CN108863844B - 一种高效合成(1r,2s)-1,2-二氢化萘衍生物的方法 - Google Patents

一种高效合成(1r,2s)-1,2-二氢化萘衍生物的方法 Download PDF

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CN108863844B
CN108863844B CN201810527113.5A CN201810527113A CN108863844B CN 108863844 B CN108863844 B CN 108863844B CN 201810527113 A CN201810527113 A CN 201810527113A CN 108863844 B CN108863844 B CN 108863844B
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dihydronaphthalene
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nitrogen
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樊瑞峰
周永云
陈景超
樊保敏
孙蔚青
曾广智
尹俊林
林成源
沈国礼
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Yunnan Minzu University
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    • C07C249/00Preparation of compounds containing nitrogen atoms doubly-bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C249/04Preparation of compounds containing nitrogen atoms doubly-bound to a carbon skeleton of oximes
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    • C07D317/44Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • C07D317/70Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having two oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms having the hetero atoms in positions 1 and 3 ortho- or peri-condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems condensed with ring systems containing two or more relevant rings
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Abstract

本发明公开了一种高效合成(1R,2S)‑1,2‑二氢化萘衍生物的方法,是在有机溶剂体系中,在惰性氛围下以肟类化合物作为亲核试剂对氮/氧杂苯并降冰片烯进行不对称顺式开环,得到目标物(1R,2S)‑1,2‑二氢化萘衍生物,其反应通式如下:
Figure 100004_DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
本发明首次实现以简单肟类化合物和氮/氧杂苯并降冰片烯类化合物为原料,经过1步简单反应高效的合成(1R,2S)‑1,2‑二氢化萘衍生物,其中取代基为羟基(‑OH)或氨基(‑NH2)。

Description

一种高效合成(1R,2S)-1,2-二氢化萘衍生物的方法
技术领域
本发明属于化学技术领域,进一步属于化学合成技术领域,具体涉及一种高效合成(1R,2S)-1,2-二氢化萘衍生物的方法。
背景技术
二氢化萘和四氢化萘结构单元是众多天然产物和生物活性分子中的骨架部分,也是能源、化工、制药等领域中应用广泛的合成中间体。迄今为止,已有一些文献报道了有关(1R, 2S)-1-氨基-1,2,3,4-四氢萘-2-醇和(1R, 2S) -1, 2, 3,4-四氢萘-1,2-二醇的合成方法。其中1998年M. K. Lakshman课题组报道了(1R, 2S)-1-氨基-1,2,3,4-四氢萘-2-醇的合成 (Synthesis, 1998, 1352-1356.),该方法实验步骤比较繁琐(如下式所示),最终收率并不理想,同时在实验过程中使用到了较为危险的叠氮化合物。
Figure RE-745892DEST_PATH_IMAGE002
2011年Christian Wolf 课题组也报道了(1R, 2S)-1-氨基-1,2,3,4-四氢萘-2-醇的合成(Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2011, 50, 12249-12252.),并将(1R, 2S)-1-氨基-1,2,3,4-四氢萘-2-醇作为手性催化剂应用于1,3-二氨基丙醇的合成。但是其合成步骤较为繁琐(如下式所示),且最终产率仅有37%,同时使用了比较危险的液溴和毒性比较大的氯仿。
Figure RE-DEST_PATH_IMAGE004
2007年Augusto R. Rodrigues 课题组利用T. cutaneum静息细胞催化,成功制备了顺式(1S, 2R) -1, 2, 3,4-四氢萘-1,2-二醇(Adv. Synth. Catal.2007, 349, 925– 932.),并且取得了较好的结果,但是反应条件比较苛刻,反应时间较长,还会有反式二醇的生成。
Figure RE-DEST_PATH_IMAGE006
2015年Serdar Gultekin课题组报道了(±)-1, 2, 3,4-四氢萘-1,2-二醇的合成方法(RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 20751–20755.),虽然该方法简单(如下式所示),但是不能够制备出光学纯的顺式二醇化合物。
