CN108901762B - Method for optimizing water consumption of summer corn through accurate irrigation - Google Patents
Method for optimizing water consumption of summer corn through accurate irrigation Download PDFInfo
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- CN108901762B CN108901762B CN201810842555.9A CN201810842555A CN108901762B CN 108901762 B CN108901762 B CN 108901762B CN 201810842555 A CN201810842555 A CN 201810842555A CN 108901762 B CN108901762 B CN 108901762B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G25/00—Watering gardens, fields, sports grounds or the like
- A01G25/16—Control of watering
- A01G25/167—Control by humidity of the soil itself or of devices simulating soil or of the atmosphere; Soil humidity sensors
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for optimizing water consumption of summer corn by accurate irrigation. By continuously monitoring the soil moisture dynamic in the planned wetting layer of the summer corn for a long time, taking the determined lower limit of soil moisture control as a reference, when the soil moisture is higher than the lower limit of the soil moisture control, irrigation is not needed; and when the soil moisture is lower than the soil moisture control lower limit, determining the weather conditions of the current time and the next days by combining weather forecast, and comprehensively judging whether irrigation is needed according to the seedling stage growth of summer corn. When the irrigation is determined to be needed, the irrigation is carried out according to the irrigation quota determined in the step 1, and the irrigation time is delayed when the irrigation is not needed, so that the method is beneficial to inhibiting the agricultural water resource waste phenomenon and the underground water over-mining phenomenon, and the utilization rate of the irrigation water in the region is improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of water-saving irrigation, in particular to a method for optimizing water consumption in accurate irrigation of summer corn.
Background
The ground irrigation is a common irrigation mode in summer corn production in semi-humid and semi-arid regions in China, has the advantages of labor saving, low consumption, convenience in implementation and the like, but also has the defects of low utilization rate of irrigation water, high difficulty in controlling irrigation quality and the like. Although the application of water-saving irrigation methods such as micro-irrigation and spray irrigation has great advantages in improving the utilization rate of irrigation water and the irrigation quality, the selection of the advanced water-saving irrigation methods such as micro-spray irrigation means further improvement of production cost for summer corn producers who obtain economic benefits by harvesting grains, and on the contrary, the market competitiveness of the products is not obviously improved. However, the selection of conventional surface irrigation means that excessive and excessive irrigation phenomena occur at all times, because the irrigation quality of surface irrigation requires that the designed irrigation quota is generally larger, and the irrigation quota in actual water is often larger. With the improvement of the productivity level of the national agricultural science and technology, irrigation devices, monitoring equipment and products of different types are gradually applied to the field of conventional ground irrigation, but most of the products on the market are concentrated on the aspects of improving the water delivery and distribution efficiency, accurately monitoring specific water indexes or feeding back information and the like, and the optimization of the accurate irrigation water based on the integration of multiple factors such as crop water demand, real-time meteorological conditions and irrigation indexes is lacked.
Summer corn has a short growing period, has more rainwater in summer and is hot in weather, and attention needs to be paid to monitoring of soil moisture and comparison with a soil moisture control lower limit.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the technical problems, the invention provides a method for optimizing water consumption in accurate irrigation of summer corn.
The summer corn seedling situation growth comprises but is not limited to some conventional agronomic indexes, and due to the farming activities such as topdressing, pesticide spraying, herbicide spraying and the like which are required to be implemented during production; irrigation after the season is not favorable for mechanical harvesting and is prone to lodging, and the situations cannot be ignored in irrigation decision making.
The technical scheme of the invention is as follows: a method for optimizing water consumption in precise irrigation of summer corn comprises the following steps:
step 1, determining the growth period of summer corns, and determining the irrigation quota and the lower limit of soil moisture control according to the growth period of the summer corns;
step 2, continuously monitoring the soil moisture, and returning to the step 1 without irrigation when the soil moisture is higher than the lower limit of soil moisture control;
step 3, when the soil moisture is lower than the soil moisture control lower limit, determining weather conditions of the current time and the next days by combining weather forecast, comprehensively judging whether irrigation is needed or not according to summer corn seedling conditions and growth conditions, and delaying the irrigation time when the irrigation is determined not to be needed;
step 4, during the period of the irrigation time delay, continuously comparing the soil moisture monitoring result with the soil moisture control lower limit, when the soil moisture is higher than the soil moisture control lower limit, not needing irrigation, and returning to the step 1;
and 5, when the irrigation is determined to be needed, carrying out irrigation according to the set irrigation quota.
