CN1089269C - 催化蒸馏构件 - Google Patents

催化蒸馏构件 Download PDF

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CN1089269C
CN1089269C CN96199380A CN96199380A CN1089269C CN 1089269 C CN1089269 C CN 1089269C CN 96199380 A CN96199380 A CN 96199380A CN 96199380 A CN96199380 A CN 96199380A CN 1089269 C CN1089269 C CN 1089269C
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威利布罗德·A·格罗滕
德威恩·布克
克利福德·S·克罗斯兰德
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Abstract

一种接触式构件,可用作蒸馏构件,有一个由两个基本垂直的同样格栅(22)制成的刚性框架。格栅由许多基本水平的刚性构件(20)彼此分开并刚性固定,还有许多基本水平的丝网管(10),安装在格栅上,以在管间形成许多流体通道。对用于催化蒸馏的构件,其同时用作蒸馏构件和催化剂,至少一部分丝网管含有粒状催化物质(30)。管内的催化剂提供了催化反应可以发生的反应区域,而丝网提供了传质表面,以实现分片蒸馏。隔开放置的元件提供了多样化的催化剂密度、放置物质和构件完整性。

Description

催化蒸馏构件
本发明的技术背景
技术领域
本发明总的来说涉及一种蒸馏构件,它具有反应催化剂和蒸馏时作为物质传递表面的双重功能。更具体地说,本发明涉及一种含有一种固体粒状催化剂的固定的蒸馏构件。
相关技术
并发反应及从反应物中分离产品已经实践了一些时间,其优点已被认识到。使用并发反应和蒸馏的例子已在如下美国专利中公开,即专利(醚化)4,232,177;4,307,254;4,336,407;4,504687;4,918,243;以及4,978,807;(二聚)4,242,530;(水合)4,982,022;(离解)4,447,668;和(芳香族烷基取代)4,950,834及5,019,669。
已提出了几种不同的催化蒸馏构件,例如美国专利4,302,356和4,443,559,其中粒状催化剂被装在用去雾器丝缠绕的布带上的袋中,以形成催化蒸馏构件;及美国专利4,731,229,其公开了一个带有波纹元件和带子组成的填料并形成催化构件。美国专利5073236公布了改进了的含催化剂的高效填料。本发明的优点正是在于在一些实施例中流体能在塔内获得较大的可流动性。还有一个优点是此催化蒸馏构件提供比许多现有技术更好的蒸馏特性。
发明概述
本发明提供了一个多用途的接触式构件,它包括一个由至少两个基本呈垂直方向的同样格栅构成的刚性框架和许多基本水平的刚性件,将格栅分开并固定,以及安装在所述格栅上的许多基本水平的可渗透流体的管子,最好是丝网管,以在所述的管间形成许多流体通道。最好至少一部分所述丝网管含有一种粒状催化物质。这些构件可用于任何固定床系统,在那里流体(液体和/或气体)可与催化物质接触。本发明对反应蒸馏,即,催化蒸馏过程特别有用,但此构件对液/液,气/液或气/气同向或逆向流也是有用的。
格栅可有许多开孔,以使刚性构件如不锈钢杆或管以及丝网管插入孔中。格栅基本垂直于刚性构件和丝网管,并且格栅上的点阵模式最好相同。格栅上的模式最好为开孔的规则排列。构件中要包含有足够多的刚性构件,使构件完整,以在塔的深度上能堆放几个构件。一般刚性构件沿构件的周边分开放,并刚性连接在格栅上,例如用焊接连接。
为了在丝网管中间形成通道,构件最好包括至少两个丝网管,丝网管的排列基本平行,邻近和竖直成排,并且至少一个偏置的丝网管与所述的竖直排列的丝网管相邻并隔开一定距离。在更优选的实施例中,管列中竖直排列的管之间的距离足以使偏置的丝网管覆叠所述的竖直排列的丝网管而不与之接触,从而形成了迂回的流体通道。
这里所用的术语“管子”,意思是具有任何横截面的封闭细长构件,如其横截面为圆的、正方的或矩形的。
不包含粒状物质的构件正如所描述的那样显示了其优越特性,并且在常规的蒸馏中是极好的构件,它们可以单独使用,或连接到常规的底板、下降管等上。
附图简介
图1是一个构件的断面示意图,显示出含催化剂的元件及一个优选实施例的空间布置情况。
图2是由图1的空间布置情况表示的优选实施例的轴侧图。
图3是另一个实施例的断面示意图,与图1在空间布置上不同。
图4是一个没有粒状物质的构件的断面示意图。
图5是放置在蒸馏塔反应器中的构件断面示意图。
优选实施例详述
现参照附图对优选实施例进行详细说明,方便起见,附图中同样组件用同样的数字表示。
图1是一个实施例的示意图,图中相邻垂直布置的管子10间的距离是2h。在这个实施例中X,即横向邻近管子12上的最近点14和管列10的中心竖直轴16间的距离与Y,即横向相邻管子10与管子12间的距离相等。图1所示构件的空间布置使相邻排的管子相互交错,并允许每列的部分管子叠放但不接触。这个叠放为流体提供了一个迂回通道18,这样的构件为流体与管子提供了更多的接触机会。
催化剂30装在边长为T的矩形管10a-10h中,惰性组分32装在管10i中,而管子10j是空的。在填料最紧密排列的情况下,蒸汽和流体的通流面积比为(x-δ)/d。对于给定的管中心面间距d,在催化密度最大时距离Y与X相等。在希望催化密度较低时,可增大内部管子间距参数h。这样,Y将大于X。或者,催化剂的密度可由惰性填料或设置空管来降低。这样,由构件的构型和管子填充物共同起作用,使得本接触式构件提供了一种适用性强的接触多种流体的装置。图中右侧的两条点划线代表流过填料自由路径的最小值(Lmin)和最大值(Lmax)。这些路径的算术平均值代表了填料的曲折度。
图1的实施例使为维持良好的液体-催化剂接触所需而作用在填料上的液力载荷降到最小值,因而在蒸汽-液体发生交换之前使液体和催化剂之间的接触时间很短。在溢流点以下的液力加载范围内,以及宽范围的运行条件下,如回流比时,可以选择这两个参数,以更有效地利用催化剂。填料的设计要给出一个低的HETP,以便为平衡限制系统提供更大的驱动力。
