CN108847108A - A kind of cranium brain model and its preparation method and application - Google Patents
A kind of cranium brain model and its preparation method and application Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The present invention relates to a kind of cranium brain models and its preparation method and application.The model includes upper skull and lower skull, and the upper skull and lower skull are detachably closed connection and internal formation skull chamber, and the skull is intracavitary to be provided with cortex brain tissue of the surface with gully structure, and blood vessel and nerve is distributed in the cortex brain tissue；The cortex brain tissue by silicone elastomer system at.Cranium brain model provided by the invention has skull similar with true cranium brain structure, cortex brain tissue, blood vessel and neural component, the physical structure and sense of touch of true cranium brain can be simulated, it can true to nature, intuitively reproduce the anatomical structure of cranium brain, the teaching that can be widely used for cranium brain structure medically, operations on cranium and brain simulation, surgery training and operation practice clinically.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to fields of biomedicine, more particularly, to a kind of cranium brain model and its preparation method and application.
Background technique
With the development of neurosurgery equipment and technology, a large amount of intracranial disease can be solved by operations on cranium and brain.
Most of neurosurgeon fits autopsy by computer mould to carry out operative training at present.But with subtracting for corpse head
Few and cost increase, and corpse head save after structure in cranium brain and position change, be easy and true organization of human body
Deviate.In addition, many cranium brain diseases have specificity, corresponding operation or teaching mode or corpse it is several leading be difficult it is true
Expression.Therefore, it can be realized 3D printing molding recently as the development of 3D printing technique, some tissues and organ, at
The important method of surgical procedure is gone on smoothly for auxiliary doctor.But there is also have office for the material due to can be used in 3D printing
Sex-limited, the tissues such as cortex brain tissue and the organ model Forming Quality for directlying adopt 3D printing acquisition are poor, and its performance with
The true structure of human body and quality differ greatly, and are not able to satisfy clinical use demand.
Therefore, a kind of cranium brain model close with practical cranium brain structure, quality is close is developed, wherein cortex brain tissue has
Similar structure and flexibility, elasticity and drawing property with true brain tissue height can be simulated, surgery planning or teaching in the preoperative
Rehearsal is applied, and is had a very important significance.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to overcome existing cranium brain anatomical model cortex brain tissue especially therein and real human body
The biggish defect of properity deviation of cranium brain tissue, provides a kind of cranium brain model.Cranium brain model provided by the invention is in physics
Similar to true cranium brain in structure and sense of touch, wherein cortex brain tissue has similar structure and softness with true brain tissue height
Property, elasticity and drawing property, can true to nature, intuitively reproduce the anatomical structure of cranium brain, and be widely used in the teaching of cranium brain structure, cranium
Brain surgery simulation, training and operation practice.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a kind of preparation methods of cranium brain model.
For the purpose for realizing foregoing invention, the present invention is adopted the following technical scheme that：
A kind of cranium brain model, the model include upper skull and lower skull, and the upper skull and lower skull are detachably closed connection
And internal formation skull chamber, the intracavitary cortex brain tissue for being provided with surface and there is gully structure of the skull, the cortex brain group
Blood vessel and nerve is distributed in knitting；The cortex brain tissue by silicone elastomer system at.
Cranium brain model provided by the invention has skull similar with true cranium brain structure, cortex brain tissue, blood vessel and mind
Through component, wherein cortex brain tissue surface has gully structure, is to be made using silicone elastomer body, has and true brain tissue phase
As flexibility, elasticity and drawing property, the physical structure and sense of touch of true cranium brain can be simulated, can be true to nature, intuitively again
The anatomical structure of existing cranium brain, and it is widely used in the teaching of cranium brain structure, operations on cranium and brain simulation, training and operation practice.
Preferably, the cortex brain tissue is made by 3D printing technique combination reperfusion mode.3D is specifically first passed through to beat
Print technology be made can with the cortex brain tissue mold of lower skull airtight connection, then by the cortex brain tissue mold and lower skull
After airtight connection, perfusion silicone elastomer body is made in cavity.
