述组合的组分(i)可以在组分(ii)之前给药,或者组分(ii)在组分(i)之前给药。因此,本发明还涉及试剂盒,其包含(i)NTZ、NTZ-D和TZ(G),或者NTZ、NTZ-D和TZ(G)的可药用盐,与(ii)他汀类药物的协同组合,用于同时、顺序或分开给药。
NTZ、NTZ-D、TZ(G)和他汀类药物可以被配制成可药用盐,特别是与制药用途相容的酸或碱盐。NTZ、NTZ-D、TZ(G)和他汀类药物的盐包括可药用酸加成盐、可药用碱加成盐、可药用金属盐、铵盐和烷基化铵盐。这些盐可以在所述化合物的最终纯化步骤中获得,或通过将所述盐并入到以前纯化的化合物中获得。
组分(i)和(ii)、特别是式(I)、(II)、(III)或(IV)的化合物与一种或多种他汀类药物的组合,可以被配制成可药用的无毒性的盐,其从式(I)、(II)、(III)或(IV)的化合物或他汀类药物的有机或无机碱或酸获得。这些盐可以在所述化合物的最终纯化步骤中获得,或通过将所述盐并入到以前纯化的化合物中获得。
本发明的包含组分(i)和/或(ii)、特别是包含式(I)、(II)、(III)的化合物和/或一种或多种他汀类药物的药物组合物,也可以包含一种或几种在制药背景中可接受的赋形剂或介质(例如与制药用途相容并且本领域普通技术人员公知的盐水溶液、生理溶液、等渗溶液等)。
这些组合物也可以包含选自分散剂、增溶剂、稳定剂、防腐剂等的一种或几种试剂或介质。可用于这些制剂(液体和/或注射剂和/或固体)的试剂或介质具体来说是甲基纤维素、羟甲基纤维素、羧甲基纤维素、聚山梨醇酯80、甘露糖醇、明胶、乳糖、植物油、阿拉伯树胶、脂质体等。
这些组合物可以被配制成可注射悬液、凝胶、油、软膏、丸剂、片剂、栓剂、粉剂、凝胶帽、胶囊、气溶胶等的形式,最终利用盖伦剂型或装置,确保延长和/或缓慢释放。对于这种制剂来说,可以有利地使用试剂例如纤维素、碳酸盐或淀粉。
本发明的包含所述组合的组分(i)和/或(ii)、例如式(I)、(II)、(III)的化合物和/或一种或多种他汀类药物(所述他汀类药物正如上面提到的,选自允许与本发明的组合的组分(i)具有协同效应的他汀类药物)的药物组合物,可以通过不同途径并以不同形式给药。例如,所述化合物可以通过全身性方式、经口、肠胃外、通过吸入、通过鼻喷雾、通过鼻滴注或通过注射例如静脉内注射、通过肌肉内途径、通过皮下途径、通过透皮途径、通过表面途径、通过动脉内途径等给药。
当然,给药途径将按照本领域技术人员公知的程序改变以适应于组分(i)与一种或多种他汀类药物的组合的形式。
在特定实施方式中,所述组分(i)和(ii)被配制成片剂。在另一个特定实施方式中,所述化合物口服给药。
与一种或多种他汀类药物相组合的NTZ、NTZ-D或TZ(G)以治疗有效量给药。在本发明的情形中,术语“有效量”是指所述化合物的足以产生所需治疗结果的量。
与所述给药相关的频率和剂量可以由本领域普通技术人员根据患者、病理、给药形式等进行调整。通常,本发明的组合(例如为药物组合物或试剂盒的形式)可以以下述剂量给药,用于治疗胆汁淤积性或纤维化疾病:所述组合的组分(i)的剂量在0.01mg/天至4000mg/天之间,例如50mg/天至2000mg/天,例如100mg/天至2000mg/天,特别是100mg/天至1000mg/天。在特定实施方式中,NTZ、TZ(G)或其可药用盐以约1000mg/天(即900至1100mg/天的剂量)、特别是以1000mg/天的剂量给药。在特定实施方式中,NTZ、TZ(G)或其可药用盐以约1000mg/天、特别是以1000mg/天的剂量口服给药,特别是作为片剂。给药可以每天进行,或者如有必要,甚至可以每天几次。在一个实施方式中,所述化合物每天给药至少一次,例如每天一次、每天两次或每天三次。在特定实施方式中,所述化合物每天给药一次或两次。具体来说,口服给药可以每天一次,在进餐期间,例如在早餐、午餐或晚餐期间,以约1000mg的剂量、特别是以1000mg的剂量通过服用包含所述化合物的片剂来进行。在另一个实施方式中,片剂被每天口服给药两次,例如在一次进餐期间以约500mg的剂量(即450至550mg的剂量)、特别是以500mg的剂量给药包含所述化合物的第一片剂,并在同一天的另一次进餐期间以约500mg的剂量、特别是以500mg的剂量给药包含所述化合物的第二片剂。
