CN109098001A - A kind of anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of Lyocell fibers - Google Patents

A kind of anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of Lyocell fibers Download PDF

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Publication number
CN109098001A
CN109098001A CN201810750998.5A CN201810750998A CN109098001A CN 109098001 A CN109098001 A CN 109098001A CN 201810750998 A CN201810750998 A CN 201810750998A CN 109098001 A CN109098001 A CN 109098001A
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lyocell fibers
anhydrous
fibrillation
fabric
treatment method
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CN201810750998.5A
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Chinese (zh)
Inventor
丁成雨
张君平
谢见明
杨杰
乐园珠
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Priority to CN201810750998.5A priority Critical patent/CN109098001A/en
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    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06MTREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M15/00Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/19Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D06M15/37Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06M15/643Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing silicon in the main chain
    • D06M15/65Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing silicon in the main chain containing epoxy groups
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06MTREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M13/00Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M13/10Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with compounds containing oxygen
    • D06M13/184Carboxylic acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof
    • D06M13/188Monocarboxylic acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06MTREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M13/00Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M13/50Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, with non-macromolecular organic compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with organometallic compounds; with organic compounds containing boron, silicon, selenium or tellurium atoms
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06MTREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M15/00Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/19Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment with synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D06M15/37Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06M15/643Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing silicon in the main chain
    • D06M15/6436Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing silicon in the main chain containing amino groups
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06MTREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M15/00Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • D06M15/70Treating fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics, or fibrous goods made from such materials, with macromolecular compounds; Such treatment combined with mechanical treatment combined with mechanical treatment
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06PDYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
    • D06P3/00Special processes of dyeing or printing textiles, or dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form, classified according to the material treated
    • D06P3/58Material containing hydroxyl groups
    • D06P3/60Natural or regenerated cellulose
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06PDYEING OR PRINTING TEXTILES; DYEING LEATHER, FURS OR SOLID MACROMOLECULAR SUBSTANCES IN ANY FORM
    • D06P5/00Other features in dyeing or printing textiles, or dyeing leather, furs, or solid macromolecular substances in any form
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06MTREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M2101/00Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads, yarns, fabrics or fibrous goods made from such materials, to be treated
    • D06M2101/02Natural fibres, other than mineral fibres
    • D06M2101/04Vegetal fibres
    • D06M2101/06Vegetal fibres cellulosic
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06MTREATMENT, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE IN CLASS D06, OF FIBRES, THREADS, YARNS, FABRICS, FEATHERS OR FIBROUS GOODS MADE FROM SUCH MATERIALS
    • D06M2200/00Functionality of the treatment composition and/or properties imparted to the textile material
    • D06M2200/50Modified hand or grip properties; Softening compositions

Abstract

A kind of anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of Lyocell fibers, includes the following steps: (1) pre-treatment: Lyocell fibers fabric being placed in treatment fluid and is handled, and guarantees that the pick-up of Lyocell fibers fabric is 85-95%;(2) it anhydrous fibrillation processing: is patted with the Lyocell fibers fabric that wind-force obtains step (1), wind control is in 35-40pa/m, the beating time is 45-55min, it divides Lyocell fibers sharply and generates extremely fine and closely woven villus, assign fabric ultimate attainment softness simultaneously, it is fluffy, the sliding feel experience of silk, it efficiently solves the problems, such as to generate a large amount of waste water in traditional Lyocell fibers fibrillation process and COD is higher, also the consumption of chemical agent Water Energy is reduced, achievees the purpose that efficient, high speed, environmental protection.