Preferably, the silicone elastomer body is prepared by functional performed polymer and vinyl silicone oil diluent, the function
The mass ratio of energy property performed polymer and vinyl silicone oil diluent is 1:0.8~1:5, preferably 1:3.Wherein, the functional performed polymer
For the composition of silicon hydrogen organopolysiloxane and vinyl organopolysiloxane, in the composition silicon hydrogen organopolysiloxane and
The mass ratio of vinyl organopolysiloxane is 5:4~3:2, preferably 6:5.Using silicone elastomer body made from the formula, it is made
It is increasingly similar with true Human Cortex's brain tissue in elasticity, flexibility, sense of touch and mechanical property after cortex brain tissue.
Preferably, the cranium brain model further includes having lesion structure.It is further preferable that the lesion structure is brain tumor
（Such as hypophysoma）, hemangioma, one or more of aneurysm or meningioma.
Preferably, the cranium brain model further includes brain tumor and/or meningioma, and the brain tumor and/or meningioma pass through
Following process is prepared：3D printing obtains tumour mold, then carries out die perfusion using silica gel or hydrogel and obtains.
Preferably, the cranium brain model further includes hemangioma and/or aneurysm, and the hemangioma and/or aneurysm pass through
Following process is prepared：3D printing, which obtains, carries tumor intravascular stent, then the spin coating silica gel material on carrying tumor intravascular stent, to silicon
Removal carries tumor intravascular stent after glue material solidification, obtains soft hollow load tumor blood vessel；Then by the soft hollow load tumor
Blood vessel is fixed on corresponding vessel position.
Preferably, it is arranged between the cortex brain tissue and upper skull and/or between the cortex brain tissue and lower skull
There is meninx.It is further preferable that the meninx includes endocranium, arachnoid and pia mater.
It is further preferred that having cavum subarachnoidale between the arachnoid and pia mater, the cavum subarachnoidale is included
There is cerebrospinal fluid simulated solution.
Preferably, the surface of the upper skull and/or lower skull is covered with scalp.
Preferably, be also disposed between the scalp and upper skull and/or between scalp and lower skull subcutaneous tissue and
Fascia of head.
Preferably, the inner surface of the upper skull and lower skull is provided with periosteum.
Preferably, skull bottom of chamber portion is provided with the bone hole for passing through blood vessel and nerve.
Bone hole of the present invention can be arranged to specific form and size according to actual needs.
Preferably, the upper skull and lower skull are prepared by plastic type material.
It is further preferable that the upper skull and lower skull bonded using the plastic type material by light irradiation, glue or
High temperature squeezes out low-temperature setting molding and is made.
Preferably, the plastic type material is one or more of resin, gypsum, metal or high-temperature phase-change polymer.
Preferably, the resin is light-cured resin；The high-temperature phase-change polymer is nylon or polylactic acid.
Preferably, the cortex brain tissue maximum load of the cranium brain model is 20 ~ 50N, and tensile strength is 3 ~ 10MPa, bullet
Property modulus be 5 ~ 10MPa, elongation at break be 200 ~ 500%.
Preferably, the upper skull is fixedly connected with card convex by groove with lower skull or is fixedly connected by Shu Latch.
Preferably, the blood vessel, nerve and lower skull are integrally formed by 3D printing.
The preparation method of above-mentioned cranium brain model, includes the following steps：
S1：Prepare the upper skull and lower skull, blood vessel and nerve of detachable closure connection by 3D printing technique, medium vessels and
Nerve is fixedly connected with lower skull；
S2：Preparation can be with the cortex brain tissue mold of the lower skull closure connection, and the cortex brain tissue mold has and skin
The opposite concaveconvex structure in the gully of layer brain tissue；
S3：The cortex brain tissue mold and the closure connection of lower skull are formed into cavity, and silica gel bullet is perfused into the cavity
Property body, after solidification remove cortex brain tissue mold；
S4：Upper skull and lower skull closure are connected, the cranium brain model is obtained.
The present invention provides a kind of methods that 3D printing technique and die perfusion technology are combined to preparation cranium brain model.
3D printing technique is gradually applied in the printing shaping of tissue and organ as a kind of emerging technology, but can be used in
The material of 3D printing is there is also there is limitation, and the cortex brain tissue Forming Quality for directlying adopt 3D printing acquisition is poor, and its performance
It differs greatly with the true structure of human body and quality, is not able to satisfy clinical use demand.Cortex brain tissue of the present invention is
It is made by 3D printing technique combination reperfusion mode.Specifically first pass through 3D printing technique be made can be with lower skull airtight connection
Silica gel bullet is perfused then by after the cortex brain tissue mold and lower skull airtight connection in cortex brain tissue mold in cavity
Property body be made.Inside the cranium structure can be more really simulated, sense of touch is more true, true to nature.