Preferably, in step 1, the actual required irrigation quantity is calculated based on the irrigation quota and the actual field area.
Preferably, the method further comprises the following steps:
and 6, measuring the irrigation water amount, stopping irrigation when the irrigation water amount reaches the actual required irrigation water amount, and returning to the step 2.
Preferably, the lower limit of soil control is measured in percentage of the field water capacity, the growing period of the summer corn is divided into a seedling stage, an elongation stage, an androgenesis stage and a filling stage, the irrigation quota of the summer corn before the elongation stage is 60mm, the irrigation quota of the summer corn after the elongation stage and the elongation stage is 75mm-90mm, and the lower limit of soil moisture control in the seedling stage, the elongation stage, the androgenesis stage and the filling stage is respectively 45% -55%, 50% -60%, 60% -65% and 50% -60%.
Preferably, the irrigation quota of the summer corn before the jointing stage is 60mm, the irrigation quota of the summer corn after the jointing stage is 90mm, and the lower soil moisture control limits of the summer corn at the seedling stage, the jointing stage, the androgenesis stage and the filling stage are 55%, 60%, 65% and 60% respectively aiming at high yield.
Preferably, the aim of high yield and water conservation is fulfilled, the irrigation quota of the summer corn before the jointing stage is 60mm, the irrigation quota of the summer corn after the jointing stage and the jointing stage is 75mm, and the lower soil moisture control limits of the summer corn in the seedling stage, the jointing stage, the androgenesis stage and the grouting stage are 45%, 50%, 60% and 50% respectively.
Preferably, prior to step 1, a soil moisture monitoring device is positioned in the field.
Preferably, in step 6, an irrigation metering device is provided in the field irrigation system.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
(1) the irrigation water quantity can be effectively controlled through the determined irrigation quota and the lower limit of soil moisture control, the effective utilization coefficient of field irrigation water and the crop moisture productivity are obviously improved, the water-saving, branch-reducing and income-increasing effects are obvious, and the water is saved by more than 20% compared with the traditional ground irrigation mode.
(2) The soil moisture monitoring device is used for continuously monitoring the soil moisture, the real-time monitoring result of the soil moisture content is combined with weather forecast, whether irrigation is needed or not is comprehensively judged, natural rainfall is fully utilized, the traditional idea of implementing irrigation by agricultural experience is changed, and scientific irrigation of farmers is facilitated; on the other hand, the irrigation quota is reduced, the irrigation quality and the water use efficiency are improved, the irrigation leakage is greatly reduced by the reasonable irrigation quota, and the pollution of underground water caused by leaching and infiltration of fertilizers is also reduced.
(3) The method is beneficial to inhibiting the agricultural water resource waste phenomenon and the underground water over-mining phenomenon, and improves the utilization rate of irrigation water in the region.
(4) The soil moisture content and rain content information can be checked in real time, the quota of irrigation water is controllable, the soil moisture content of the summer corns can be continuously monitored, and the whole growth period of the summer corns is covered.
(5) Because the rainwater in summer is much and the weather is hot, the change of the soil moisture is fast, and the comparison with the lower limit of the soil moisture control is carried out for a plurality of times, so that the accuracy of the judgment is ensured, the judgment flow can be optimized, and the judgment period is shortened.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The specific embodiment of the invention is shown in figure 1:
according to the principle of convenient production management, the growth period of summer corn is divided into a seedling stage, a jointing stage, a emasculation stage and a grouting stage; the planned wetting layer depth of the summer corn in each growth period is determined, and it is generally believed that the normal growth and development of the summer corn can be ensured when the planned wetting layer depths before and after jointing are respectively 60cm and 100 cm.