当X=Y时,图1系统的几何尺寸可得出如下关系: 1 ) h = ( 2 - 1 ) X 2 ) d = T 2 + X 3 ) ϵ = ( X - 2 δ ) d 4 ) T L = L ( 2 T + 2 h ) 5 ) P D = D - ( X + 2 T ) d + 1 6 ) P M = T L P D T 2 DL P b 7 ) L MIN = ( d - 2 X ) 2 + ( T 2 + h ) 2 ( T 2 + h ) 8 ) L MAX = 2 h + d 2 + ( 1 2 - h ) 2 ( 1 2 + h ) 9 ) Q = L MAX + L MIN 2 10 ) S M = 2 T L P D ( T + h ) LD
式中:
h=垛内管间距参数;
d=管中心面间距(中心到中心);
x=最小点到管列中心面的距离;
T=管子尺寸;
ε=填料最紧密时,对流体敞开的空隙;
TL=高度为L的填料束中每个平面中的管子数;
PD=宽度为D的填料束中的中心面数;
PM=填料的催化剂密度;
Pb=催化剂的体积浓度;
LMIN=每单位填料高度蒸汽路径的最小长度;
LMAX=每单位填料高度蒸汽路径的最大长度;
Q=曲折系数;
L=填料束的高度;
D=填料束的宽度;
SM=每单位体积填料所需网屏的面积;
δ=丝的直径
图4给出了一个接触式构件的断面示意图,它基本上与图1给出的构件有相同的空间布置情况,只是管子10全是空的。这个实施例给常规的蒸馏塔中蒸汽和液体的分配提供了更有效的装置。
在一个催化蒸馏应用中,同时有液相和蒸汽相。液体,内部回流,将会接触管子并形成一个薄膜,最理想的管子是丝网制的。而且,通过液体吸附在管内催化剂或其它填充物上,液体一定程度上会被吸收在管内。尽管该构件是蒸馏用的,但因管内粒子状物质的存在,以及液体因毛细作用而吸引到其上,本构件提供与普通蒸馏构件不同的环境。在一个普通蒸馏构件中,液体和气体流过通道时会走有最小阻力的路径。然而,因塔中的部分液体是由管子输送的,对阻力低的敞开路径而言竞争很小,这样就产生了一个比预期值低的反压。
图3是相邻管列110和112的一种布置情况,例如,与图1中的布置情况相比,同一列中管间的垂直距离要大。距离X1与Y1不相等,除管子中间的迂回空隙通道118外,设置了横排管间不受限制的横向通道120供气体流动用,图中用箭头表示气体流动情况。在相邻管排的相反端移走一根或几根管子便会留出空的间隙122,以连接横向通道120,这样为气体提供了一条至少象空隙通道118那样曲折的通道。象以前一样,液体将流过管子和其中物质,如符号所示。
图2为实施了图1中所示空间布置关系的一个构件。由丝网制成的矩形管10放置于栅格22的开孔24内。栅格22是镜像对称的。它们被空的支撑杆20隔开,每个支撑杆固定在两个栅格上,例如可用焊接26固定。其它固定办法包括使用螺杆与螺母或螺栓和螺母(图中未示出)。得到的构件是刚性的并足以至少支撑本发明的另一构件,且最好能载承100~200磅。管子10的尺寸及轮廓通常与开口24相近,以使用杆20把两端栅格固定在一起时,管子能迅速固定并贴合在开孔内。
在正常环境下每个管10均装有粒状催化物质30。装有粒状催化物质的每个管10的两端均是封闭的,例如可以用卷边28或插入端盖(图中未示出)或焊接的方法封闭。
在图2所示的催化构件中,所示的一些管子可能不含任何粒状物质,和/或含有惰性粒状物质。空的填料是稀疏的,带有大量的敞开空间和表面,从而提供优良的蒸馏特性。
惰性单元是装有惰性粒状物质的填料,惰性粒状物质和催化粒状物质相比,尺寸可以相同,较小或较大。惰性单元允许与催化单元有相同的液力特性,但减缓了催化反应。在催化蒸馏又称反应蒸馏(美国专利号5019669)中时常是可逆反应。因而,减少反应单元但保留蒸馏单元,可以获得催化蒸馏的高度分离特性。换句话说,对于给定构件,通过在催化单元间散布惰性单元是强调了分片分离,然而在系统内,作为包含由许多催化构件组成的整个塔的一个整体,则维持了反应力。
在任何给定的塔内存在的催化剂量的减少,对催化蒸馏的动力学本质以及上述改善了的性能都可能是不重要的。
装载到丝网上的催化剂体积取决于其对膨胀的反应。采用一个普通酸性离子交换树脂,大孔树脂15,根据湿润程度可膨胀20~30%,而另一种离子交换树脂CT-175,只膨胀10~15%。结晶沸石在润湿的时候几乎不膨胀。尽管0.15到大约2mm之间的颗粒也可以使用,并且尽管估计挤压成型的直径1/32~1/2英寸的粒状催化剂,如一些铝土和铝土基催化剂也可以使用,但颗粒尺寸通常约为0.25~1mm。
催化和非催化单元(管子)结合在一起组成一个构件,通常是在每组单元的两端借助金属格栅或型板完成其结合,当格栅由一些杆和棒从间上断然分开时,金属格栅或型板起一个框架隔板的作用。
可以理解,在塔中根据需要可在塔中不同的高度处放一个以上的构件。实际使用中可考虑在反应蒸馏塔中垂直及横向排列多个构件。另外,构件或构件组可按任何有效的方式支承着。例如,在塔中构件组可以被惰性蒸馏填料如拉西(Rashig)环或其它类似的东西支承及隔开。
图5示出的是一个位于蒸馏塔反应器40中的构件的横截面,带有翻边20a的管20。位于前面的管子20被表示出的是横截面,然而紧靠在管子20后面及附近的那些管子是整根。管子20按图1布置。实例
具有图1空间布置关系的一个构件,配置有5.4磅DOW M-31离子交换树脂(Dow化学公司的产品)(26%H2O),并装入如下尺寸的构件中:T=0.4英寸,X=0.17英,d=0.453英寸,h=0.070英寸,ε=0.336,PM=9.9磅/英寸3,SM=63.9英尺2/英尺3,Q=1.43。网屏的丝的直径δ为0.009英寸,网眼尺寸为50。在内径100英尺3英寸的塔中,使用了总高度为10英尺的M-31催化剂的填料。
这个装置用于含甲醇的醚化异丁烯来生产甲基第三代丁基乙醚。含1.4~1.6%异丁烯的料用来与甲醇反应,回流比的范围从0.46到0.75,在100-110psig时异丁烯的转化比范围是83~89%。