In order to reduce perfusion cortex brain tissue it is post-cured when air entrapment generation, it is preferable that in negative pressure ring in S3
Solidified in border.
Preferably, the lower skull in step S1, blood vessel and nerve are integrally formed by 3D printing.
Preferably, the cortex brain tissue mold in step S2 is made by 3D printing technique.
In order to be applied to clinical demand, the cranium brain model further includes having lesion structure, it is preferable that the lesion structure is
Brain tumor（Such as hypophysoma）, hemangioma, one or more of aneurysm or meningioma.
It preferably, further include preparation brain tumor and/or meningioma mold, and by the brain tumor and/or meningioma mold
It is fixed in cavity described in S3, then perfusion brain tumor and/or meningioma prepare material into the brain tumor and/or meningioma mold
The step of material；Preferably, the brain tumor and/or meningioma mold are obtained by 3D printing.
Preferably, the tumour prepares the aqueous solution that material is the substances such as gelatin or sodium alginate, agar, and mass fraction is
5% ~ 40%, preferably 20%.It can be adjusted according to specific tumour.
Preferably, further include preparation hemangioma and/or aneurysm in S3, and the hemangioma and/or aneurysm are fixed
It is in corresponding blood vessel, then the step of being irrigated silicone elastomer body, the preparation hemangioma and/or aneurysmal process：3D is beaten
Print, which obtains, carries tumor intravascular stent, then the spin coating silica gel material on carrying tumor intravascular stent, and removal carries tumor after silica gel material solidification
Intravascular stent obtains soft hollow load tumor blood vessel；Then the soft hollow load tumor blood vessel is fixed to corresponding blood vessel
On position.
It is prepared by 3D printing technique and carries tumor intravascular stent, then the spin coating silica gel material on carrying tumor intravascular stent, to material
The removal of tumor intravascular stent will be carried after material solidification, obtains being loaded with the hemangioma and/or aneurysmal soft hollow blood vessel, then will
It is described to be loaded with hemangioma and/or aneurysmal soft hollow blood vessel by bonding or nested mode fixed to corresponding position.Institute
It states corresponding position and refers to that finding hemangioma and/or aneurysm are in blood vessel/eparterial position by medical image and three-dimensional reconstruction
It sets.The cranium brain model obtained in this way, wherein the blood vessel of diseased region its elasticity and toughness be more nearly real blood vessels elasticity and
Toughness, analog hemangioma and/or aneurysmal press from both sides such as close, intervene at the operation.
Preferably, the hemangioma, the aneurysmal material silica gel for preparing are dilute by functional performed polymer and vinyl silicone oil
Release agent in mass ratio 0.8:1~4:1, preferably 2:1 is made, and the functionality performed polymer is silicon hydrogen organopolysiloxane and vinyl
The composition of organopolysiloxane；The mass ratio of silicon hydrogen organopolysiloxane and vinyl organopolysiloxane in the composition
It is 5:4~3:2, preferably 6:5.
In order to enable cranium brain model is closer to true cranium brain, can prepare scalp, subcutaneous tissue, fascia of head, periosteum,
The components such as meninx.
Wherein scalp, subcutaneous tissue and fascia of head are by the surface layer-by-layer painting in the upper skull and/or lower skull
Silica gel material is covered to obtain；Periosteum and/or meninx are to coat silica gel material by the inner surface in the upper skull and/or lower skull
It obtains.Preferably, the meninx includes endocranium, arachnoid and pia mater, is made by successively coating silica gel material, wherein soft
Meninx with a thickness of 1/10th of endocranium thickness.
