CN108917587B - A Resistive Strain Curvature Sensor Based on Wheatstone Full Bridge Principle - Google Patents
A Resistive Strain Curvature Sensor Based on Wheatstone Full Bridge Principle Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明属于应变测量技术领域，涉及一种基于惠斯通全桥原理的电阻应变式曲率传感器，该电阻应变式曲率传感器主要安装在产生弯曲或拉压变形的结构上，能够产生拉压或弯曲应变。该电阻应变式曲率传感器将多个电阻应变传感器按照惠斯通全桥原理连接，首先实现应变的快速准确测量，然后再利用惠斯通全桥原理平衡温度影响，同时构造结构曲率计算形式，实现结构任一测点曲率的直接精确测量。本发明优化传感器布置位置，既平衡了温度对应变的影响，又在测量处可以精准地直接得到结构曲率，计算方便；仅使用单个应变桥盒和单个采集通道即可测量结构曲率，设备连接简单，简化实验操作，同时极大地降低了采集成本。
The invention belongs to the technical field of strain measurement, and relates to a resistance strain type curvature sensor based on the Wheatstone full bridge principle. The resistance strain type curvature sensor is mainly installed on structures that produce bending or tension-compression deformation, and can produce tension-compression or bending strain. The resistance strain type curvature sensor connects multiple resistance strain sensors according to the principle of Wheatstone full bridge, first realizes the fast and accurate measurement of strain, and then uses the principle of Wheatstone full bridge to balance the influence of temperature, and at the same time constructs the calculation form of structural curvature to realize Direct and accurate measurement of the curvature of any measuring point of the structure. The invention optimizes the arrangement position of the sensor, which not only balances the influence of temperature on the strain, but also can accurately and directly obtain the structural curvature at the measurement place, which is convenient for calculation; only a single strain bridge box and a single acquisition channel can be used to measure the structural curvature, and the equipment connection is simple , simplify the experimental operation, and greatly reduce the acquisition cost.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明属于应变测量技术领域，涉及一种基于惠斯通全桥原理的电阻应变式曲率传感器。The invention belongs to the technical field of strain measurement and relates to a resistance strain type curvature sensor based on the Wheatstone full bridge principle.
背景技术Background technique
在结构健康监测领域，利用结构的曲率模态来判断结构是否发生损伤是较为有效的一种方式，然而目前结构的曲率常多采用数值计算的方法获取，尚缺乏一种直接测量曲率的传感器。在实际工程领域，计算曲率多采用单个电阻应变传感器测量工程结构某一点的应变，通过多点测量，之后对数据进行差分得到该点曲率。但是这种方法存在一些不足：需要的传感器数量多，占用的采集通道多，因此采集成本较高；测量过程中必须温度补偿，增加温度补偿片，设备连接复杂；传感器间距较远，测量曲率精确度不高，并且无法计算首尾点的曲率。In the field of structural health monitoring, it is more effective to use the curvature mode of the structure to judge whether the structure is damaged. However, the curvature of the structure is often obtained by numerical calculation methods, and there is still a lack of a sensor that directly measures the curvature. In the field of practical engineering, a single resistance strain sensor is used to measure the strain at a certain point of the engineering structure to calculate the curvature. Through multi-point measurement, the curvature of the point is obtained by difference of the data. However, this method has some disadvantages: the number of sensors required is large, and the acquisition channel occupied is high, so the acquisition cost is high; temperature compensation must be added during the measurement process, and the device connection is complicated by adding a temperature compensation sheet; the distance between the sensors is far away, and the curvature of the measurement is accurate. The degree is not high, and the curvature of the first and last points cannot be calculated.
实际工程中一些结构的曲率测量要求精度较高，同时保证低成本、设备简易。电阻应变传感器是一种用途广泛的高精度力学量传感元件，其基本任务就是把构件表面的变形量转变为电信号，输入相关的仪器仪表进行分析。电阻应变传感器以价格便宜、制作方便和布放简单等优点，目前被广泛应用于实验研究和实际工程领域。In actual engineering, the curvature measurement of some structures requires high precision, while ensuring low cost and simple equipment. The resistance strain sensor is a widely used high-precision mechanical quantity sensing element. Its basic task is to convert the deformation of the component surface into an electrical signal and input it to related instruments for analysis. Resistive strain sensors are widely used in experimental research and practical engineering fields due to their advantages of cheap price, convenient fabrication and simple layout.