Description

A kind of anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of Lyocell fibers
Technical field
The invention belongs to textile fabric production fields, and in particular to a kind of anhydrous fibrillation processing side of Lyocell fibers Method.
Background technique
Lyocell fibers belong to a kind of regenerated celulose fibre of high wet modulus, have comfort possessed by cotton fiber, Sucting wet air permeability, and there is preferable Peng's lubricant nature, make fabric that there is pendency sense, plentiful feel, smooth sense and light as silk No matter pool sense all has fabulous toughness in the state of dry or wet, and strength is higher under hygrometric state.Tencel fiber is using day Right renewable timber is raw material, and fiber obtained from manufacturing through green processing, in the whole process, water and amine oxide solvent are almost It is completely retracted, any pollution is not caused to environment, therefore there is very high use value in the production of environmentally protective fabric, There are many deficiencies for the technique to the processing of Lyocell fibers fibrillation domestic at present, and traditional fibrillation process can generate largely Waste water, COD is higher, the later period need to carry out waste water it is certain come out, fibrillation processing troublesome in poeration and traditional is easy to produce It is raw because scratch forms the phenomenon more than Shared-with cloth, be further improved.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of the present invention is overcoming the prior art, the Lyocell fibers that a kind of blowdown is small, process is short are provided Anhydrous fibrillation treatment method.
The present invention adopts the following technical scheme:
1, the anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of a kind of Lyocell fibers, characterized by the following steps:
(1) pre-treatment: Lyocell fibers fabric being placed in treatment fluid and is handled, and guarantees rolling for Lyocell fibers fabric Remaining rate is 85-95%;
(2) it anhydrous fibrillation processing: is patted with the Lyocell fibers fabric that wind-force obtains step (1), wind-force control For system in 35-40pa/m, the beating time is 45-55min.
Further, the treatment fluid includes the hydrophilic softening agent of the leavening agent of 4-6g/L, 7-9g/L.
Further, the leavening agent is cation fatty acid derivative species or high ammonia value organic silicon.
Further, the hydrophilic softening agent is the epoxy co-modified silicone oil of polyethers.
Further, further include step (3) airflow dyeing: anhydrous fibrillation will be carried out treated Lyocell fibers fabric Airflow dyeing is carried out, secondary beating is carried out to Lyocell fibers fabric using the wind-force that air-flow generates.
Further, in the step (3), the wind-force that air-flow generates is 9-13pa/m.
Further, the anhydrous fibrillation processing carries out in soft machine, Lyocell fibers fabric in soft machine into When row processing, the quantity of every pipe is no more than 300m.
Further, the pre-treatment carries out in stenter, and the treatment fluid is placed in the groove of stenter, lyocell Fiber fabric is completed the pick-up of 85-95% by padding machine after groove suction.
By the above-mentioned description of this invention it is found that compared with prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are: the present invention passes through Lyocell fibers are handled in treatment fluid first, make pick-up 85-95%, wind-force is then controlled and Lyocell fibers is clapped It beats, divides Lyocell fibers sharply and generate extremely fine and closely woven villus, while assigning fabric ultimate attainment softness, it is fluffy, what silk was slided Feel experience, efficiently solves the problems, such as to generate a large amount of waste water in traditional Lyocell fibers fibrillation process and COD is higher, also subtract Few chemical agent Water Energy consumption, achievees the purpose that efficient, high speed, environmental protection;By the process control of anhydrous fibrillation in 45- Within 50min, avoids Lyocell fibers and form phenomenon more than defective cloth because of scratch;Anhydrous fibrillation treated lyocell is fine Dimension carries out airflow dyeing, generates powerful wind-force using air-flow and carries out secondary beating to Lyocell fibers, generates after being atomized superfine The waste wool generated by Lyocell fibers division that microparticle water mist adheres to fabric surface is effectively removed, so that reaching makes to knit Object surface is more fine and smooth, and neatly, silk is sliding, not the characteristics of hair loss.
Specific embodiment
Below by way of specific embodiment, the invention will be further described.
A kind of anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of Lyocell fibers, includes the following steps:
(1) pre-treatment: Lyocell fibers fabric being placed in treatment fluid and is handled, and guarantees rolling for Lyocell fibers fabric Remaining rate is 85-95%;
(2) it anhydrous fibrillation processing: is patted with the Lyocell fibers fabric that wind-force obtains step (1), wind-force control For system in 35-40pa/m, the beating time is 45-55min;
(3) it dyes: will carry out anhydrous fibrillation treated that Lyocell fibers carry out airflow dyeing, air-flow is utilized to generate Wind-force carries out secondary beating to Lyocell fibers, specifically, the wind-force that air-flow generates is 9-13pa/m.
Specifically, pre-treatment carries out in stenter, which is placed in groove, and Lyocell fibers fabric is inhaled through groove The pick-up of 85-95% is completed after material by padding machine, then carries out anhydrous fibrillation processing under micro- damp state.
Treatment fluid includes the hydrophilic softening agent of the leavening agent of 4-6g/L, 7-9g/L, specifically, leavening agent is cation fat Acid derivative class or high ammonia value organic silicon, hydrophilic softening agent are the epoxy co-modified silicone oil of polyethers, and further, leavening agent is south The leavening agent NJ-05 of capital Qixia Mountain printing and dyeing assistant factory production, hydrophilic softening agent are that Industrial Co., Ltd's production is learned in rainbow beautification in Jiangxi Hydrophilic softening agent HY-303.
Anhydrous fibrillation processing carries out in soft machine, and Sai Er fiber fabric carries out anhydrous fibrillation processing in soft machine When, it is necessary to assure the quantity of every pipe is no more than 300m, specifically, soft machine is the open width air of PENTEK company of Italy production Soft machine-EnAIRgy.
Embodiment 1
A kind of anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of Lyocell fibers, includes the following steps:
(1) pre-treatment: Lyocell fibers fabric being placed in treatment fluid and is handled, and guarantees rolling for Lyocell fibers fabric Remaining rate is 85%;