在所述组合中所述他汀类药物的剂量可以随着所述他汀类药物自身而变。根据典型的他汀类药物方案改变所述剂量,以适应于所述他汀类药物的效率。
例如,对于氟伐他汀来说,所述剂量可以包含在10至50mg/天、特别是20至40mg/天之间。
对于匹伐他汀来说,所述剂量可以包含在0,1mg/天至6mg/天、特别是1至4mg/天之间。
对于辛伐他汀和阿托伐他汀两者来说,所述剂量可以包含在1mg/天至100mg/天、特别是10至80mg/天之间。
在本发明的优选实施方式中,组分(i)、特别是NTZ,与氟伐他汀相组合使用,剂量为对于NTZ来说在100mg/天至1000mg/天之间,对于氟伐他汀来说在1至4mg/天之间。
在本发明的另一个优选实施方式中,组分(i)、特别是NTZ,与匹伐他汀相组合使用,剂量为对于NTZ来说在100mg/天至1000mg/天之间,对于匹伐他汀来说在1至4mg/天之间。
在本发明的另一个优选实施方式中,组分(i)、特别是NTZ,与辛伐他汀或阿托伐他汀相组合使用,剂量为对于NTZ来说在100mg/天至1000mg/天之间,对于辛伐他汀和阿托伐他汀来说在10至80mg/天之间。
在另一个优选实施方式中,所述活性成分作为一种或多种药物组合物,以旨在用于口服摄入的丸剂或片剂的形式给药。
给药可以每天进行,或者如有必要,甚至可以每天几次。
适合情况下,使用本发明的组合的治疗过程为期至少1周,特别是至少2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、10、15、20或24周或更长时间。具体来说,使用NTZ、TZ(G)或其可药用盐的治疗过程为期至少1年、2年、3年、4年或至少5年。
在特定实施方式中,本发明涉及在需要的患者中治疗胆汁淤积性或纤维化疾病,特别是肝纤维化,更特别是NASH后继发的肝纤维化,其包括向所述患者给药治疗有效量的本发明的组合,包括特别是以1000mg/天的剂量给药NTZ,特别是通过每天两次,特别是在两次不同进餐期间给药含有500mg NTZ的片剂。
在特定实施方式中,本发明涉及本发明的组合,其进一步与至少一种其他治疗活性剂例如具有已知抗纤维化活性的其他分子相组合,本发明的这种进一步组合可用于治疗胆汁淤积性或纤维化障碍。
根据这个实施方式的变化形式,NTZ、TZ或NTZ的氘化衍生物与一种或多种他汀类药物的组合可以与任何抗纤维化化合物相组合,例如吡非尼酮或受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(RTKI)例如尼达尼布、索拉非尼和其他RTKI,或血管紧张素II(AT1)受体阻断剂,或CTGF抑制剂,或对干扰TGFβ和BMP激活的途径易感的任何抗纤维化化合物,包括潜伏性TGFβ复合体的激活剂例如MMP2、MMP9、THBS1或细胞表面整合蛋白,I型TGFβ受体(TGFBRI)或II型TGFβ受体(TGFBRII)以及它们的配体例如TGFβ,激活素,抑制素,Nodal,抗苗勒氏管激素,GDF或BMP,辅助性共受体(也被称为III型受体),或SMAD依赖性经典途径的组分,包括调节性或抑制性SMAD蛋白,或SMAD不依赖性或非经典途径的成员,包括MAPK信号转导的各种不同分支、TAK1、Rho样GTP酶信号转导途径、磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/AKT途径、TGFβ诱导的EMT过程或经典和非经典Hedgehog信号转导途径的成员,包括Hh配体或靶基因,或对影响TGFβ信号转导易感的WNT或Notch途径的任何成员。