为克服曲率计算的缺陷，同时降低传统曲率测量的采集成本，本发明提出了一种基于惠斯通全桥原理的电阻应变式曲率传感器，可以精确地实现曲率的直接测量。In order to overcome the defects of curvature calculation and reduce the collection cost of traditional curvature measurement, the present invention proposes a resistance strain type curvature sensor based on Wheatstone full bridge principle, which can accurately realize direct measurement of curvature.
发明内容Contents of the invention
为解决曲率测量成本较高、设备连接复杂和计算精度不高的问题，实现低成本的曲率精确测量，本发明提供了一种基于惠斯通全桥原理的电阻应变式曲率传感器。In order to solve the problems of high cost of curvature measurement, complicated equipment connection and low calculation accuracy, and realize low-cost accurate curvature measurement, the invention provides a resistance strain type curvature sensor based on the principle of Wheatstone full bridge.
为了达到上述目的，本发明所采用的技术方案为：In order to achieve the above object, the technical scheme adopted in the present invention is:
一种基于惠斯通全桥原理的电阻应变式曲率传感器，主要安装在产生弯曲或拉压变形的结构上，能够产生拉压或弯曲应变，实现结构任一测点曲率的直接精确测量；该电阻应变式曲率传感器将多个电阻应变传感器按照惠斯通全桥原理连接，首先实现应变的快速准确测量，然后再利用惠斯通全桥原理平衡温度影响，同时构造结构曲率计算形式，实现结构曲率的精确测量。A resistance-strain curvature sensor based on the Wheatstone full-bridge principle, which is mainly installed on a structure that produces bending or tension-compression deformation, can generate tension-compression or bending strain, and realize direct and accurate measurement of the curvature of any measuring point of the structure; The resistance strain type curvature sensor connects multiple resistance strain sensors according to the principle of Wheatstone full bridge, first realizes the fast and accurate measurement of strain, and then uses the principle of Wheatstone full bridge to balance the influence of temperature, and at the same time constructs the calculation form of structural curvature to realize the structure Accurate measurement of curvature.
所述的电阻应变式曲率传感器包括布置在基层1上的电阻应变传感器组3和盖在基层1上方的覆盖保护层2，电阻应变传感器组3与引出线4相连。所述的电阻应变传感器组3包括四个完全相同且通过引出线4与外部应变桥盒9连接的电阻应变传感器a5、b16、b27和c8，应变桥盒9通过数据传输线10与动态信号采集仪11、显示记录装置12连接。所述应变桥盒9内部设有恒流源和信号放大器，前者提供输入电压U，后者对测得的输出电压U0进行信号放大处理。所述单个电阻应变传感器结构包括敏感栅13、粘结剂14和引线15。取厚度为0.02～0.05mm的康铜或镍铬箔片，利用光刻和腐蚀工艺制作成栅状，即制作成敏感栅13并导出两条引线15，使用环氧树脂作为粘结剂14将敏感栅13黏贴固定在基层1上。The resistance strain type curvature sensor includes a resistance strain sensor group 3 arranged on the base layer 1 and a covering protective layer 2 covering the base layer 1 , and the resistance strain sensor group 3 is connected with the lead wire 4 . The resistance strain sensor group 3 includes four identical resistance strain sensors a5, b16, b27 and c8 connected to the external strain bridge box 9 through the lead wire 4, and the strain bridge box 9 is connected to the dynamic signal acquisition instrument through the data transmission line 10 11. Display that the recording device 12 is connected. The strain bridge box 9 is provided with a constant current source and a signal amplifier inside, the former provides the input voltage U, and the latter performs signal amplification processing on the measured output voltage U0 . The single resistive strain sensor structure includes a sensitive grid 13 , an adhesive 14 and a lead 15 . Take a constantan or nickel-chromium foil with a thickness of 0.02-0.05 mm, and make it into a grid shape by photolithography and corrosion technology, that is, make a sensitive grid 13 and lead out two lead wires 15, use epoxy resin as the adhesive 14 to connect The sensitive grid 13 is pasted and fixed on the base layer 1 .