The growth characteristics of summer corn are determined according to the scientific and operability principle and the results of years of series of tests:
firstly, insufficient soil moisture in the early growth stage can obviously restrict the increase of the plant height and leaf area of summer corn and dry matter accumulation, and certain drought can inhibit the normal growth of the summer corn plant and finally cause the peak value of agronomic indexes such as the plant height to be reduced; the water stress in the jointing stage can inhibit the plant growth of summer corn, and the inhibition effect is deepened along with the aggravation of the deficiency degree; the water shortage after the castration shortens the effective green leaf area duration of the summer corn, and the time for the leaf area index to begin to decline is correspondingly advanced.
Secondly, the development of the ears can be inhibited due to insufficient soil moisture after flowering, and the phenomena that the ear row number and the row grain number of the corn are reduced, the bald tip is lengthened, grain filling is influenced, and finally the yield is reduced are mainly shown.
And thirdly, when the irrigation quota is lower than 45mm, the expression of main agronomic characters such as the plant height, the leaf area index and the like of the summer corn can be inhibited, the increase of the irrigation quota has a positive effect on the construction of the advantageous plant form in the early growth stage of the summer corn, and the normal plant height of the summer corn can still be ensured by timely rehydration after moderate drought.
And fourthly, the water consumption and the water consumption intensity are higher in the periods of the jointing stage and the filling stage of the summer corns, and the key period of water demand is.
The long-term continuous drought can greatly limit the photosynthesis and transpiration of summer corn leaves, the photosynthesis can not be completely recovered to a normal level even after drought and rehydration, and the long-term continuous drought is avoided as much as possible in production.
Based on the growth characteristics, the irrigation quota and the lower limit of soil moisture control of the summer corns in different growth periods are respectively determined as main irrigation indexes.
A method for optimizing water consumption in precise irrigation of summer corn comprises the following steps:
step 1, arranging a soil moisture monitoring device in a field, determining the growth period of summer corns, determining an irrigation quota and a soil moisture control lower limit according to the growth period of the summer corns, and calculating an actually required irrigation quantity according to the irrigation quota and the actual field area;
step 2, continuously monitoring the soil moisture, and returning to the step 1 without irrigation when the soil moisture is higher than the lower limit of soil moisture control;
step 3, the precise growth period of the summer corns comprises a topdressing period in an elongation period and a ripening period in a grouting period, the ripening period is not suitable for irrigation, when the soil moisture is lower than the lower limit of soil moisture control, irrigation is needed, the weather conditions of the current time and the next several days are determined through weather forecast, whether irrigation is needed or not is comprehensively judged according to the precise growth period of the summer corns, and when irrigation is determined not to be needed, the irrigation time is delayed;
step 4, during the period of the irrigation time delay, continuously comparing the soil moisture monitoring result with the soil moisture control lower limit, when the soil moisture is higher than the soil moisture control lower limit, not needing irrigation, and returning to the step 1;
and 5, when the irrigation is determined to be needed, carrying out irrigation according to the irrigation quota determined in the step 1.
And 6, arranging irrigation metering equipment at the water outlet of the water source for irrigation, metering the amount of irrigation water, stopping irrigation when the amount of irrigation water reaches the actually required irrigation amount, and returning to the step 1.
In the step 1, the lower limit of soil control is measured by percentage of field water capacity, the growing period of the summer corn is divided into a seedling stage, an elongation stage, an androgenesis stage and a filling stage, the irrigation quota of the summer corn before the elongation stage is 60mm, the irrigation quota of the summer corn after the elongation stage and the elongation stage is 75mm-90mm, and the lower limit of soil moisture control in the seedling stage, the elongation stage, the androgenesis stage and the filling stage is respectively 45% -55%, 50% -60%, 60% -65% and 50% -60%.
In the case of aiming at high yield, the irrigation quota of the summer corn before the jointing stage is 60mm, the irrigation quota of the summer corn after the jointing stage and the jointing stage is 90mm, and the lower soil moisture control limits of the summer corn at the seedling stage, the jointing stage, the androgenesis stage and the filling stage are 55%, 60%, 65% and 60% respectively.
Under the condition of aiming at high yield and water saving, the irrigation quota of the summer corn before the jointing stage is 60mm, the irrigation quota of the summer corn after the jointing stage and the jointing stage is 75mm, and the lower soil moisture control limits of the summer corn in the seedling stage, the jointing stage, the androgenesis stage and the grouting stage are 45%, 50%, 60% and 50% respectively.
