CN108887731A - Nicotine salt, electronics tobacco tar and preparation method thereof - Google Patents
Nicotine salt, electronics tobacco tar and preparation method thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- CN108887731A CN108887731A CN201810954555.8A CN201810954555A CN108887731A CN 108887731 A CN108887731 A CN 108887731A CN 201810954555 A CN201810954555 A CN 201810954555A CN 108887731 A CN108887731 A CN 108887731A
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- Prior art keywords
- nicotine
- acid
- strawberriff
- parts
- tobacco tar
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
- A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/16—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/167—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes in liquid or vaporisable form, e.g. liquid compositions for electronic cigarettes
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
- A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
- A24B15/00—Chemical features or treatment of tobacco; Tobacco substitutes, e.g. in liquid form
- A24B15/10—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes
- A24B15/16—Chemical features of tobacco products or tobacco substitutes of tobacco substitutes
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- A24F47/008—
Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of nicotine salts, electronics tobacco tar and preparation method thereof.A kind of nicotine salt, in terms of mass fraction, raw material includes 20 parts~70 parts of organic acid and 5 parts~70 parts of nicotine, wherein organic acid is selected from least one of strawberriff, glyceric acid and fumaric acid.A kind of electronics tobacco tar includes above-mentioned nicotine salt, has many advantages, such as to hit that larynx sense is comfortable, strength is moderate, comfortable taste.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to electronic cigarette oil tech field, in particular to a kind of nicotine salt, electronics tobacco tar and preparation method thereof.
Background technique
Electronic cigarette is a kind of electronic product for imitating cigarette.The electronics tobacco tar containing nicotine is become by atomization means
After steam, user is allowed to suck.
Usually used nicotine form is called " free alkali " nicotine in electronics tobacco tar.Traditional " free alkali " Ni Gu
Fourth is unsatisfactory on improving input of the electronic cigarette equipment to blood nicotine, and excessively high nicotine content is only resided within to larynx
The overstimulation of throat, electronic cigarette user are difficult to obtain the same satisfaction of smoking.Therefore, the nicotine tobacco juice of high-content is to larynx
The overstimulation of throat also reduces the user experience of electronic cigarette simultaneously.
Summary of the invention
Based on this, it is necessary to provide a kind of nicotine salt that irritation is low.
In addition, also providing a kind of electronics tobacco tar and preparation method thereof that irritation is low.
A kind of nicotine salt, in terms of mass fraction, raw material includes:
20 parts~70 parts of organic acid and 5 parts~70 parts of nicotine, the organic acid are selected from strawberriff, glyceric acid and prolong
At least one of fumarate.
The organic acid is strawberriff, the mass ratio of the strawberriff and the nicotine in one of the embodiments,
It is 0.5~3:1;Or
The organic acid is glyceric acid, and the mass ratio of the glyceric acid and the nicotine is 0.5~2:1;Or
The organic acid is fumaric acid, and the mass ratio of the fumaric acid and the nicotine is 0.5~2:1.
In one of the embodiments, the organic acid be strawberriff and fumaric acid mixture, the strawberriff with
The mass ratio of the fumaric acid is 50~99:1;Or
The organic acid is the mixture of strawberriff and glyceric acid, and the mass ratio of the strawberriff and the glyceric acid is 50
~99:1.
The organic acid is strawberriff, the mass ratio of the strawberriff and the nicotine in one of the embodiments,
It is 2.33:1.
A kind of electronics tobacco tar, including above-mentioned nicotine salt.
In one of the embodiments, further include organic solvent, the organic solvent in propylene glycol and glycerine extremely
Few one kind.
A kind of preparation method of electronics tobacco tar, includes the following steps:
It is 20 parts~70 parts of organic acid and 5 parts~70 parts of nicotine hybrid reaction by mass fraction, obtains the electricity
Sub- tobacco tar, wherein the organic acid is selected from least one of strawberriff, glyceric acid and fumaric acid.