因此,本发明还涉及一种药物组合物,其特别是用于治疗胆汁淤积性或纤维化疾病的方法中,所述组合物包含选自组分(i)和组分(ii)的化合物与具有已知抗纤维化活性的至少一种治疗活性剂的组合,所述治疗活性剂选自吡非尼酮或受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(RTKI)例如尼达尼布、索拉非尼和其他RTKI,或血管紧张素II(AT1)受体阻断剂,或CTGF抑制剂,或对干扰TGFβ和BMP激活的途径易感的任何抗纤维化化合物,包括潜伏性TGFβ复合体的激活剂例如MMP2、MMP9、THBS1或细胞表面整合蛋白,I型TGFβ受体(TGFBRI)或II型TGFβ受体(TGFBRII)以及它们的配体例如TGFβ,激活素,抑制素,Nodal,抗苗勒氏管激素,GDF或BMP,辅助性共受体(也被称为III型受体),或SMAD依赖性经典途径的组分,包括调节性或抑制性SMAD蛋白,或SMAD不依赖性或非经典途径的成员,包括MAPK信号转导的各种不同分支、TAK1、Rho样GTP酶信号转导途径、磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/AKT途径、TGFβ诱导的EMT过程或经典和非经典Hedgehog信号转导途径的成员,包括Hh配体或靶基因,或对影响TGFβ信号转导易感的WNT或Notch途径的任何成员,用于治疗胆汁淤积性或纤维化障碍的方法中。
在另一个特定实施方式中,也可以与组分(i)和组分(ii)组合的其他类型的分子包括JAK/STAT抑制剂或其他抗炎和/或免疫抑制剂。这些药剂的非穷举性名单包括但不限于糖皮质激素、NSAIDS、环磷酰胺、亚硝基脲、叶酸类似物、嘌呤类似物、嘧啶类似物、甲氨蝶呤、硫唑嘌呤、巯基嘌呤、环孢菌素、多球壳菌素、他克莫司、西罗莫司、霉酚酸衍生物、芬戈莫德和其他鞘氨醇-1-磷酸酯受体调节剂、针对靶例如促炎性细胞因子和促炎性细胞因子受体、T细胞受体、整合蛋白的单克隆和/或多克隆抗体。也可以与组分(i)和组分(ii)组合的其他类型的分子包括可以潜在地增强组分(i)和组分(ii)的暴露或效果的分子。
在另一个实施方式中,组分(i)和组分(ii)作为唯一活性成分给药。
在另一个实施方式中,本发明提供了治疗胆汁淤积性或纤维化疾病的方法,所述方法包括给药本发明的组合,特别是以含有组分(i)和组分(ii)的药物组合物或试剂盒的形式。
参考下面的非限制性实施例进一步描述本发明。
实施例
材料和方法
化合物被溶解在二甲基亚砜(DMSO,Fluka cat#41640)中。硝唑尼特(INTERCHIMcat#RQ550U)、替唑尼特(INTERCHIM cat#RP253)以及匹伐他汀(INTERCHIM cat#15414)、辛伐他汀(Sigma Aldrich cat#S6196)、氟伐他汀(Sigma Aldrich cat#Y0001090)、普伐他汀(Selleckchem cat#S3036)、瑞舒伐他汀(Selleckchem cat#S2169)、洛伐他汀(Selleckchem cat#S4223)、阿托伐他汀(Sigma Aldrich cat#PZ0001)商购获得。
hHSC培养