所述四个电阻应变传感器a5、b16、b27、c8按照惠斯通全桥电路连接。电阻应变传感器b16在b27的左侧，并且要求对齐靠近布置，使得中心纵轴平行、中心横轴重合且相距较近，保证二者具有相同的拉压或弯曲应变；电阻应变传感器a5和c8分别布置在由b16和b27组成的电阻应变传感器组的左、右侧，并且使得a5和c8的中心纵轴重合、中心横轴平行；最后要求a5与b16之间的中心横轴间距为L，b27与c8之间的中心横轴间距为L。The four resistance strain sensors a5, b16, b27 and c8 are connected according to a Wheatstone full bridge circuit. The resistance strain sensor b 1 6 is on the left side of b 2 7, and it is required to be aligned and arranged so that the central longitudinal axis is parallel, the central horizontal axis coincides and is close to each other, so that the two have the same tension, compression or bending strain; the resistance strain sensor a5 and c8 are respectively arranged on the left and right sides of the resistance strain sensor group composed of b 1 6 and b 2 7, and make the central longitudinal axes of a5 and c8 coincide and the central horizontal axes are parallel ; The distance between the central horizontal axes between b 2 7 and c8 is L, and the distance between b 2 7 and c8 is L.
由应变桥盒9的恒流源提供输入电压，从恒流源正极+Eg引出两条电路，一条电路连接a5和b16，另一条电路连接b27和c8，两条电路最终连接到负极-Eg上；电阻应变传感器a5两端的电压降和b27两端的电压降的差值定义为输出电压U0，通过与应变桥盒9上对应的Vi+和Vi-分别相接即可得到，U0经过应变桥盒9内部的放大器放大处理后，依次传输至动态信号采集仪11和显示记录装置12准确完成曲率ρ的直接测量： The input voltage is provided by the constant current source of the strain bridge box 9, and two circuits are drawn from the positive pole of the constant current source +Eg, one circuit is connected to a5 and b16, the other circuit is connected to b27 and c8, and the two circuits are finally connected to On the negative electrode -Eg; the difference between the voltage drop at both ends of the resistance strain sensor a5 and the voltage drop at both ends of b 2 7 is defined as the output voltage U 0 , which can be obtained by respectively connecting with the corresponding Vi+ and Vi- on the strain bridge box 9 , U 0 is amplified by the amplifier inside the strain bridge box 9, and then transmitted to the dynamic signal acquisition instrument 11 and the display and recording device 12 to accurately complete the direct measurement of the curvature ρ:
本发明的曲率测量原理是：根据惠斯顿电桥原理，得到电桥输出电压为：The curvature measurement principle of the present invention is: according to the Wheatstone bridge principle, obtain the bridge output voltage as:
式中：Ra为电阻应变传感器a5的电阻，Rc为电阻应变传感器c8的电阻，Rb1为电阻应变传感器b16的电阻，Rb2为电阻应变传感器b27的电阻，RaRc＝Rb1Rb2；U为应变桥盒9对应直流电源的输入电压。In the formula: R a is the resistance of the resistance strain sensor a5, R c is the resistance of the resistance strain sensor c8, R b1 is the resistance of the resistance strain sensor b 1 6, R b2 is the resistance of the resistance strain sensor b 2 7, R a R c = R b1 R b2 ; U is the input voltage of the strain bridge box 9 corresponding to the DC power supply.
由于RaRc＝Rb1Rb2，所以初始桥路输出电压U0＝0，满足电桥平衡，电桥初始状态处于平衡状态。Since R a R c =R b1 R b2 , the initial bridge circuit output voltage U 0 =0 satisfies the balance of the bridge, and the initial state of the bridge is in a balanced state.