In one of the embodiments, it is described by mass fraction be 20 parts~70 parts of organic acid and 5 parts~70 parts of Buddhist nun
The step of ancient fourth hybrid reaction includes:
The organic acid is dissolved in organic solvent, premixed liquid is obtained;And the premixed liquid is mixed with the nicotine
Reaction, wherein the quality of the nicotine accounts for the 5%~70% of gross mass, and the gross mass is institute's organic acid, described organic molten
The quality sum of agent and the nicotine, the one kind of the organic solvent in propylene glycol and glycerine at least.
It is described in one of the embodiments, to include by the premixed liquid and the step of nicotine hybrid reaction:
The premixed liquid is mixed with the nicotine, obtains mixed liquor;And the mixed liquor is stirred 0.5 hour~10
Hour.
Described the step of stirring the mixed liquor 0.5 hour~10 hours, includes in one of the embodiments,:
By the mixed liquor insulated and stirred 0.5 hour~10 hours under the conditions of 15 DEG C~100 DEG C.
Verified, the electronics tobacco tar including above-mentioned nicotine salt has higher transmission efficiency in blood, the stimulation to user
Property is small, will not feel peppery larynx, in the case where sucking less smog, user can be obtained the satisfaction of nicotine.
The preparation method of above-mentioned electronics tobacco tar carries out hybrid reaction using nicotine and organic acid, wherein strawberriff, sweet
Oleic acid and fumaric acid are food additives, securely and reliably, to not causing damages for body and environment, and the preparation method
Have many advantages, such as easy to operate, convenient for production, safe.
Specific embodiment
To facilitate the understanding of the present invention, below mainly in combination with kind of a nicotine salt, electronics tobacco tar and preparation method thereof to this hair
It is bright to be described more fully.But the invention can be realized in many different forms, however it is not limited to described herein
Embodiment.On the contrary, purpose of providing these embodiments is keeps the disclosure of invention more thorough and comprehensive.
Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein and belong to technical field of the invention
The normally understood meaning of technical staff is identical.Term as used herein in the specification of the present invention is intended merely to description tool
The purpose of the embodiment of body, it is not intended that in the limitation present invention.
The nicotine salt of one embodiment, in terms of mass fraction, raw material includes:20 parts~70 parts of organic acid and 5 parts~
70 parts of nicotine, organic acid are selected from least one of strawberriff, glyceric acid and fumaric acid.
Further, organic acid is the mixture of strawberriff and fumaric acid, and the mass ratio of strawberriff and fumaric acid is
50~99:1.It is further preferred that the mass ratio of strawberriff and fumaric acid is 60~99:1.It is highly preferred that strawberriff with prolong
The mass ratio of fumarate is 90~99:1.
Further, organic acid is the mixture of strawberriff and glyceric acid, the mass ratio of strawberriff and glyceric acid is 50~
99:1.It is further preferred that the mass ratio of strawberriff and glyceric acid is 60~99:1.It is highly preferred that strawberriff and glyceric acid
Mass ratio is 90~99:1.
Further, organic acid is strawberriff, and the mass ratio of strawberriff and nicotine is 0.5~3:1.Further preferably
The mass ratio of ground, strawberriff and nicotine is 1.5~3:1.It is highly preferred that the mass ratio of strawberriff and nicotine is 2.3~3:
1.It is further preferred that the mass ratio of strawberriff and nicotine is 2.33:1.
Further, organic acid is glyceric acid, and the mass ratio of glyceric acid and nicotine is 0.5~2:1.Further preferably
The mass ratio of ground, glyceric acid and nicotine is 0.5~1.5:1.It is highly preferred that the mass ratio of glyceric acid and nicotine be 0.8~
1.2:1.It is further preferred that glyceric acid and nicotine mass ratio are 1.21:1.
Further, organic acid is fumaric acid, and the mass ratio of fumaric acid and nicotine is 0.5~2:1.It is further excellent
The mass ratio of selection of land, fumaric acid and nicotine is 0.5~1.5:1.It is highly preferred that the mass ratio of fumaric acid and nicotine is
0.8~1.2:1.It is further preferred that fumaric acid and nicotine mass ratio are 1:1.
The materials safety of above-mentioned nicotine salt is reliable.