将人类原代肝星状细胞(hHSC)(Innoprot)在增补有2%胎牛血清(FBS,ScienCellcat#0010)、1%青霉素/链霉素(ScienCell cat#0503)和星状细胞生长增补剂(SteCGS;ScienCell cat#5352)的STeCM培养基(ScienCell cat#5301)中培养。细胞培养瓶用聚L-赖氨酸(Sigma cat#P4707)包被以获得更好的粘附。
组合物的制备
2组分组合矩阵(NTZ/他汀类药物或TZ/他汀类药物)
采用棋盘矩阵。将NTZ或TZ和他汀类药物储用液在DMSO中以5个点的系列连续稀释在96孔板的行(他汀类药物)和列(NTZ或TZ)中。第6个点装填不含化合物的100%DMSO。随后,通过1:1混合所有单一药剂浓度,产生6X6组合矩阵。每种化合物的5个测试浓度在每种化合物作为单一药剂的相应IC50的基础上选择,所述IC50通过在用TGF-β1刺激的HSC模型中测量α-SMA含量来获得。然后,选择高和低2倍和4倍的浓度。
对于在TGF-β1刺激的HSC模型中分别被发现是无活性和弱抑制剂的普伐他汀和瑞舒伐他汀来说,剂量范围被任意选择(从4μM开始,连续稀释2倍的5种剂量)。
使用TGF-β1活化hHSC和化合物处理
将人类原代肝星状细胞(hHSC)(Innoprot)在如上所述的标准条件下培养。随后将细胞以2 x 104个细胞/孔的密度铺于96孔板中用于通过ELISA测量α-SMA。第二天,将细胞培养基移除,并将细胞用PBS(Invitrogen cat#14190)洗涤。将hHSC在无血清且无SteCGS的培养基中剥夺24小时。对于使用NTZ、他汀类药物(匹伐他汀、氟伐他汀、辛伐他汀、阿托伐他汀、洛伐他汀、瑞舒伐他汀、普伐他汀)和相应NTZ/他汀类药物组合的处理以及对于使用TZ、他汀类药物(匹伐他汀、辛伐他汀、氟伐他汀、普伐他汀)和相应组合TZ/他汀类药物的处理来说,将所述剥夺血清的hHSC与化合物预温育1小时,然后添加在无血清且无SteCGS的培养基中的促纤维生成刺激物TGFβ1(PeproTech cat#100-21,1ng/mL),另外温育48小时时长。
在处理结束时,将细胞用PBS(Invitrogen,cat#14190)洗涤,然后添加50μl裂解缓冲液(CelLyticTM MT试剂;Sigma#C3228)。然后使用板振荡仪将板在冰上温育30分钟,然后在-20℃下储存。
α-SMA ELISA
使用夹心ELISA来测量α-SMA的水平。简单来说,首先将ELISA板的孔用捕获抗体(小鼠抗ACTA2单克隆抗体,Abnova)在4℃下包被过夜。在PBS+0,2%Tween 20中洗涤3次后,添加由PBS+0.2%BSA构成的阻断溶液1小时,随后进行另一个洗涤循环。将细胞裂解物转移到孔中,用于在室温下与捕获抗体结合2h时长。在所述洗涤程序后,添加检测抗体(生物素化的小鼠抗ACTA2单克隆抗体,Abnova),在室温下2小时,然后进行3次洗涤。为了进行检测,首先施加HRP偶联的链亲和素(R&D Systems cat#DY998),在室温下30min。在洗涤后,添加HRP底物TMB(BD,#555214),并在暗处在室温下温育7min。一旦氧化后,TMB形成水溶性蓝色反应产物,其在添加硫酸(终止溶液)后变成黄色,能够使用分光光度计在450nm处准确测量强度。显出的颜色与所述裂解物中存在的α-SMA的量成正比。
通过超过极值(EOB)方法确定协同作用
首先将在αSMA ELISA测定法中获得的值转化成与TGF-β1对照相比的抑制百分率。然后,使用这些转变成分数的抑制百分率(百分率除以100),确定EOB(超过极值)以定义药物组合的协同效应。首先通过下述方程确定预期的极值累加分值(E):