(2) it anhydrous fibrillation processing: is patted with the Lyocell fibers fabric that wind-force obtains step (1), wind-force control For system in 40pa/m, the beating time is 45min;
(3) it dyes: will carry out anhydrous fibrillation treated that Lyocell fibers carry out airflow dyeing, air-flow is utilized to generate Wind-force carries out secondary beating to Lyocell fibers, specifically, the wind-force that air-flow generates is 13pa/m.
Specifically, pre-treatment carries out in stenter, which is placed in groove, and Lyocell fibers fabric is inhaled through groove By the pick-up of padding machine completion 85% after material, anhydrous fibrillation processing then is carried out under micro- damp state.
Treatment fluid includes the hydrophilic softening agent of the leavening agent of 4g/L, 9g/L, specifically, leavening agent spreads out for cation fatty acid Biological species or high ammonia value organic silicon, hydrophilic softening agent are the epoxy co-modified silicone oil of polyethers, and further, leavening agent is dwelt for Nanjing The leavening agent NJ-05 of Xia Shan printing and dyeing assistant factory production, hydrophilic softening agent are the parent that Industrial Co., Ltd's production is learned in rainbow beautification in Jiangxi Water softening agent HY-303.
Anhydrous fibrillation processing carries out in soft machine, and Sai Er fiber fabric carries out anhydrous fibrillation processing in soft machine When, it is necessary to assure the quantity of every pipe is no more than 300m, specifically, soft machine is the open width air of PENTEK company of Italy production Soft machine-EnAIRgy.
Embodiment 2
A kind of anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of Lyocell fibers, includes the following steps:
(1) pre-treatment: Lyocell fibers fabric being placed in treatment fluid and is handled, and guarantees rolling for Lyocell fibers fabric Remaining rate is 95%;
(2) it anhydrous fibrillation processing: is patted with the Lyocell fibers fabric that wind-force obtains step (1), wind-force control For system in 35pa/m, the beating time is 55min;
(3) it dyes: will carry out anhydrous fibrillation treated that Lyocell fibers carry out airflow dyeing, air-flow is utilized to generate Wind-force carries out secondary beating to Lyocell fibers, specifically, the wind-force that air-flow generates is 9pa/m.
Specifically, pre-treatment carries out in stenter, which is placed in groove, and Lyocell fibers fabric is inhaled through groove By the pick-up of padding machine completion 95% after material, anhydrous fibrillation processing then is carried out under micro- damp state.
Treatment fluid includes the hydrophilic softening agent of the leavening agent of 6g/L, 7g/L, specifically, leavening agent spreads out for cation fatty acid Biological species or high ammonia value organic silicon, hydrophilic softening agent are the epoxy co-modified silicone oil of polyethers, and further, leavening agent is dwelt for Nanjing The leavening agent NJ-05 of Xia Shan printing and dyeing assistant factory production, hydrophilic softening agent are the parent that Industrial Co., Ltd's production is learned in rainbow beautification in Jiangxi Water softening agent HY-303.
Anhydrous fibrillation processing carries out in soft machine, and Sai Er fiber fabric carries out anhydrous fibrillation processing in soft machine When, it is necessary to assure the quantity of every pipe is no more than 300m, specifically, soft machine is the open width air of PENTEK company of Italy production Soft machine-EnAIRgy.
Embodiment 3
A kind of anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of Lyocell fibers, includes the following steps:
(1) pre-treatment: Lyocell fibers fabric being placed in treatment fluid and is handled, and guarantees rolling for Lyocell fibers fabric Remaining rate is 90%;
(2) it anhydrous fibrillation processing: is patted with the Lyocell fibers fabric that wind-force obtains step (1), wind-force control For system in 37pa/m, the beating time is 50min;
(3) it dyes: will carry out anhydrous fibrillation treated that Lyocell fibers carry out airflow dyeing, air-flow is utilized to generate Wind-force carries out secondary beating to Lyocell fibers, specifically, the wind-force that air-flow generates is 11pa/m.
Specifically, pre-treatment carries out in stenter, which is placed in groove, and Lyocell fibers fabric is inhaled through groove By the pick-up of padding machine completion 90% after material, anhydrous fibrillation processing then is carried out under micro- damp state.
Treatment fluid includes the hydrophilic softening agent of the leavening agent of 5g/L, 8g/L, specifically, leavening agent spreads out for cation fatty acid Biological species or high ammonia value organic silicon, hydrophilic softening agent are the epoxy co-modified silicone oil of polyethers, and further, leavening agent is dwelt for Nanjing The leavening agent NJ-05 of Xia Shan printing and dyeing assistant factory production, hydrophilic softening agent are the parent that Industrial Co., Ltd's production is learned in rainbow beautification in Jiangxi Water softening agent HY-303.
Anhydrous fibrillation processing carries out in soft machine, and Sai Er fiber fabric carries out anhydrous fibrillation processing in soft machine When, it is necessary to assure the quantity of every pipe is no more than 300m, specifically, soft machine is the open width air of PENTEK company of Italy production Soft machine-EnAIRgy.
Lyocell fibers made from above three embodiments are tested, following performance parameter is obtained:
Each performance parameter table of 1 Lyocell fibers of table
By above table it is found that the technique is first handled Lyocell fibers in treatment fluid, make pick-up 85-95%, Then it controls wind-force to pat Lyocell fibers, divides Lyocell fibers sharply and generate extremely fine and closely woven villus, together When assign fabric ultimate attainment softness, fluffy, the sliding feel experience of silk passes through the lyocell of fibrillation process for producing with the prior art Fiber, i.e. comparative example are compared, and indices can all reach, and are carried out at anhydrous fibrillation using this technique to Lyocell fibers Reason, efficiently solves the problems, such as to generate a large amount of waste water in traditional Lyocell fibers fibrillation process and COD is higher, also reduces chemistry The consumption of medicament Water Energy achievees the purpose that efficient, high speed, environmental protection.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, therefore cannot be limited the scope of implementation of the present invention with this, i.e., According to equivalent changes and modifications made by scope of the present invention patent and description, it should still belong to what the invention patent covered In range.