The electronics tobacco tar of one embodiment, including above-mentioned nicotine salt.
It further, further include solvent.Further preferably, solvent includes organic solvent, and organic solvent is selected from the third two
One kind in pure and mild glycerine at least.It is further preferred that electronics tobacco tar further includes propylene glycol and glycerine, wherein the third two
The mass ratio of pure and mild glycerine is 7:3, it is to be understood that as long as the acceptable solvent in solvent this field, without spy
It does not limit.It further, further include additive, such as essence.
Verified, the efficiency of transmission of the nicotine of the electronics tobacco tar including above-mentioned nicotine salt is high, the stimulation to user
Property it is low, user will not feel peppery larynx again, and it is latent due to taking in a large amount of propylene glycol, glycerine aerosol to decrease conditional electronic cigarette
Risk.
The preparation method of above-mentioned electronics tobacco tar, includes the following steps:
S110,20 parts based on mass fraction~70 parts of organic acids are mixed with 5 parts~70 parts nicotines, is mixed
Liquid, wherein organic acid is selected from least one of strawberriff, glyceric acid and fumaric acid.
Specifically, the step of mixed liquor is prepared includes S111~S113.
S111, organic acid is dissolved in organic solvent, obtains premixed liquid.
Specifically, the organic acid of 20 parts based on mass fraction~70 parts is dissolved in 0 part~70 parts organic solvents, is obtained
Premixed liquid.Wherein, the one kind of organic solvent in propylene glycol and glycerine at least.
Further, organic solvent is propylene glycol.
Further, organic solvent is propylene glycol and glycerine, and the mass ratio of propylene glycol and glycerine is 70~50:30~
50.It is further preferred that the mass ratio of propylene glycol and glycerine is 7:3.
S113, premixed liquid is mixed with nicotine, obtains mixed liquor.Wherein, the quality of nicotine account for gross mass 5%~
70%, gross mass for institute's organic acid, organic solvent and nicotine quality sum.
Further, the quality of nicotine accounts for the 5%~10% of gross mass.
S120, mixed liquor is stirred 0.5 hour~10 hours, obtains electronics tobacco tar.
Specifically, mixed liquor is obtained into electronic cigarette insulated and stirred 0.5 hour~10 hours under the conditions of 15 DEG C~100 DEG C
Oil.
Further, the temperature of heat preservation is 55 DEG C~85 DEG C.It is further preferred that the temperature of heat preservation is 60 DEG C~80 DEG C.
Further, the insulated and stirred time is 4 hours~7 hours.It is further preferred that the insulated and stirred time is 6.5 small
When.
Further, the revolving speed of stirring is 100 revs/min~800 revs/min.It is further preferred that the revolving speed of stirring is 200
Rev/min~400 revs/min.
Further, after insulated and stirred 0.5 hour~10 hours, it is cooled to room temperature, solvent mixing is then added, such as
Propylene glycol, glycerine etc. obtain electronics tobacco tar.
Part organic acid is solid-state, and solid organic acid is first dissolved in organic solvent to facilitate organic acid anti-with nicotine
It answers.It is, of course, understood that S111 step can also be omitted in some other embodiment.Organic acid and Buddhist nun are ancient at this time
Fourth hybrid reaction obtains nicotine salt, then by obtained nicotine salt and solvent commonly used in the art and/or commonly used in the art
Additive mixing, to obtain electronics tobacco tar.
The preparation method of above-mentioned electronics tobacco tar carries out hybrid reaction with organic acid using nicotine and obtains, strawberriff, glycerol
Acid and fumaric acid are food additives, and materials safety is reliable, do not cause the harm to body and environment, have operation letter
The advantages that single, convenient for production, safe.
Specific embodiment
It is described in detail below in conjunction with specific embodiment.
Following embodiment such as non-specified otherwise, then do not include the other components in addition to inevitable impurity.