Figure RE-DEST_PATH_IMAGE008
因此,开发一种能解决上述技术问题的方法是非常必要的。
发明内容
本发明的目的在于提供一种高效合成(1R,2S)-1,2-二氢化萘衍生物的方法。
本发明的目的是这样实现的,是在有机溶剂体系中,在惰性氛围下以肟类化合物作为亲核试剂对氮/氧杂苯并降冰片烯进行不对称顺式开环,得到目标物(1R,2S)-1,2-二氢化萘衍生物,其反应通式如下:
Figure RE-DEST_PATH_IMAGE009
本发明的目的是提供一种合成(1R,2S)-1,2-二氢化萘衍生物的高效方法。所合成的氢化萘衍生物,其结构通式如下:
Figure RE-DEST_PATH_IMAGE011
其代表化合物如下:
Figure RE-DEST_PATH_IMAGE013
本发明中制备(1R,2S)-1,2-二氢化萘衍生物的具体操作方法如下:
在氩气氛围下的手套箱中,将金属和配体在1mL溶剂中搅拌半小时,然后加入Zn(OTf)2搅拌10分钟,加入分子筛、氮杂/氧杂苯并降冰片烯类底物和1ml溶剂搅拌10分钟,再加入肟类底物,之后塞好塞子将反应管送出手套箱,将反应置于90摄氏度的油浴锅中搅拌,TLC监测反应完成后,浓缩,经柱层析纯化得到产物。
其中,过渡金属为醋酸钯,用量在0.1%-10%之间,其中5%为最佳用量。
添加剂为Zn(OTf)2、Al(OTf)3、Fe(OTf)2、Cu(OTf)2、AgOTf、ZnI、CuBr等路易斯酸,优选Zn(OTf)2
配体为(R)-Seghos、(R)-Binap、(R,R)-BDPP、(R)-Phanephos、(R)-Synphos、(R)-Difluorphos等手性膦配体,优选(R)-Difluorphos。
反应温度在0ºC-90ºC进行,其中90ºC为最适温度,配体的用量在0.12%-12%之间,6%为最佳用量,添加剂用量在0%-100%之间,10%为最佳用量。
本发明制备取代的(1R,2S)-1,2-二氢化萘衍生物的方法成本低、效率高、反应易操作,适合生产各类取代的(1R,2S)-1,2-二氢化萘衍生物。
本发明首次实现以简单肟类化合物和氮/氧杂苯并降冰片烯类化合物为原料,经过1步简单反应高效的合成(1R,2S)-1,2-二氢化萘衍生物,其中取代基为羟基(-OH)或氨基(-NH2)。
具体实施方式
下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步的说明,但不以任何方式对本发明加以限制,基于本发明教导所作的任何变换或替换,均属于本发明的保护范围。
本发明所述的高效合成(1R,2S)-1,2-二氢化萘衍生物的方法,是在有机溶剂体系中,在惰性氛围下以肟类化合物作为亲核试剂对氮/氧杂苯并降冰片烯进行不对称顺式开环,得到目标物(1R,2S)-1,2-二氢化萘衍生物,其反应通式如下:
Figure RE-DEST_PATH_IMAGE014
所述的惰性气体为氩气。
所述的有机溶剂为1,2-二氯乙烷、四氢呋喃、二氧六环或甲苯。
所述的过渡金属为醋酸钯。
所述的过渡金属用量为氮/氧杂苯并降冰片烯摩尔百分比0.1~10%。
所述的过渡金属用量为氮/氧杂苯并降冰片烯摩尔百分比5%。
所述的配体为(R)-Seghos、(R)-Binap、(R,R)-BDPP、(R)-Phanephos、(R)-Synphos或(R)-Difluorphos。
所述的配体为(R)-Difluorphos。
添加剂为路易斯酸。
所述的路易斯酸为Zn(OTf)2、Al(OTf)3、Fe(OTf)2、Cu(OTf)2、AgOTf、ZnI或CuBr。
所述的路易斯酸为Zn(OTf)2
反应的温度为0~90℃。
下面以具体实施案例对本发明做进一步说明:
实施例1
Tert-butyl((1R,2S)-2-((((E)-benzylidene)amino)oxy)-1,2-dihydronaphthalen-1-yl)carbamate的合成:在氩气氛围下的无水无氧手套箱中,将2.3mgPd(AcO)2 和8.2mg ( R)-Difluorphos在1mL 1,2-二氯乙烷中搅拌30min,紧接着加入7.3mgZn(OTf)2搅拌10min,然后加入50mg 4 Å分子筛、48.6mg 由Boc保护的氮杂苯并降冰片烯和1ml 1,2-二氯乙烷搅拌10min,再加入72.6mg 苯甲醛肟,之后塞好塞子将反应拿出手套箱,将反应置于90℃的油浴锅中搅拌,TLC监测反应完成后,浓缩后经硅胶柱层析得白色固体,产率为78%,ee值为94%。
White solid, 78% yield, 94% ee. mp 126-128 oC. [α]D 20 = +358.3 (c =0.40, CH2Cl2). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 7.99 (s, 1H), 7.48-7.45 (m,2H),7.39-7.24 (m, 6H), 7.16-7.14 (m, 1H), 6.68 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 6.21 (dd, J=4.0 Hz, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.18 (dd, J=5.2 Hz, J=9.6 Hz,1H), 4.91 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 1.49 (s, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ 155.9,149.5, 135.1, 132.4, 131.9, 131.4, 129.9, 128.7, 128.4,127.5, 127.2, 127.1,125.4, 124.8, 79.7, 76.1, 51.9, 28.4. HRMS calcd for C22H24N2O3 [M]+: 364.1789.Found: 364.1787. The ee was determined by HPLC analysis using DaicelChiralcel AD-H columns (25 cm × 0.46 cm ID), conditions: n-hexane/i-PrOH =90/10, 1.0 mL/min, 254 nm; t minor = 6.3 min, t major = 6.9 min.