Claims (12)

1.一种接触式构件,其组成是,一个有至少两个竖直的同样格栅构成的刚性框架;若干水平的刚性构件,分开和固定格栅;和若干水平的流体可渗透的管子,安装在所述的格栅上,在所述的管间形成若干流体通道。
2.根据权利要求1的接触式构件,其特征在于至少一部分所述的流体可渗透的管子含有一种粒状催化物质。
3.根据权利要求1或2的接触式构件,其特征在于所述的流体可渗透的管子由丝网构成。
4.根据权利要求3的接触式构件,其特征在于部分所述的丝网管中放有惰性粒状物质。
5.根据权利要求3的接触式构件,其特征在于格栅与刚性构件及丝网管垂直,并且格栅上的点阵模式相同。
6.根据权利要求5的接触式构件,其特征在于每个格栅有一开孔点阵模式,用以插接丝网管。
7.根据权利要求6的接触式构件,其特征在于格栅上的点阵模式是一开孔的规则排列。
8.根据权利要求6的接触式构件,其特征在于格栅的点阵模式相同。
9.根据权利要求3的接触式构件,其特征在于构件包括至少两个丝网管,它们排列为平行、相邻和竖直的一排,还包括至少一个偏置的丝网管,与所述的竖直排列的丝网管相邻且隔开一定距离。
10.根据权利要求9的接触式构件,其特征在于竖直排成列的丝网管要安排出足够的距离,使偏移的丝网管与竖直排列的丝网管叠放,但不与竖直排列的丝网管接触,从而形成迂回的流体通道。
11.根据权利要求10的接触式构件,其特征在于部分所述的丝网管放有惰性粒状物质。
12.一种同时进行反应和从反应物中分离产品的蒸馏塔反应器,包括:
(a)一个竖直布置的容器;
(b)一个放置于其中的催化蒸馏构件,包括:
一个有至少两个竖直放置的同样的格栅构成的刚性框架;若干水平的刚性构件分开和固定格栅;和若干水平可渗透流体的管子安装在所述的格栅上,以在所述的管子之间形成若干流体通道,至少一部分可渗透流体的管中含有一种粒状催化物质。
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