E=(A+B)-(A×B),其中A和B是给定剂量下的NTZ(A)和给定他汀类药物(B)在0至1范围内的转变成分数的抑制百分率。极值预期和在相同剂量下组合的NTZ/他汀类药物的观察到的抑制之间的差是“超过极值”分值。
-超过极值分值=0表明所述组合处理是累加的(正如对独立途径的效果所预期的);
-超过极值分值>0表明活性高于累加(协同);并且
-超过极值分值<0表明所述组合小于累加(拮抗作用)。
对于每种产品组合(NTZ+他汀类药物)来说,通过所有EOB的加和来计算附加的总极值分值。
为了确认协同作用,对于每种NTZ/他汀类药物的组合来说,将对应于顶尖EOB分值的实验值在条形图中作图。使用Sigma Plot 11.0软件,通过student t-检验或Mann-Whitney秩和检验来估算在NTZ/他汀类药物或TZ/他汀类药物与单一药剂之间观察到的差异的显著性[*:p<0.05;**:p<0.01;***:p<0.001]。
在CCl4诱导的肝纤维化中评估NTZ/SIMVA组合的协同治疗效果
在CCl4诱导的肝损伤的大鼠模型中评估NTZ/SIMVA组合的协同治疗效果。
将OFA S;Dawley大鼠(初始体重250-275g)按照它们的体重随机分成5组并处理3周。大鼠每周两次用橄榄油(对照组)或用在橄榄油中乳化的CCl4(CCl4:橄榄油1:2v/v,CCl4终浓度:2ml/kg)进行腹膜内注射。同时,将橄榄油注射组置于对照饮食下,而将CCl4注射组置于对照饮食或增补有化合物的饮食下。准备3种方案,分别对应于NTZ 30mg/kg/天、SIMVA 10mg/kg/天或NTZ/SIMVA 30/10mg/kg/天的暴露量。在处理的最后一天,在6h禁食期后将大鼠处死。收集血液样品并分离血清用于生物化学分析。
在DDC诱导的胆汁淤积症模型中评估NTZ/SIMVA组合的协同治疗效果:
在DDC诱导的胆汁淤积症模型中评估NTZ/SIMVA组合的协同治疗效果。
对C57BL/6小鼠喂食增补有0,1%DDC的饮食或分别对应于NTZ 100mg/kg/天或SIMVA 10mg/kg/天暴露量的增补有0.1%DDC的饮食或标准小鼠饮食(Ssniff)共8周。在处理的最后一天,在6h禁食期后将小鼠处死。获取血液样品用于生物化学分析,并将肝快速切下用于生物化学和组织学研究。
在长期CCl4诱导的肝纤维化模型中评估NTZ/SIMVA组合的协同治疗效果
将9周龄C57BL/6小鼠置于对照饮食或增补有NTZ的饮食下共6周。准备8种含有NTZ和/或SIMVA的饮食方案,分别对应于30或100mg/kg/天的NTZ、或者3或10mg/kg/天的SIMVA、或者分别为30/3、100/3、30/10、100/10mg/kg/天的NTZ/SIMVA组合的暴露量。同时,并且对于6周的总持续时间来说,通过口服管饲法将小鼠每周3次用溶解在橄榄油中的CCl4或介质进行处理。CCl4的量从0.875ml/kg逐渐提高到2.5ml/kg。在处理的最后一天,在6h禁食期后将小鼠处死。收集血液样品并分离血清用于生物化学分析。将肝快速切下用于生物化学、组织学和表达研究。
在BDL模型中评估NTZ/SIMVA组合的协同治疗效果
对大鼠进行手术胆管结扎,以便诱导肝外胆汁淤积症并随后诱导肝纤维化。在短暂恢复期后,将动物用30或100mg/kg/天的NTZ、3或10mpk的SIMVA、或者30/3或100/10mg/kg/天的NTZ/SIMVA组合处理1或2周。在处理的最后一天,将小鼠在6h禁食期后处死。收集血液样品,并分离血清用于生物化学分析。将肝快速切下,用于生物化学、组织学和表达研究。
血浆的总胆汁酸浓度的测量