结构发生变形后，电阻应变传感器阻值改变，设各桥臂电阻的变化量分别为ΔRa、ΔRb1、ΔRb2和ΔRc，则：After the structure is deformed, the resistance value of the resistance strain sensor changes, and the changes in the resistance of each bridge arm are respectively ΔR a , ΔR b1 , ΔR b2 and ΔR c , then:
将RaRc＝Rb1Rb2代入上式，且由于ΔRi＜＜Ri，可略去高阶微量，故得到：Substitute R a R c = R b1 R b2 into the above formula, and since ΔR i << R i , high-order traces can be omitted, so we get:
由于四个桥臂的电阻值相等，即Ra＝Rb1＝Rb2＝Rc＝R，此时可写为：Since the resistance values of the four bridge arms are equal, that is, R a ＝R b1 ＝R b2 ＝R c ＝R, it can be written as:
由于四个桥臂电阻均为应变传感器，它们的灵敏度系数K均相同，则将关系式ΔR/R＝Kε代入上式得：Since the four bridge arm resistances are all strain sensors, their sensitivity coefficients K are the same, then the relationship ΔR/R=Kε is substituted into the above formula to get:
式中，ε＝εa-εb1-εb2+εc，εa、εb1、εb2和εc分别为电阻应变传感器Ra、Rb1、Rb2和Rc所感受的应变。In the formula, ε=ε a -ε b1 -ε b2 +ε c , ε a , ε b1 , ε b2 and ε c are the strains felt by the resistance strain sensors R a , R b1 , R b2 and R c respectively.
因为测量过程中，每个电阻应变传感器都会受到结构变形引起的应变和温度引起的应变，考虑温度效应之后，代入上式可进一步得到：Because during the measurement process, each resistance strain sensor will be subjected to strain caused by structural deformation and strain caused by temperature. After considering the temperature effect, substituting the above formula can be further obtained:
ε＝εa-εb1-εb2+εc ε＝ε a -ε b1 -ε b2 +ε c
＝(ε′a+εT)-(ε′b1+εT)-(ε′b2+εT)+(ε′c+εT)＝ε′a-ε′b1-ε′b2+ε′c =(ε′ a +ε T )-(ε′ b1 +ε T )-(ε′ b2 +ε T )+(ε′ c +ε T )=ε′ a -ε′ b1 -ε′ b2 +ε ' c
式中，ε′a、ε′b1、ε′b2、ε′c分别为结构变形引起的应变，εT为温度引起的应变；可以看到通过优化传感器布置位置，解决了温度补偿的问题。因为b1和b2两个应变传感器平行靠近放置，水平方向受到结构应变近似相等，所以可认为ε′b1＝ε′b2。又由于a和b1间距很小且为L，b2和c间距很小且为L，根据中央差分法曲率计算公式，可以得到曲率：In the formula, ε′ a , ε′ b1 , ε′ b2 , and ε′ c are the strains caused by structural deformation, respectively, and ε T is the strain caused by temperature; it can be seen that the problem of temperature compensation is solved by optimizing the sensor layout. Because the two strain sensors b 1 and b 2 are placed parallel and close to each other, the structural strains in the horizontal direction are approximately equal, so it can be considered that ε′ b1 = ε′ b2 . Since the distance between a and b 1 is very small and is L, and the distance between b 2 and c is small and is L, according to the curvature calculation formula of the central difference method, the curvature can be obtained:
式中，L为电阻应变传感器水平方向间距。In the formula, L is the horizontal spacing of the resistance strain sensor.
因此，将以上各式整理得到测量电压：Therefore, the above formulas are arranged to obtain the measured voltage:
即为输出电压与曲率的线性关系，通过单个采集通道测量惠斯通全桥电路的输出电压，可以得到精确的曲率测量结果。That is, the linear relationship between the output voltage and the curvature. By measuring the output voltage of the Wheatstone full-bridge circuit through a single acquisition channel, accurate curvature measurement results can be obtained.
本发明的创新点在于：(1)通过优化传感器布置位置，既平衡了温度对应变的影响，又在测量处可以精准地直接得到结构曲率，计算方便；(2)该曲率传感器中应变传感器间距较小，曲率计算精确度更高；(3)仅使用单个应变桥盒和单个采集通道即可测量结构曲率，设备连接简单，简化实验操作，同时极大地降低了采集成本。The innovations of the present invention are: (1) By optimizing the arrangement position of the sensor, the influence of temperature on the strain is balanced, and the curvature of the structure can be accurately and directly obtained at the measurement point, which is convenient for calculation; (2) the distance between the strain sensors in the curvature sensor (3) Only a single strain bridge box and a single acquisition channel can be used to measure the curvature of the structure. The equipment connection is simple, the experimental operation is simplified, and the acquisition cost is greatly reduced.