Component mentioned by Examples 1 to 9 is commercial product.Wherein, nicotine is purchased from Hubei and promise bioengineering stock
Part Co., Ltd, purity 99.5%.Strawberriff is purchased from Hubei Jian Chu biological medicine Co., Ltd, purity 99%, glyceric acid
Purchased from Guangzhou Lai Yu Biotechnology Co., Ltd, purity 95%, fumaric acid is purchased from Shanghai Gan Yuan Industrial Co., Ltd., purity
It is 99%.
Embodiment 1
The preparation step of the nicotine salt of embodiment 1 is specific as follows:
(1) 473g nicotine, 527g strawberriff are weighed, and after nicotine is slowly mixed with strawberriff, obtains mixed liquor.
(2) by mixed liquor under the conditions of 25 DEG C, with 200 revs/min of revolving speed insulated and stirred 6.5 hours, it is then cooled to room temperature,
Obtain the nicotine salt of clarification light red.
Embodiment 2
The preparation step of the nicotine salt of embodiment 2 is specific as follows:
(1) 300g nicotine, 700g strawberriff are weighed, and after nicotine is slowly mixed with strawberriff, obtains mixed liquor.
(2) under the conditions of 65 DEG C by mixed liquor with 200 revs/min of revolving speed insulated and stirred 6.5 hours, be then cooled to room temperature,
Obtain the nicotine salt of clarification light red.
Embodiment 3
The preparation step of the electronics tobacco tar of embodiment 3 is specific as follows:
(1) 178g nicotine, 216g glyceric acid, 606g propylene glycol are weighed.
(2) by glyceric acid and mixed with propylene glycol, stirring obtains glyceric acid mixed with propylene glycol solution.
(3) after glyceric acid mixed with propylene glycol solution slowly being mixed with nicotine, under the conditions of 65 DEG C with 200 turns of revolving speed/
Code insurance temperature is stirred to react 6 hours, is then cooled to room temperature, obtains the electronics tobacco tar of clear yellow.
Embodiment 4
The preparation step of the electronics tobacco tar of embodiment 4 is specific as follows:
(1) it weighs as 200g nicotine, 100g glyceric acid, 700g propylene glycol.
(2) by glyceric acid, mixed with propylene glycol, stirring obtains glyceric acid mixed with propylene glycol solution.
(3) glyceric acid mixed with propylene glycol solution is slowly added into nicotine, is protected under the conditions of 80 DEG C with 200 revs/min of revolving speed
Temperature is stirred to react 6.5 hours, is then cooled to room temperature, obtains the electronics tobacco tar of clear yellow.
Embodiment 5
The preparation step of the nicotine salt of embodiment 5 is specific as follows:
(1) 500g nicotine, 500g fumaric acid are weighed.
(2) fumaric acid is slowly added into nicotine and is mixed, obtain mixed liquor.
(3) under the conditions of 70 DEG C by mixed liquor with 200 revs/min of revolving speed insulated and stirred 6.5 hours, be then cooled to room temperature,
Obtain clarification peony nicotine salt.
Embodiment 6
The preparation step of the nicotine salt of embodiment 6 is specific as follows:
(1) 300g nicotine, 688g strawberriff, 12g fumaric acid are weighed.
(2) strawberriff and fumaric acid are stirred, obtain strawberriff fumaric acid mixed solution.
(3) strawberriff fumaric acid mixed solution is slowly added into nicotine and is mixed, then to turn under the conditions of 70 DEG C
Speed 200 revs/min insulated and stirred 6.5 hours, be then cooled to room temperature, obtain clarification light red nicotine salt.
Embodiment 7
The preparation step of the nicotine salt of embodiment 7 is specific as follows:
(1) 666g nicotine, strawberriff 334g are weighed.
(2) strawberriff is slowly added into nicotine, mixes, obtains mixed liquor.
(3) mixed liquor is reacted 0.5 hour under the conditions of 90 DEG C with 200 revs/min of insulated and stirreds of revolving speed, is then cooled to often
Temperature obtains the red nicotine salt of clarification.
Embodiment 8
The preparation step of the electronics tobacco tar of embodiment 8 is specific as follows:
(1) 100g nicotine, 200g strawberriff and 700g propylene glycol are weighed.