Preferably, the scalp prepares material silica gel by functional performed polymer and vinyl silicone oil diluent in mass ratio
0.8:1~4:1, preferably 2:1 is made；The subcutaneous tissue to prepare material silica gel dilute by functional performed polymer and vinyl silicone oil
Release agent in mass ratio 1:6~1:1, preferably 1:4 are made；The fascia of head prepares material silica gel by functional performed polymer and second
Alkenyl Silicon oil thinner in mass ratio 0.8:1~4:1, preferably 2:1 is made；The periosteum prepares material silica gel by functional pre-
Aggressiveness and vinyl silicone oil diluent in mass ratio 1:3~3:1, preferably 1:1 is made；The dural material silica gel for preparing is by function
Property performed polymer and vinyl silicone oil diluent in mass ratio 0.8:1~4:1, preferably 2:1 is made；Arachnoid prepares material silica gel
By functional performed polymer and vinyl silicone oil diluent in mass ratio 1:3~3:1, preferably 1:1；Pia mater prepares material silica gel
By functional performed polymer and vinyl silicone oil diluent in mass ratio 0.8:1~4:1, preferably 1:1 is made.Wherein, the functionality
Performed polymer is the composition of silicon hydrogen organopolysiloxane and vinyl organopolysiloxane；The organic poly- silicon of silicon hydrogen in the composition
The mass ratio of oxygen alkane and vinyl organopolysiloxane is 5:4~3:2, preferably 6:5.The group as made from selection above-mentioned material
It is woven in its physical property and sense of touch similar with corresponding real human body tissue height.
The cerebrospinal fluid simulated solution is glucose solution, and mass concentration is 450 ~ 750mg/L, preferably 600mg/L.
Preferably, the method removal that mold passes through directly demoulding removal or solvent dissolution in the S3.
Likewise, other molds in the present invention, such as lesion structure mold, intravascular stent directly can be removed or be used
The method removal of solvent dissolution.
Application of the above-mentioned cranium brain model in medical teaching training, clinical preoperative simulation, surgery planning or manipulation exercise
Also within the scope of the present invention.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has the advantages that：
Cranium brain model provided by the invention includes the components such as upper skull, lower skull, cortex brain tissue, blood vessel and nerve, the skin
Layer brain tissue is made using silicone elastomer body material, similar to true cranium brain in physical structure and sense of touch, can be true to nature, intuitive
Ground reproduces the anatomical structure of cranium brain, and is widely used in the teaching of cranium brain structure, operations on cranium and brain simulation, training and operation practice.
Detailed description of the invention
Fig. 1 is the cranium brain model picture not comprising upper skull；
Fig. 2 is the cranium brain model schematic not comprising cortex brain tissue；
Fig. 3 is the lower skull picture comprising blood vessel, nerve；
Fig. 4 is the picture of cortex brain tissue.
Specific embodiment
In order to make the objectives, technical solutions, and advantages of the present invention clearer, below in conjunction with Figure of description and tool
Body embodiment, the present invention will be described in further detail.It should be appreciated that specific embodiment described herein is only to explain
The present invention is not intended to limit the present invention.In addition, technology involved in the various embodiments of the present invention described below
Feature can be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.
It should be noted that it both can be directly another when original part is referred to as " being set to ", " install in " another element
On element, there may also be original parts placed in the middle.When an element is considered " to connect " another element, it, which can be, is directly connected to
To another element or it may be simultaneously present centering elements.
Embodiment 1
As shown in Fig. 1 ~ 4, a kind of cranium brain model, including upper skull and lower skull, upper skull and lower skull pass through upper skull section
Groove and the card convex closure connection that matches of lower skull section and groove and it is internal form skull chamber, skull is intracavitary to be provided with table
Face has the cortex brain tissue of gully structure, blood vessel and nerve is distributed in cortex brain tissue, cortex brain tissue is by silicone elastomer
System at.
The cortex brain tissue is by silicone elastomer system at the silicone elastomer body is by functional performed polymer and vinyl silicon
Oily diluent is prepared, and the mass ratio of the functionality performed polymer and vinyl silicone oil diluent is 1:3；The wherein function
Property performed polymer be silicon hydrogen organopolysiloxane and vinyl organopolysiloxane composition, silicon hydrogen is organic poly- in the composition
The mass ratio of siloxanes and vinyl organopolysiloxane is 6:5.
The cranium brain model of the present embodiment can also include with flowering structure：The surface of upper skull and lower skull is covered with scalp,
Subcutaneous tissue and fascia of head are also disposed between scalp and upper skull, lower skull；The inner surface of upper skull and lower skull is set
It is equipped with periosteum, meninx is provided between cortex brain tissue and upper and lower skull, meninx includes endocranium, arachnoid and pia mater, spider
There is cavum subarachnoidale between nethike embrane and pia mater, contain cerebrospinal fluid simulated solution in cavum subarachnoidale；It is also set in cortex brain tissue
It is equipped with lesion structure, which is brain tumor.