附图说明Description of drawings
图1为曲率测量传感器的总体结构图；Fig. 1 is the general structural diagram of curvature measurement sensor;
图2为曲率测量传感器的工作原理图；Fig. 2 is a working principle diagram of the curvature measuring sensor;
图3为曲率测量传感器的电路图；Fig. 3 is the circuit diagram of curvature measurement sensor;
图4为电阻应变传感器结构图；Fig. 4 is a structural diagram of the resistance strain sensor;
图中：1基层；2覆盖保护层；3电阻应变传感器组；4引出线；5电阻应变传感器a；6电阻应变传感器b1；7电阻应变传感器b2；8电阻应变传感器c；9应变桥盒；10数据传输线；11动态信号采集仪；12显示记录装置；13敏感栅14粘结剂；15引线。In the figure: 1 base layer; 2 covering protective layer; 3 resistance strain sensor group; 4 lead wire; 5 resistance strain sensor a; 6 resistance strain sensor b 1 ; 7 resistance strain sensor b 2 ; 8 resistance strain sensor c; 9 strain bridge Box; 10 data transmission line; 11 dynamic signal acquisition instrument; 12 display recording device; 13 sensitive grid 14 adhesive; 15 lead.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
下面结合附图对本发明做进一步说明：The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with accompanying drawing:
本发明提供了一种基于惠斯通全桥原理的电阻应变式曲率传感器，如图1是电阻应变式曲率传感器的总体结构示意图，包括：基层1、覆盖保护层2、电阻应变传感器组3和引出线4。整个电阻应变式曲率传感器由双层结构所组成，基层1不仅可以用于布置电阻应变传感器，还可以防止集成电路对应变测量的结果产生的干扰，覆盖保护层2隔离外界环境以保护内部构件。如图2是本发明电阻应变式曲率传感器的工作原理图，包括：四个完全相同的电阻应变传感器a5、b16、b27和c8，一个应变桥盒9，数据传输线10，动态信号采集仪11和显示记录装置12。The present invention provides a resistance strain type curvature sensor based on the Wheatstone full bridge principle, as shown in Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the resistance strain type curvature sensor, including: a base layer 1, a covering protective layer 2, a resistance strain sensor group 3 and Outline 4. The entire resistance strain type curvature sensor is composed of a double-layer structure. The base layer 1 can not only be used to arrange the resistance strain sensor, but also prevent the interference of the integrated circuit on the strain measurement results, and the covering protective layer 2 isolates the external environment to protect the internal components. As shown in Figure 2 is the working principle diagram of the resistance strain type curvature sensor of the present invention, including: four identical resistance strain sensors a5, b16, b27 and c8, a strain bridge box 9 , data transmission line 10, dynamic signal Acquisition instrument 11 and display recording device 12.