(2) strawberriff is dissolved in propylene glycol, obtains strawberriff propylene glycol solution.
(3) strawberriff propylene glycol solution is slowly added into nicotine and is mixed, then with revolving speed 200 under the conditions of 25 DEG C
Rev/min insulated and stirred is reacted 9 hours, and the electronics tobacco tar of clear light yellow is obtained.
Embodiment 9
The preparation step of the electronics tobacco tar of embodiment 9 is specific as follows:
(1) 400g nicotine, 300g ethanedioic acid, 300g propylene glycol are weighed.
(2) by ethanedioic acid and mixed with propylene glycol, from heating under the conditions of 70 DEG C, 20min is stirred, to stop after completely dissolution
Heating, is cooled to room temperature, obtains ethanedioic acid propylene glycol solution.
(3) nicotine is added in ethanedioic acid propylene glycol solution, under normal temperature conditions with 200 revs/min of insulated and stirreds of revolving speed
A hour obtains the electronics tobacco tar of clear yellow.
Sensory effects evaluation
Provided with 3 evaluation indexes, including irritation, satisfaction and fragrance, and according to every evaluation index to electronic cigarette
The Different Effects degree of tobacco tar aesthetic quality assigns different score values.
The flue gas that irritation refers to that sucking electronic cigarette tobacco tar is generated through atomization includes oral cavity, throat and nasal cavity to sense organ
The discomfort of generation by;Satisfaction refers to flue gas strength, concentration and note of the electronic cigarette tobacco tar through atomization generation to perceptron
The comprehensive impression generated on official;Fragrance refers to smoke panel test feels the superiority and inferiority journey of pleasant breath by smell and the sense of taste in the process
Degree;Electronic cigarette tobacco tar sensory quality assessment index and score value meaning table are as shown in table 1.
Table 1
The member of smoking of 10 people is set, everyone a electronic cigarette tobacco tar sensory quality assessment table, using the marking mode secretly commented,
It blots and disturbs for elimination essence bring product, be configured to the electronics tobacco tar of no taste.
Specifically, nicotine salt or electronics tobacco tar that Examples 1 to 9 obtains are configured to no taste electronics tobacco tar.Wherein,
The concentration of the nicotine of no taste electronics tobacco tar is 20mg/mL (in terms of nicotine mass fraction), the matter of propylene glycol and glycerine
Amount is than being 7:3, and any flavors and fragrances is not added.The nicotine salt that Examples 1 to 9 obtains or electronics tobacco tar are configured to by everyone
Without continuous 10 mouthfuls of taste electronics tobacco tar suction, every mouthful is spaced 10 seconds, and aspirates the time of the electronics tobacco tar of different embodiments
Interval no less than 5 minutes.According to the meaning of three sensory quality assessment index score values in table 1, using hundred-mark system point system pair
The aesthetic quality of electronic cigarette tobacco tar carries out comprehensive score, and main investigation irritation and satisfaction, fragrance, proportion are respectively
40%:40%:20%.
Evaluation method:According to the evaluation index and score value in table 1, member of smoking should carry out aesthetic quality to each evaluation index
Evaluation, and its evaluation result is recorded, the minimum score unit of score value is 0.5.
As a result it counts:Remove one minimum point and a best result in the sensory quality assessment result of all members of smoking, counts
Calculate the arithmetic mean of instantaneous value for being left effective single item evaluation index scoring, the sensory quality assessment comprehensive score of last electronic cigarette tobacco tar
It is the sum of the arithmetic mean of instantaneous value for calculating each single index scoring, obtains total score, as a result retain a decimal, the electricity of Examples 1 to 9
Sub- cigarette tobacco tar comparative evaluation the results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Evaluation index | Irritation | Satisfaction | Fragrance | Total score |
Embodiment 1 | 32.5 | 32.6 | 17.5 | 82.6 |
Embodiment 2 | 35.4 | 34.8 | 16.8 | 87.0 |
Embodiment 3 | 32.5 | 30.7 | 15.6 | 78.8 |
Embodiment 4 | 30.5 | 28.6 | 15.6 | 74.7 |
Embodiment 5 | 30.8 | 29.7 | 18.2 | 78.7 |
Embodiment 6 | 27.8 | 26.2 | 18.8 | 72.8 |
Embodiment 7 | 30.6 | 27.1 | 16.5 | 74.2 |
Embodiment 8 | 28.4 | 26.4 | 15.2 | 70.0 |
Embodiment 9 | 26.5 | 25.5 | 13.5 | 65.5 |
From table 2 can, irritation, satisfaction and the fragrance of the electronic cigarette tobacco tar of Examples 1 to 8 are superior to
Embodiment 9.