The preparation method of the cranium brain model is as follows：
S1：Three-dimensional reconstruction is carried out after obtaining cranial image by 3-dimensional image, and is respectively set and matches in upper and lower skull section
Groove and card convex, utilize 3D printing technique to prepare upper skull, lower skull, blood vessel and nerve；Print the blood vessel branch of diseased region
Frame coats silica gel on intravascular stent and dissolves removal intravascular stent with solvent after its solidification, obtains soft hollow blood vessel；It will be described
Soft hollow blood vessel is replaced by way of nested or bonding and is connected on the diseased region of the already present blood vessel of lower skull；Wherein
Upper and lower skull is printed to obtain by light-cured resin or gypsum, and blood vessel and intravascular stent are printed to obtain by light-cured resin, nerve by
Light-cured resin prints to obtain；
S2：The cortex brain tissue mold and brain tumor mold of connection, the skin can be closed with lower skull by 3D printing technique preparation
Layer brain tissue mold has the concaveconvex structure opposite with the gully of cortex brain tissue；
S3：Cortex brain tissue mold and the closure connection of lower skull are formed into cavity, brain tumor mold is placed in the cavity, to brain
Gelatin is perfused in tumour mold, mold alternative is removed or do not removed, and passes through solvent dissolution or cutting side after preferred solidification
Formula removes brain tumor mold；Then silicone elastomer body is perfused into cavity, dissolves or demould removal cortex after solidification by solvent
Brain tissue mold；
S4：Three layers of silica gel are successively coated in upper and lower skull outer surface, fascia of head, subcutaneous tissue and scalp is successively made；Upper
The inner surface of skull and/or lower skull coats silica gel, and periosteum is made；Silica gel is coated towards brain tissue side in periosteum, brain is made
Film；
S5：Upper skull and lower skull closure are connected up to the cranium brain model.
The cortex brain tissue maximum load of cranium brain model provided by the invention is 20-50N, and tensile strength is 3 ~ 10MPa, bullet
Property modulus be 5 ~ 10MPa, elongation at break be 200 ~ 500%.
Cranium brain model provided by the invention has skull similar with true cranium brain structure, cortex brain tissue, blood vessel and mind
Through component etc., the physical structure and sense of touch of true cranium brain can be simulated, can true to nature, intuitively reproduce the anatomical structure of cranium brain,
And it is widely used in the teaching of cranium brain structure, operations on cranium and brain simulation, training and operation practice.
The embodiments described above only express several embodiments of the present invention, and the description thereof is more specific and detailed, but simultaneously
It cannot therefore be construed as limiting the scope of the patent.It should be pointed out that the general technical staff for this field comes
It says, without departing from the inventive concept of the premise, various modifications and improvements can be made, these belong to protection of the invention
Range.
Claims (16)
1. a kind of cranium brain model, which is characterized in that the model includes upper skull and lower skull, and the upper skull and lower skull can
The connection of disassembly closure and internal formation skull chamber, the intracavitary cortex brain tissue for being provided with surface and there is gully structure of the skull,
Blood vessel and nerve is distributed in the cortex brain tissue；The cortex brain tissue by silicone elastomer system at.
2. cranium brain model according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the silicone elastomer body is by functional performed polymer and ethylene
Base Silicon oil thinner is prepared, and the mass ratio of the functionality performed polymer and vinyl silicone oil diluent is 1:0.8~1:5, it is excellent
Select 1:3；Wherein, the functional performed polymer is the composition of silicon hydrogen organopolysiloxane and vinyl organopolysiloxane, institute
Stating the mass ratio of silicon hydrogen organopolysiloxane and vinyl organopolysiloxane in composition is 5:4~3:2.
3. cranium brain model according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the cranium brain model further includes lesion structure；The disease
Stove structure is one or more of brain tumor, hemangioma, aneurysm or meningioma.
4. cranium brain model according to claim 3, which is characterized in that the cranium brain model further includes brain tumor and/or meninx
Tumor, the brain tumor and/or meningioma are prepared by following process：3D printing obtains tumour mold, then uses silica gel
Or hydrogel carries out die perfusion and obtains.