Claims (8)

1. a kind of anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of Lyocell fibers, characterized by the following steps:
(1) pre-treatment: Lyocell fibers fabric being placed in treatment fluid and is handled, and guarantees the pick-up of Lyocell fibers fabric For 85-95%;
(2) it anhydrous fibrillation processing: is patted with the Lyocell fibers fabric that wind-force obtains step (1), wind control exists 35-40pa/m, beating time are 45-55min.
2. a kind of anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of Lyocell fibers according to claim 1, it is characterised in that: the place Reason liquid includes the hydrophilic softening agent of the leavening agent of 4-6g/L, 7-9g/L.
3. a kind of anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of Lyocell fibers according to claim 2, it is characterised in that: described fluffy Loose agent is cation fatty acid derivative species or high ammonia value organic silicon.
4. a kind of anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of Lyocell fibers according to claim 2, it is characterised in that: the parent Water softening agent is the epoxy co-modified silicone oil of polyethers.
5. a kind of anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of Lyocell fibers according to claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 4, feature exist In: further include step (3) airflow dyeing: will carry out anhydrous fibrillation treated that Lyocell fibers fabric carries out airflow dyeing, Secondary beating is carried out to Lyocell fibers fabric using the wind-force that air-flow generates.
6. a kind of anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of Lyocell fibers according to claim 5, it is characterised in that: the step Suddenly in (3), the wind-force that air-flow generates is 9-13pa/m.
7. a kind of anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of Lyocell fibers according to claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 4, feature exist In: the anhydrous fibrillation processing carries out in soft machine, when Lyocell fibers fabric is handled in soft machine, every pipe Quantity is no more than 300m.
8. a kind of anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of Lyocell fibers according to claim 1 or 2 or 3 or 4, feature exist In: the pre-treatment carries out in stenter, and the treatment fluid is placed in the groove of stenter, and Lyocell fibers fabric is in groove After suction, the pick-up of 85-95% is completed by padding machine.
CN201810750998.5A 2018-07-10 2018-07-10 A kind of anhydrous fibrillation treatment method of Lyocell fibers Pending CN109098001A (en)

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113151955A (en) * 2020-01-22 2021-07-23 上海鼎天时尚科技股份有限公司 Dyeing and finishing method of lyocell filament fabric
CN115354442A (en) * 2022-08-09 2022-11-18 肥城泰西无纺材料有限公司 Lyocell fiber flocculus and preparation method and application thereof

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CN102644202A (en) * 2012-04-01 2012-08-22 罗莱家纺股份有限公司 Fibrillation processing method of tencel fabric and preparation method of brushed tencel fabric
CN103243506A (en) * 2013-05-22 2013-08-14 海安县联发弘佳纺织有限公司 Preparation method of sanded tencel fabric

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CN103243506A (en) * 2013-05-22 2013-08-14 海安县联发弘佳纺织有限公司 Preparation method of sanded tencel fabric

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113151955A (en) * 2020-01-22 2021-07-23 上海鼎天时尚科技股份有限公司 Dyeing and finishing method of lyocell filament fabric
CN115354442A (en) * 2022-08-09 2022-11-18 肥城泰西无纺材料有限公司 Lyocell fiber flocculus and preparation method and application thereof
CN115354442B (en) * 2022-08-09 2023-10-20 肥城泰西无纺材料有限公司 Lyocell fiber flocculus as well as preparation method and application thereof

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Application publication date: 20181228