基于本发明的曲率测量原理：四个电阻应变传感器a、b1、b2和c按照全桥电路连接，全桥电路图如图3所示，并且依照图2所示，电阻应变传感器b16在b27的左侧，并且要求对齐靠近布置，使得中心纵轴平行、中心横轴重合且相距较近，保证二者具有相同的拉压或弯曲应变；电阻应变传感器a5和c8分别布置在由b16和b27组成的电阻应变传感器组的左、右侧，并且使得a5和c8的中心纵轴重合、中心横轴平行；最后要求a5与b16之间的中心横轴间距为L，b2(7)与c8之间的中心横轴间距为L；由应变桥盒9的恒流源提供输入电压，从恒流源正极+Eg引出两条电路，一条电路连接a5和b16，另一条电路连接b27和c8，两条电路最终连接到负极-Eg上；电阻应变传感器a两端的电压降和b2两端的电压降的差值为输出电压U0，通过与应变桥盒9上对应的Vi+和Vi-分别相接即可得到；考虑到应变信号较小的情况，因此需要对输出电压U0经过应变桥盒9内部的放大器进行放大处理，再依次传输给动态信号采集仪11和显示记录装置12即可准确完成曲率的直接测量。Based on the curvature measurement principle of the present invention: four resistance strain sensors a, b 1 , b 2 and c are connected according to a full bridge circuit, the full bridge circuit diagram is shown in Figure 3, and according to Figure 2, the resistance strain sensor b 1 6 On the left side of b 2 7, and it is required to be aligned and placed close to each other, so that the central longitudinal axis is parallel, the central horizontal axis coincides and is close to each other, so as to ensure that the two have the same tension, compression or bending strain; the resistance strain sensors a5 and c8 are respectively arranged in The left and right sides of the resistance strain sensor group composed of b 1 6 and b 2 7, and make the central longitudinal axes of a5 and c8 coincide and the central horizontal axes are parallel; finally, the distance between the central horizontal axes of a5 and b 1 6 is required is L, the distance between b2(7) and c8 is L; the input voltage is provided by the constant current source of the strain bridge box 9, and two circuits are drawn from the positive pole of the constant current source +Eg, and one circuit connects a5 and b 1 6, another circuit connects b 2 7 and c8, and the two circuits are finally connected to the negative electrode -Eg; the difference between the voltage drop across the two ends of the resistance strain sensor a and b 2 is the output voltage U 0 , through the The corresponding Vi+ and Vi- on the strain bridge box 9 can be obtained by connecting respectively; considering the small strain signal, it is necessary to amplify the output voltage U 0 through the amplifier inside the strain bridge box 9, and then sequentially transmit it to The dynamic signal acquisition instrument 11 and the display and recording device 12 can accurately complete the direct measurement of the curvature.
四个电阻应变传感器按照图1和图2所示粘结于基层1上，四个电阻应变传感器中6和7平行靠近布置在一起，电阻应变传感器a5与b16之间的间距为L，b27与c8的之间的间距为L，基层1不仅可以用于布置电阻应变传感器，还可以防止集成电路对应变测量的结果产生一定干扰，覆盖保护层2隔离外界环境以保护内部构件。单个电阻应变传感器结构示意图如图4所示，包括敏感栅13、粘结剂14和引线15。Four resistance strain sensors are bonded on the base layer 1 as shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2, 6 and 7 of the four resistance strain sensors are arranged in parallel and close together, the distance between the resistance strain sensors a5 and b16 is L, The distance between b 2 7 and c8 is L. The base layer 1 can not only be used to arrange the resistance strain sensor, but also prevent the integrated circuit from interfering with the strain measurement results. The covering layer 2 isolates the external environment to protect the internal components. The structural diagram of a single resistance strain sensor is shown in FIG. 4 , including a sensitive grid 13 , an adhesive 14 and a lead 15 .
本发明还提供了基于惠斯通全桥原理的电阻应变式曲率传感器的制备方法，包括如下步骤：The present invention also provides a preparation method of a resistance strain type curvature sensor based on the Wheatstone full bridge principle, comprising the following steps:
所述电阻应变传感器用厚度为0.02～0.05mm的康铜或镍铬箔片利用光刻和腐蚀工艺制作成栅状，制作出相同的四个电阻应变传感器，将其用粘结剂布置粘贴在电阻应变式曲率传感器的底部基层1上；The resistance strain sensor is made into a grid shape with a constantan or nickel-chromium foil with a thickness of 0.02-0.05 mm by photolithography and corrosion processes, and the same four resistance strain sensors are produced, and they are arranged and pasted on the On the bottom base layer 1 of the resistance strain type curvature sensor;
所述粘结剂使用环氧树脂，玻璃纤维布作基层1；The adhesive uses epoxy resin and glass fiber cloth as the base layer 1;
所述覆盖保护层2由一般的绝缘材料加工即可；The covering protective layer 2 can be processed by general insulating material;
将制作所得结构粘结在一起即得到电阻应变式曲率传感器，工程应用时与普通电阻应变传感器的粘贴方法相同。The resistance strain type curvature sensor is obtained by bonding the fabricated structure together, and the bonding method of the ordinary resistance strain sensor is the same in engineering application.
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