When the method is adopted, the field preferably meets the high-standard field requirement, the ridge field irrigation is recommended to be selected, the ridge field specification refers to the local production reality, the ridge width can be properly adjusted according to the machine sowing or soil preparation condition, but the ridge width is not more than 3.3 meters, and the ridge length is not more than 80 meters; the time interval for collecting the measurement data of the soil moisture monitoring device is set to be 8-12 hours.
The irrigation water quantity can be effectively controlled by determining the irrigation quota, the effective utilization coefficient of the field irrigation water and the crop water production rate are both obviously improved, the water-saving, cost-reducing and income-increasing effects are obvious, and the water is saved by more than 20% compared with the traditional ground irrigation mode.
The soil moisture monitoring device is used for continuously monitoring the soil moisture, the real-time monitoring result of the soil moisture content is combined with weather forecast, whether irrigation is needed or not is comprehensively judged, natural rainfall is fully utilized, the traditional idea of implementing irrigation by agricultural experience is changed, and scientific irrigation of farmers is facilitated; on the other hand, the irrigation quota is reduced, the irrigation quality and the water use efficiency are improved, the irrigation leakage is greatly reduced by the reasonable irrigation quota, and the pollution of underground water caused by leaching and infiltration of fertilizers is also reduced.
The method is beneficial to inhibiting the agricultural water resource waste phenomenon and the underground water over-mining phenomenon, and the irrigation water utilization rate of the region is improved.
The method can realize the real-time soil moisture and rain content information check and the irrigation water quota control, can continuously monitor the soil moisture content of the summer corns, and covers the whole growth period of the summer corns.
Because the rainwater in summer is much and the weather is hot, the change of the soil moisture is fast, and the comparison with the lower limit of the soil moisture control is carried out for a plurality of times, so that the accuracy of the judgment is ensured, the judgment flow can be optimized, and the judgment period is shortened.
The method is used for testing in a field test area of a test station, the total area of the test field is 41.6 mu, the seeds are sowed in 2015 at 6-8 th, the seeds are harvested in 2015 at 9-25 th, and the total growth period is 109 days. The planting density of the summer corn in a machine sowing mode is 4800 plants/mu, base fertilizer is applied to the summer corn in a machine sowing mode before sowing in 50 kg/mu (N: P: K =28:6: 6), and the application depth is 15-20 cm. Other field management measures (fertilization, weeding, disease and pest prevention and the like) are kept consistent, and the management level refers to a common high-yield field.
In the test, the lower limit of soil moisture control of the test fields in the seedling stage, the jointing stage, the emasculation stage and the grouting stage is 45%, 50%, 60% and 50% respectively, and meanwhile, the conventional irrigation management mode is set for planting the field (CK 1) and the full-growth stage severe moisture stress field (CK 2) as controls. The lower limit of the water control of the CK2 treated soil is 40%, 45%, 55% and 45% in the seedling stage, the jointing stage, the emasculation stage and the grouting stage respectively. The test field adopts a quantitative water supply method, when the soil moisture content reaches the lower irrigation control limit, the test field selectively irrigates according to the weather forecast result in a meteorological department of 5-7, the irrigation mode is hose micro-spray irrigation, the irrigation rate before the jointing stage is 60mm, the irrigation rate after the jointing stage and the jointing stage is 75mm, the irrigation mode and the irrigation rate of the heavily water stressed farmland (CK 2) in the whole growth period are consistent with those of the test field, the farmland (CK 1) planted by the conventional irrigation management mode irrigates according to the irrigation habits of local farmers, and the irrigation time and the irrigation quantity of each time are recorded in detail.
In this test, water consumption for the whole growth period of summer corn is as follows:
the total water consumption of the farmland (CK 1) planted by the conventional irrigation management mode is about 31.1mm lower than that of the experimental farmland, and about 123.2mm higher than that of the farmland (CK 2) with severe water stress in the whole growth period.
In this experiment, the summer corn kernel yields are as follows:
as can be seen from the table, the thousand kernel weight and yield were the highest in the field.
In this test, the water consumption characteristics, kernel yield and WUE of summer maize are as follows:
the data in the table show that the effective rainfall proportion is more than 87.72% and the irrigation water proportion is smaller in the water consumption of summer corn seasons.