实施例2
Tert-butyl((1R,2S)-2-((((E)-4-methylbenzylidene)amino)oxy)-1,2-dihydronaphthalen-1-yl)carbamate的合成:在氩气氛围下的无水无氧手套箱中,将2.3mgPd(AcO)2 和8.2mg ( R)-Difluorphos在1mL 1,2-二氯乙烷中搅拌30min,紧接着加入7.3mgZn(OTf)2搅拌10min,然后加入50mg 4 Å分子筛、48.6mg 由Boc保护的氮杂苯并降冰片烯和1ml 1,2-二氯乙烷搅拌10min,再加入81.1mg 对甲基苯甲醛肟,之后塞好塞子将反应拿出手套箱,将反应置于90℃的油浴锅中搅拌,TLC监测反应完成后,浓缩后经硅胶柱层析得白色固体,产率为55%,ee值为94%。
White solid, 55% yield, 94% ee. mp 103-105 oC. [α]D 20 = +332.8 (c =0.86, CH2Cl2). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.00 (s, 1H), 7.40 (t, J=8.0 Hz,3H),7.30-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.17 (t, J=4.0 Hz, 3H), 6.71 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 6.23 (dd, J=5.2 Hz, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.40 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (dd, J=5.2 Hz, J=9.2Hz, 1H), 4.91 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (s,3H), 1.53 (s, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz,CDCl3): δ 156.0, 149.5, 140.2, 135.2, 132.4, 131.3, 129.4, 129.2, 128.4,127.5, 127.2, 127.0, 125.4, 124.9, 79.7, 75.9, 51.9, 28.5, 21.5 . HRMS calcdfor C23H26N2O3 [M]+: 378.1944. Found: 378.1943. The ee was determined by HPLCanalysis using Daicel Chiralcel AD-H columns (25 cm × 0.46 cm ID),conditions: n-hexane/i-PrOH = 90/10, 1.0 mL/min, 254 nm; t minor = 7.4 min, t major = 8.1 min.
实施例3
Tert-butyl((1R,2S)-2-((((E)-3-methylbenzylidene)amino)oxy)-1,2-dihydronaphthalen-1-yl)carbamate 的合成:在氩气氛围下的无水无氧手套箱中,将2.3mg Pd(AcO)2 和8.2mg ( R)-Difluorphos在1mL 1,2-二氯乙烷中搅拌30min,紧接着加入7.3mg Zn(OTf)2搅拌10min,然后加入50mg 4 Å分子筛、48.6mg 由Boc保护的氮杂苯并降冰片烯和1ml 1,2-二氯乙烷搅拌10min,再加入81.1mg间甲基苯甲醛肟,之后塞好塞子将反应拿出手套箱,将反应置于90℃的油浴锅中搅拌,TLC监测反应完成后,浓缩后用硅胶过柱得白色固体,产率为72%,ee值94%。
White solid, 79% yield, 94% ee. mp 74-76 oC. [α]D 20 = +366.7 (c = 0.32,CH2Cl2). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.30 (s, 1H), 7.58 (d, J=7.6 Hz,1H), 7.42(d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.25 (m, 3H), 7.18 (dd, J=7.2Hz, J=10.8 Hz, 3H), 6.73(d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 6.25 (dd, J=5.2 Hz, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.42 (d, J=9.6Hz, 1H),5.23 (dd, J=5.2 Hz, J=9.2Hz, 1H), 4.96 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 1.53(s, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ 156.0, 148.7, 136.9, 135.2, 132.4, 131.4,130.8, 130.1, 129.7, 128.4, 127.5, 127.2, 127.1, 126.1, 125.4, 124.8, 79.7,76.0, 51.9, 28.5, 19.9. HRMS calcd for C23H26N2O3 [M]+:378.1945. Found:378.1943. The ee was determined by HPLC analysis using Daicel Chiralcel AD-Hcolumns (25 cm × 0.46 cm ID), conditions: n-hexane/i-PrOH = 90/10, 0.5 mL/min, 254 nm; t minor = 10.2 min, t major = 11.2 min.