5. cranium brain model according to claim 3, which is characterized in that the cranium brain model further includes hemangioma and/or artery
Tumor；The hemangioma and/or aneurysm are prepared by following process：3D printing, which obtains, carries tumor intravascular stent, is then carrying
Spin coating silica gel material on tumor intravascular stent, removal carries tumor intravascular stent after silica gel material solidification, obtains soft hollow load tumor
Blood vessel；Then the soft hollow load tumor blood vessel is fixed on corresponding vessel position.
6. cranium brain model according to claim 1, which is characterized in that between the cortex brain tissue and upper skull and/or institute
It states between cortex brain tissue and lower skull, is provided with periosteum and/or meninx.
7. cranium brain model according to claim 6, which is characterized in that between the cortex brain tissue and upper skull and/or institute
It states between cortex brain tissue and lower skull, is provided with meninx；The meninx includes endocranium, arachnoid and pia mater；The spider
There is cavum subarachnoidale between nethike embrane and pia mater, contain cerebrospinal fluid simulated solution in the cavum subarachnoidale.
8. cranium brain model according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the surface of the upper skull and/or lower skull is covered with
Scalp.
9. cranium brain model according to claim 8, which is characterized in that between the scalp and upper skull and/or the scalp
Between lower skull, it is also disposed with subcutaneous tissue and galea.
10. any one cranium brain model according to claim 1 ~ 9, which is characterized in that the maximum load of the cortex brain tissue
For 20 ~ 50N, tensile strength is 3 ~ 10MPa, and elasticity modulus is 5 ~ 10MPa, and elongation at break is 200 ~ 500%.
11. the preparation method of cranium brain model as claimed in claim 1 or 2, which is characterized in that include the following steps：
S1：Prepare the upper skull and lower skull, blood vessel and nerve of detachable closure connection by 3D printing technique, medium vessels and
Nerve is fixedly connected with lower skull；
S2：Preparation can be with the cortex brain tissue mold of the lower skull closure connection, and the cortex brain tissue mold has and skin
The opposite concaveconvex structure in the gully of layer brain tissue；
S3：The cortex brain tissue mold and the closure connection of lower skull are formed into cavity, and silica gel bullet is perfused into the cavity
Property body, after solidification remove cortex brain tissue mold；
S4：Upper skull and lower skull closure are connected up to the cranium brain model.
12. the preparation method of cranium brain model according to claim 11, which is characterized in that lower skull, blood vessel in step S1
It is integrally formed with nerve by 3D printing；And/or cortex brain tissue mold described in step S2 is made by 3D printing technique.
13. the preparation method of cranium brain model according to claim 11, which is characterized in that further include preparation brain tumor and/or
Meningioma mold, and the brain tumor and/or meningioma mold are fixed in cavity described in S3, then to the brain tumor and/
Or the step of brain tumor and/or meningioma prepare material is perfused in meningioma mold；Preferably, the brain tumor and/or meninx
Tumor mold is obtained by 3D printing.
14. the preparation method of cranium brain model according to claim 11, which is characterized in that further include preparation hemangioma in S3
And/or aneurysm, and the hemangioma will be loaded with and/or aneurysmal blood vessel is fixed on corresponding vessel position, then carry out
The step of silicone elastomer body is perfused, the preparation hemangioma and/or aneurysmal process are：3D printing, which obtains, carries tumor blood vessel branch
Frame, then the spin coating silica gel material on carrying tumor intravascular stent, removes after silica gel material solidification and carries tumor intravascular stent, obtain soft
Hollow load tumor blood vessel；Then the soft hollow load tumor blood vessel is fixed on corresponding vessel position.
15. the preparation method of cranium brain model according to claim 11, which is characterized in that further include periosteum and/or meninx
Preparation step, wherein periosteum and/or meninx coat silica gel material by the inner surface in the upper skull and/or lower skull and obtain
It arrives.
16. the preparation method of cranium brain model according to claim 11, which is characterized in that further include scalp, subcutaneous tissue and
The preparation step of fascia of head, wherein scalp, subcutaneous tissue and fascia of head are by the upper skull and/or lower skull
Surface layer-by-layer coating silica gel material obtains.
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