Compared with the farmland planted by a conventional irrigation management mode (CK 1), the total water consumption, the grain yield and the WUE (water utilization rate) of the summer corn test field are respectively increased by about-6.01%, 1.10% and 7.56%, and the irrigation quantity of the summer corn test field is reduced by 26.23%; correspondingly, total water consumption, grain yield and WUE (water use) were increased by about 23.27%, 18.41% and-3.94% respectively for the summer corn test field compared to the full growth period severe water stress field (CK 2).
Through tests in a test field, summer corn can save water by 26.23%, increase the yield by 1.10%, and improve the WUE (moisture utilization rate) by 7.56%, which is mainly benefited by the fact that the current irrigation mode is mainly switched from traditional extensive irrigation to fine irrigation, and through adopting an efficient water utilization regulation and control technology, the purposes of moisture measurement irrigation, controllable irrigation quota and certain irrigation water management can be realized.
By implementing the method, the summer corn can realize high yield, and the WUE (moisture utilization rate) is obviously improved.
The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and the protection scope of the present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments, and all technical solutions belonging to the idea of the present invention belong to the protection scope of the present invention. It should be noted that modifications and embellishments within the scope of the invention may occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the principle of the invention, and are considered to be within the scope of the invention.
Claims (5)
1. The method for optimizing water consumption in accurate irrigation of summer corn is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
step 1, determining the growing period of summer corn, and calculating the actually required irrigation quantity according to the irrigation quota and the actual field area based on the combination of the irrigation quota and the lower limit of soil moisture control in each growing period, wherein the lower limit of soil moisture control is measured in percentage of the field water capacity, the growing period of the summer corn is divided into a seedling period, an elongation stage, an androgenesis period and a grouting period, the irrigation quota of the summer corn before the elongation stage is 60mm, the irrigation quota of the summer corn after the elongation stage and the elongation stage is 75mm-90mm, and the lower limit of soil moisture control in the seedling period, the elongation stage, the androgenesis period and the grouting period is respectively between 45% and 55%, between 50% and 60%, between 60% and 65%, between 50% and 60%;
step 2, continuously monitoring the soil moisture, and returning to the step 1 without irrigation when the soil moisture is higher than the lower limit of soil moisture control;
step 3, when the soil moisture is lower than the soil moisture control lower limit, determining weather conditions of the current time and the next days by combining weather forecast, comprehensively judging whether irrigation is needed or not according to summer corn seedling conditions and growth conditions, and delaying the irrigation time when the irrigation is determined not to be needed;
step 4, during the period of the irrigation time delay, continuously comparing the soil moisture monitoring result with the soil moisture control lower limit, when the soil moisture is higher than the soil moisture control lower limit, not needing irrigation, and returning to the step 1;
step 5, when the irrigation is determined to be needed, irrigation is carried out according to the set irrigation quota;
and 6, measuring the irrigation water amount, stopping irrigation when the irrigation water amount reaches the actual required irrigation water amount, and returning to the step 2.
2. The method for optimizing water use for precision irrigation of summer corn according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: aiming at high yield, the irrigation quota of the summer corn before the jointing stage is 60mm, the irrigation quota of the summer corn after the jointing stage and the jointing stage is 90mm, and the lower soil moisture control limits of the summer corn in the seedling stage, the jointing stage, the tasseling stage and the filling stage are respectively 55%, 60%, 65% and 60%.
3. The method for optimizing water use for precision irrigation of summer corn according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: aiming at high yield and water conservation, the irrigation quota of the summer corn before the jointing stage is 60mm, the irrigation quota of the summer corn after the jointing stage and the jointing stage is 75mm, and the lower soil moisture control limits of the summer corn in the seedling stage, the jointing stage, the tasseling stage and the grouting stage are 45%, 50%, 60% and 50% respectively.
4. The method for optimizing water use for precision irrigation of summer corn according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein: prior to step 1, a soil moisture monitoring device is placed in the field.
5. The method for optimizing water use for precision irrigation of summer corn according to claim 4, wherein the method comprises the following steps: in step 6, an irrigation metering device is provided in the field irrigation system.
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