实施例4
Tert-butyl((1R,2S)-2-((((E)-2-fluorobenzylidene)amino)oxy)-1,2-dihydronaphthalen-1-yl)carbamate 的合成:在氩气氛围下的无水无氧手套箱中,将2.3mg Pd(AcO)2 和8.2mg ( R)-Difluorphos在1mL 1,2-二氯乙烷中搅拌30min,紧接着加入7.3mg Zn(OTf)2搅拌10min,然后加入50mg 4 Å分子筛、48.6mg 由Boc保护的氮杂苯并降冰片烯和1ml 1,2-二氯乙烷搅拌10min,再加入83.5mg 邻氟苯甲醛肟,之后塞好塞子将反应拿出手套箱,将反应置于90℃的油浴锅中搅拌,TLC监测反应完成后,浓缩后用硅胶过柱得白色固体,产率为82%,ee值94%。
White solid, 82% yield, 94% ee. mp 80-82 oC. [α]D 20 = +370.0 (c = 0.50,CH2Cl2). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.29 (s, 1H), 7.69 (t, J=7.2 Hz,1H), 7.42(d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.36-7.29 (m, 3H), 7.18 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (t, J=7.6Hz, 1H), 7.06 (t, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (d, J=10.0 Hz, 1H), 6.24 (dd, J=10.0Hz, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (dd, J=5.6 Hz, J=9.6 Hz, 1H),4.97 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 1.52 (s, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ 162.0,159.5, 155.9, 143.2, 143.1, 135.0, 132.4, 131.5, 131.4, 128.4, 127.5, 127.2,126.8, 126.7, 125.5, 124.7, 124.3, 124.2, 115.9, 115.7, 79.7, 76.4, 51.8,28.4. HRMS calcd for C22H23FN2O3 [M]+: 382.1698. Found:382.1693. The ee wasdetermined by HPLC analysis using Daicel Chiralcel OD-H columns (25 cm ×0.46 cm ID), conditions: n-hexane/i-PrOH = 95/5, 0.5 mL/min, 254 nm; t minor =11.4 min, t major = 13.9 min.
实施例5
Tert-butyl((1R,2S)-2-((((E)-2-nitrobenzylidene)amino)oxy)-1,2-dihydronaphthalen-1-yl)carbamate 的合成:在氩气氛围下的无水无氧手套箱中,将2.3mg Pd(AcO)2 和8.2mg ( R)-Difluorphos在1mL 1,2-二氯乙烷中搅拌30min,紧接着加入7.3mg Zn(OTf)2搅拌10min,然后加入50mg 4 Å分子筛、48.6mg 由Boc保护的氮杂苯并降冰片烯和1ml 1,2-二氯乙烷搅拌10min,再加入99.7mg 邻硝基苯甲醛肟,之后塞好塞子将反应拿出手套箱,将反应置于90℃的油浴锅中搅拌,TLC监测反应完成后,浓缩后用硅胶过柱得白色固体,产率为78%,ee值92%。
White solid, 78% yield, 92% ee. mp 93-94 oC. [α]D 20 = +305.7 (c = 1.10,CH2Cl2). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.61 (s, 1H), 8.03 (d, J=8.0 Hz,1H),7.83(d, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (t, J=7.6 Hz,1H),7.53 (t, J=7.6 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 7.33-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.19 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (d, J=9.6 Hz,1H), 6.21 (dd, J=4.8 Hz, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.29-5.22 (m, 2H), 5.01 (m, 1H), 1.52(s, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ 155.9, 147.7, 145.8, 134.9, 133.4, 132.4,131.5, 130.3, 128.8, 128.5, 127.7, 127.2, 127.1, 125.7, 124.8, 124.5, 79.8,77.0, 51.5, 28.4. HRMS calcd for C22H23N3O5[M]+: 409.1645. Found: 409.1638. Theee was determined by HPLC analysis using Daicel Chiralcel AD-H columns (25 cm× 0.46 cm ID), conditions: n-hexane/i-PrOH = 90/10, 1.0 mL/min, 254 nm; t minor = 8.3 min, t major =9.4 min.