使用用于Daytona自动分析仪的适合的Randox试剂盒(Randox,cat#BI 3863)来确定血浆的总胆汁酸(TBA)浓度。在硫代NAD存在下,3-α-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(3-αHSD)将胆汁酸转变成3-酮基类固醇和硫代NADH。所述反应是可逆的,并且3-αHSD可以将3-酮基类固醇和硫代NADFH转变成胆汁酸和硫代NAD。在过量NADH存在下,酶的循环高效发生,并通过测量在405nm处的吸光度的具体变化来确定硫代NADH的形成速率。结果以μmol/L为单位表示。
结果和结论:
分化的肌成纤维细胞的异常存留是许多纤维化疾病的特征。在肝损伤后,休眠的HSC经历活化的过程,其以分化成α-SMA阳性的肌成纤维细胞为特征。在寻找新的抗纤维化分子的尝试中,在用促纤维发生的细胞因子TGFβ1活化的人类HSC的模型中对FDA批准药物的文库进行表型筛选。作为纤维化病变的标志的α-SMA的水平被用于评估所述药物干扰纤维化过程的效力。所述筛选活动导致鉴定了硝唑尼特(NTZ),其在TGFβ诱导的HSC中剂量依赖性地降低α-SMA的水平。总的来说,NTZ表现出包含在0.1至3μM之间的IC50(图1A)。
由于已知NTZ被快速水解成活性代谢物替唑尼特(TZ)(Broekhuysen,Stockis等,2000),因此也在HSC中评估了这种代谢物的抗纤维化活性。TZ显示出与母体药物相似的概貌,其中IC50在0.1至3μM之间(图1B)。有趣的是,在所述筛选活动中也鉴定到了特定但不是所有的他汀类药物。在TGFβ诱导的HSC模型中进行的剂量响应分析(图2)揭示出7种测试的他汀类药物在它们的抗纤维化性质方面不等同。
通常,最有效的抗纤维化他汀类药物匹伐他汀(图2A)和氟伐他汀(图2B)表现出低于1μM的IC50,而辛伐他汀(图2C)、阿托伐他汀(图2D)、洛伐他汀(图2E)的IC50值通常被包含在1至3μM之间。瑞舒伐他汀(图2F)揭示出显著的抗纤维化活性,但只在最高剂量下,并且发现单独的普伐他汀(图2G)在所测试的剂量下无活性。值得注意的是,各种不同的他汀家族成员的抗纤维化性质似乎不与它们的降脂能力相关。例如,对于HMG_CoA还原酶抑制来说被认为是最有效的他汀类药物的瑞舒伐他汀(IC50=5.4nM;(McKenney,2003)揭示出弱的抗纤维化性质。
为了评估他汀类药物与NTZ或TZ的组合是否能够以协同方式减少纤维化,在TGFβ诱导的HSC中进行了组合矩阵实验。简单来说,将NTZ或TZ和他汀类药物溶液以棋盘格式连续稀释,产生覆盖大量他汀类药物/NTZ或他汀类药物/TZ比率的36个组合的矩阵。首先通过计算超过极值分值来确定协同性。为了将不同的他汀类药物基于它们的协同作用进行排序,也计算了为每种他汀类药物获得的EOB分值之和。这些实验揭示出NTZ可以与所有他汀类药物协同在活化的HSC中减少α-SMA产生,但不都具有相同效力。
使用NTZ与匹伐他汀的组合获得了最佳协同性(总EOB分值为337),其次是辛伐他汀(总EOB分值为255)、氟伐他汀(总EOB分值为141)、洛伐他汀(总EOB分值为91)、普伐他汀(总EOB分值为88)和阿托伐他汀(总EOB分值为73)(图4B、5B、6B、7B和8B)。仅对几种NTZ/ROSU比率获得正的EOB分值(数据未示出),指示了协同性,但与其他NTZ/他汀类药物组合相比更弱。为了确认协同作用,将对应于每种NTZ/他汀类药物组合的高EOB分值的实验值在条形图中作图(图4C、5C、6C、7C和8C)。
这些图表明,NTZ与匹伐他汀、辛伐他汀、氟伐他汀、洛伐他汀、阿托伐他汀和普伐他汀的组合显示出优越的抗纤维化效果,其与最高的单一药剂(NTZ或他汀类药物)相比在统计学上具有显著性。令人印象最深刻的实例以匹伐他汀、辛伐他汀或氟伐他汀为代表,其中单一药剂在亚最佳剂量下提供弱的抗纤维化活性(~10至20%抑制),然而,当与NTZ组合时,达到60至70%量级的α-SMA抑制。也评估了与NTZ具有最佳协同作用的他汀类药物即匹伐他汀、辛伐他汀和氟伐他汀与NTZ的活性代谢物替唑尼特的组合。正如使用NTZ所观察到的,TZ代谢物也与这3种他汀类药物协同(使用氟伐他汀的实例示出在图9中)。