Each technical characteristic of embodiment described above can be combined arbitrarily, for simplicity of description, not to above-mentioned reality
It applies all possible combination of each technical characteristic in example to be all described, as long as however, the combination of these technical characteristics is not deposited
In contradiction, all should be considered as described in this specification.
The embodiments described above only express several embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but simultaneously
It cannot therefore be construed as limiting the scope of the patent.It should be pointed out that coming for those of ordinary skill in the art
It says, without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, various modifications and improvements can be made, these belong to protection of the invention
Range.Therefore, the scope of protection of the patent of the invention shall be subject to the appended claims.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of nicotine salt, which is characterized in that in terms of mass fraction, raw material includes:
20 parts~70 parts of organic acid and 5 parts~70 parts of nicotine, the organic acid are selected from strawberriff, glyceric acid and rhizoma corydalis
At least one of acid.
2. nicotine salt according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the organic acid be strawberriff, the strawberriff with
The mass ratio of the nicotine is 0.5~3:1;Or
The organic acid is glyceric acid, and the mass ratio of the glyceric acid and the nicotine is 0.5~2:1;Or
The organic acid is fumaric acid, and the mass ratio of the fumaric acid and the nicotine is 0.5~2:1.
3. nicotine salt according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the organic acid is the mixed of strawberriff and fumaric acid
The mass ratio of conjunction object, the strawberriff and the fumaric acid is 50~99:1;Or
The organic acid is the mixture of strawberriff and glyceric acid, the mass ratio of the strawberriff and the glyceric acid is 50~
99:1。
4. nicotine salt according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the organic acid be strawberriff, the strawberriff with
The mass ratio of the nicotine is 2.33:1.
5. a kind of electronics tobacco tar, which is characterized in that including the described in any item nicotine salts of Claims 1 to 4.
6. electronics tobacco tar according to claim 5, which is characterized in that further include organic solvent, the organic solvent is selected from
One kind in propylene glycol and glycerine at least.
7. a kind of preparation method of electronics tobacco tar, which is characterized in that include the following steps:
It is 20 parts~70 parts of organic acid and 5 parts~70 parts of nicotine hybrid reaction by mass fraction, obtains the electronic cigarette
Oil, wherein the organic acid is selected from least one of strawberriff, glyceric acid and fumaric acid.
8. the preparation method of electronics tobacco tar according to claim 7, which is characterized in that it is described by mass fraction be 20 parts~
70 parts of organic acid includes with the step of 5 parts~70 parts of nicotine hybrid reaction:
The organic acid is dissolved in organic solvent, obtains premixed liquid;And
By the premixed liquid and the nicotine hybrid reaction, wherein the quality of the nicotine account for gross mass 5%~
70%, the gross mass is the quality sum of institute's organic acid, the organic solvent and the nicotine, and the organic solvent is selected from
One kind in propylene glycol and glycerine at least.
9. the preparation method of electronics tobacco tar according to claim 8, which is characterized in that it is described by the premixed liquid with it is described
The step of nicotine hybrid reaction includes:
The premixed liquid is mixed with the nicotine, obtains mixed liquor;And
The mixed liquor is stirred 0.5 hour~10 hours.
10. the preparation method of electronics tobacco tar according to claim 9, which is characterized in that described to stir the mixed liquor
0.5 hour~10 hours the step of include:
By the mixed liquor insulated and stirred 0.5 hour~10 hours under the conditions of 15 DEG C~100 DEG C.
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Application publication date: 20181127 |