实施例6
Tert-butyl((1R,2S)-2-((((E)-2-methoxybenzylidene)amino)oxy)-1,2-dihydronaphthalen-1-yl)carbamate 的合成:在氩气氛围下的无水无氧手套箱中,将2.3mg Pd(AcO)2 和8.2mg ( R)-Difluorphos在1mL 1,2-二氯乙烷中搅拌30min,紧接着加入7.3mg Zn(OTf)2搅拌10min,然后加入50mg 4 Å分子筛、48.6mg 由Boc保护的氮杂苯并降冰片烯和1ml 1,2-二氯乙烷搅拌10min,再加入90.7mg 邻甲氧基苯甲醛肟,之后塞好塞子将反应拿出手套箱,将反应置于90℃的油浴锅中搅拌,TLC监测反应完成后,浓缩后用硅胶过柱得白色固体,产率为68%,ee值92%。
White solid, 68% yield, 92% ee. mp 130-132 oC. [α]D 20 = +346.3 (c =0.82, CH2Cl2). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.43 (s, 1H), 7.66 (d, J=7.6 Hz,1H),7.41 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H), 7.37-7.26 (m, 4H), 7.17 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 6.95-6.87(m, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 6.24 (dd, J=5.2 Hz, J=9.6 Hz ,1 H), 5.44 (d,J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (dd, J=4.8 Hz, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.93 (t, J=5.2 Hz, 1H ),3.81 (s, 3H), 1.52 (s, 9H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ 157.5, 156.0, 145.7,135.2, 132.5, 131.2, 128.3, 127.4, 127.1, 126.5, 125.4, 124.9, 120.7, 120.5,111.0, 79.6, 75.9, 55.5, 51.9, 28.5. HRMS calcd for C23H26N2O4 [M]+: 394.1883.Found: 394.1893. The ee was determined by HPLC analysis using DaicelChiralcel AD-H columns (25 cm × 0.46 cm ID), conditions: n-hexane/i-PrOH =98/8, 0.3 mL/min, 254 nm; t minor = 45.7 min, t major =47.7 min.
实施例7
(E)-benzaldehyde O-((1R,2S)-1-hydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalen-2-yl)oxime 的合成:在氩气氛围下的无水无氧手套箱中,将2.3mg Pd(AcO)2 和8.2mg ( R)-Difluorphos在1mL 1,2-二氯乙烷中搅拌30min,紧接着加入7.3mg Zn(OTf)2搅拌10min,然后加入50mg 4 Å分子筛、28.8mg氧杂苯并降冰片烯和1ml 1,2-二氯乙烷搅拌10min,再加入72.6mg苯甲醛肟,之后塞好塞子将反应拿出手套箱,将反应置于90℃的油浴锅中搅拌,TLC监测反应完成后,浓缩后用硅胶过柱得白色固体,产率为77%,ee值96%。
White solid, 77% yield, 96% ee. mp 75-77 oC. [α]D 20 = +197.7 (c = 0.30,CH2Cl2). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3): δ 8.13 (s, 1H), 7.58-7.53 (m, 3H), 7.38-7.37(m, 3H), 7.31-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.18-7.14 (m, 1H), 6.66 (d, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 6.12(dd, J=4.0 Hz, J=9.6 Hz, 1H), 5.05-5.03 (m, 1H), 4.99 (s, 1H), 2.95 (d, J=5.6Hz, 1H). 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3): δ 150.3, 136.1, 132.0, 131.6, 130.5, 130.3,128.8, 128.4, 128.3, 127.2, 127.0, 126.9, 124.8, 78.6, 70.5. HRMS calcd forC17H15NO2 [M]+: 265.1106. Found: 265.1103. The ee was determined by HPLCanalysis using Daicel Chiralcel AD-H columns (25 cm × 0.46 cm ID),conditions: n-hexane/i-PrOH = 90/10, 1.0 mL/min, 254 nm; t minor = 13.1 min, t major = 20.8 min。

Claims (2)

1.一种合成(1R,2S)-1,2-二氢化萘衍生物的方法,其特征在于是在有机溶剂体系中,在惰性氛围下以肟类化合物作为亲核试剂对氮/氧杂苯并降冰片烯进行不对称顺式开环,得到目标物(1R,2S)-1,2-二氢化萘衍生物,其反应通式如下:
Figure DEST_PATH_IMAGE001
其中,有机溶剂为1,2-二氯乙烷、四氢呋喃、二氧六环或甲苯,过渡金属为醋酸钯,配体为(R)-Difluorphos,添加剂为Zn(OTf)2;过渡金属用量为氮/氧杂苯并降冰片烯摩尔百分比0.1~10%,反应的温度为0~90℃。
2.根据权利要求1所述的合成(1R,2S)-1,2-二氢化萘衍生物的方法,其特征在于所述的过渡金属用量为氮/氧杂苯并降冰片烯摩尔百分比5%。
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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2009074497A1 (en) * 2007-12-12 2009-06-18 Laboratorios Del Dr. Esteve, S.A. Microwave-assisted ring opening reaction

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