除了它们的抗纤维化性质之外,已发现在CCl4诱导的肝损伤模型中,30mg/kg/天的NTZ与10mg/kg/天的辛伐他汀的组合协同阻止发生循环胆汁酸水平的改变(图10)。总而言之,本申请人发现了式(I)的化合物与他汀类药物的组合的出人意料的抗胆汁淤积和抗纤维化活性。这些结果表明,式(I)的化合物与他汀类药物的组合可以协同作用,并且可以在多种类型的胆汁淤积性和纤维化疾病中提供治疗益处。
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Claims (13)
1.下述(i)与(ii)的协同组合:
(i)硝唑尼特(NTZ)、NTZ的氘化衍生物(NTZ-D)、替唑尼特(TZ)或替唑尼特葡萄糖醛酸苷(TZG),或者NTZ、NTZ-D、TZ或TZG的可药用盐;和
(ii)至少一种他汀类药物。
2.权利要求1的协同组合,其为药物组合物或试剂盒的形式。
3.权利要求1或2的协同组合,其中所述至少一种特定他汀类药物选自美伐他汀、西立伐他汀、匹伐他汀、氟伐他汀、辛伐他汀、阿托伐他汀、洛伐他汀、瑞舒伐他汀和普伐他汀。
4.权利要求3的协同组合,其中所述他汀类药物选自匹伐他汀、氟伐他汀和辛伐他汀。
5.权利要求1至4任一项的协同组合,其还包含具有已知抗纤维化活性的至少一种治疗活性剂,所述治疗活性剂选自吡非尼酮或受体酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(RTKI)例如尼达尼布、索拉非尼和其他RTKI,或血管紧张素II(AT1)受体阻断剂,或CTGF抑制剂,或对干扰TGFβ和BMP激活的途径易感的任何抗纤维化化合物,包括潜伏性TGFβ复合体的激活剂例如MMP2、MMP9、THBS1或细胞表面整合蛋白,I型TGFβ受体(TGFBRI)或II型TGFβ受体(TGFBRII)以及它们的配体例如TGFβ,激活素,抑制素,Nodal,抗苗勒氏管激素,GDF或BMP,辅助性共受体(也被称为III型受体),或SMAD依赖性经典途径的组分,包括调节性或抑制性SMAD蛋白,或SMAD不依赖性或非经典途径的成员,包括MAPK信号转导的各种不同分支、TAK1、Rho样GTP酶信号转导途径、磷脂酰肌醇-3激酶/AKT途径、TGFβ诱导的EMT过程或经典和非经典Hedgehog信号转导途径的成员,包括Hh配体或靶基因,或对影响TGFβ易感的WNT或Notch途径的任何成员。
6.权利要求1至5任一项的协同组合,其还包含选自JAK/STAT抑制剂和其他抗炎和/或免疫抑制剂的至少一种治疗活性剂。
7.权利要求6的协同组合,其中所述治疗活性剂选自糖皮质激素、NSAIDS、环磷酰胺、亚硝基脲、叶酸类似物、嘌呤类似物、嘧啶类似物、甲氨蝶呤、硫唑嘌呤、巯基嘌呤、环孢菌素、多球壳菌素、他克莫司、西罗莫司、霉酚酸衍生物、芬戈莫德和其他鞘氨醇-1-磷酸酯受体调节剂、针对靶例如促炎性细胞因子和促炎性细胞因子受体、T细胞受体和整合蛋白的单克隆和/或多克隆抗体。
8.权利要求1至7任一项的协同组合,其用作药物。
9.权利要求1至7任一项的协同组合,其用于治疗胆汁淤积性或纤维化障碍的方法中。
10.权利要求9的供使用的协同组合,其中所述纤维化障碍选自选自肝、内脏、肾、皮肤、表皮、内皮、肌肉、肌腱、软骨、心脏、胰腺、肺、子宫、神经系统、睾丸、阴茎、卵巢、肾上腺、动脉、静脉、结肠、肠(例如小肠)、胆道、软组织(例如纵隔或腹膜后腔)、骨髓、关节、眼和胃的纤维化。
11.权利要求9或10的供使用的协同组合,其中所述纤维化障碍选自肝、内脏、肺、心脏、肾、肌肉、皮肤、软组织、骨髓、肠和关节的纤维化。
12.权利要求9至11任一项的供使用的协同组合,其中所述纤维化障碍选自非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)、肺纤维化、特发性肺纤维化、皮肤纤维化、眼纤维化、心内膜心肌纤维化、纵隔纤维化、骨髓纤维化、腹膜后纤维化、进行性大块纤维化、增殖性纤维化、肿瘤性纤维化、慢性炎性气道疾病(COPD、哮喘、肺气肿、吸烟者的肺、肺结核)后继发的肺纤维化、酒精或药物诱导的肝纤维化、肝硬化、感染诱导的肝纤维化、辐射或化疗诱导的纤维化、肾源性系统性纤维化、克罗恩病、溃疡性结肠炎、瘢痕疙瘩、陈旧性心肌梗塞、硬皮病/系统性硬化症、关节纤维化、某些形式的粘连性囊炎、慢性纤维化胆管病变例如原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)、原发性胆汁性胆管炎(PBC)、胆管闭锁、3型家族性肝内胆汁淤积症(PFIC3)、植入物周围纤维化和石棉沉着病。
13.权利要求9至11任一项的供使用的协同组合,其中所述胆汁淤积性障碍选自原发性胆汁性胆管炎(PBC)、原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)、妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症、进行性家族性肝内胆汁淤积症、胆管闭锁、胆石症、感染性胆管炎、与朗格汉斯细胞组织细胞增多症相关的胆管炎、阿拉吉欧综合症、非综合征型胆管缺乏、药物诱导的胆汁淤积症和与全肠胃外营养相关的胆汁淤积症。
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KR102410951B1 (ko) | 2022-06-20 |
IL262186B1 (en) | 2023-06-01 |
EP3442518A1 (en) | 2019-02-20 |
US20170290813A1 (en) | 2017-10-12 |
CO2018012180A2 (es) | 2019-08-20 |
JP2019513760A (ja) | 2019-05-30 |
WO2017178173A1 (en) | 2017-10-19 |
KR20180129936A (ko) | 2018-12-05 |
JP7134092B2 (ja) | 2022-09-09 |
AU2017249603B2 (en) | 2022-12-01 |
CA3019205A1 (en) | 2017-10-19 |
IL262186B2 (en) | 2023-10-01 |
MX2018012285A (es) | 2019-02-07 |
CN109152760B (zh) | 2022-09-23 |
ZA201807390B (en) | 2019-08-28 |
EA201892297A1 (ru) | 2019-07-31 |
PH12018502161A1 (en) | 2019-07-15 |
SG11201808540SA (en) | 2018-10-30 |
IL262186A (en) | 2018-11-29 |
EP3442518B1 (en) | 2024-01-17 |
BR112018069682A2 (pt) | 2019-01-29 |
AU2017249603A1 (en) | 2018-10-18 |
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