CN108812449A - 一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法 - Google Patents
一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法 Download PDFInfo
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- CN108812449A CN108812449A CN201810545925.2A CN201810545925A CN108812449A CN 108812449 A CN108812449 A CN 108812449A CN 201810545925 A CN201810545925 A CN 201810545925A CN 108812449 A CN108812449 A CN 108812449A
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- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,根据黄鳝的生长需求提供不同阶段的富硒饲料给予喂养,为黄鳝生长发育提供丰富营养,有效预防黄鳝养殖过程中容易感染的疾病和寄生虫病,提高黄鳝人工养殖的成活率,有效改善黄鳝的肉质及营养含量,获得优质的富硒黄鳝。所述加硒饲料由互花米草提取物、EM菌剂、鱼粉、小麦、豆粕、大豆油、磷酸二氢钙、干蚯蚓、啤酒酵母、鱿鱼内脏粉、海带粉、食盐、胡萝卜粉、蛋氨酸硒组成。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及水产动物养殖技术领域,具体涉及一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法。
背景技术
黄鳝,又名鳝鱼,合鳃鱼科黄鳝属的一种鱼类。常生活在稻田、小河、小溪、池塘、河渠、湖泊等淤泥质水底层,在中国各地均有生产,以中国长江流域、辽宁和天津产量较多,产期在6-10月,以6-8月所产的最肥。
黄鳝肉嫩味鲜。营养价值甚高。每1百克鳝鱼肉中蛋白质含量达17.2-18.8克,脂肪0.9-1.2克,钙质38毫克,磷150毫克,铁1.6毫克;此外还含有硫胺素(维生素B1)、核黄素(B2)、尼克酸(维生素PP)、抗坏血酸(维生素C)等多种维生素。黄鳝不仅被当作名菜用来款待客人,近年来活运出口,畅销国外,更有冰冻鳝鱼远销美洲等地。黄鳝一年四季均产,但以小暑前后者最为肥美,民间有“小暑黄鳝赛人参”的说法。
硒是一种人体所必需的微量元素,具有抗癌、抗氧化和提高人体免疫力、拮抗重金属等生物学特性。硒的缺乏会导致如大骨节病、克山病等的发生,硒是谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的组成部分,能清除氧自由基。人体对硒的摄入主要通过食物,因此,富硒食品的开发具有非常重要的意义。
当前,供给市场的主要货源来自天然野生捕捞和反季节人工囤养。由于需求的增长和资源的不断减少,导致黄鳝的市场供应日趋紧张,价格显著提高。因此,我国很多地区把养殖黄鳝作为农村家庭致富的重要途径。现有技术中,随着人工喂养的普及,各类水产品以饲料为主,因此一种良好的饲料配方很重要,但是由于配料中的营养成份含量不足,各种蛋白和维生素的含量比较低,这样对养殖的产量带来了不利的影响。
发明内容
为了解决上述问题,本发明提供了一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,根据黄鳝的生长需求提供不同阶段的饲料给予喂养,为黄鳝生长发育提供丰富的营养,有效预防黄鳝养殖过程中容易感染的疾病和寄生虫病,提高黄鳝人工养殖的成活率,有效改善黄鳝的肉质及营养含量,获得优质的富硒黄鳝。
本发明可以通过以下技术方案来实现:
一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)放养前7-10d,用生石灰200g/m2泼洒消毒池,控制水位15-20cm,水温23-28℃,水中含氧量2-5mg/L,pH6.5-7.2,每隔2-3d换水1次;
(2)每平方米投放50-60条黄鳝,放养前用1-2%食盐水浸泡;
(3)放养2-3d内不投喂,3d后每天投喂2次,1-2周内饲料投喂量为鳝种重量的1-2%,15-20d后饲料投喂量增加到鳝种重量的2-3%。
上步骤(1)饲料是:将加硒饲料按比例混合,再加入总质量的1%的保健调节剂搅拌均匀,粉碎至100目,在包衣锅转速700r/min,包衣锅片床温度70℃,雾化压力0.8MPa,喷枪从底部斜向上喷液的条件下制备成包膜量内10%的乙基纤维素包膜的颗粒饲料。
所述加硒饲料:互花米草提取物5.6-5.8份、EM菌剂1.1-1.3份、鱼粉2-8份、小麦22-28份、豆粕48-62份、大豆油3-5份、磷酸二氢钙1.2-1.4份、干蚯蚓8-12份、啤酒酵母4-6份、鱿鱼内脏粉4-6份、海带粉3-5份、食盐0.2-0.4份、胡萝卜粉4-4.8份、蛋氨酸硒2.4-2.8份;所述加硒饲料中还加入了植酸酶固体粉末7.3×104u/g。
所述互花米草提取物:取互花米草干燥粉碎过20目筛,加入料液比为1:16的85%乙醇溶液,在77℃下提取2次,每次1h,合并提取液,过滤取滤液干燥。
所述EM菌剂:取EM菌在由麸皮40-70%,玉米皮10-25%,玉米粉3-20%,米糠2-14%,棉籽粕1-7%,豆粕2-14%,无机盐0.5-3.5%制成的培养基,pH5-8,温度26-38℃,含水量40-60%,接种量10%的条件下进行固态发酵48h;所述无机盐为硫酸铵:磷酸二氢钾:硫酸镁=14:5:1。
所述保健调节剂:当归叶提取物0.04-0.06份、葡萄籽提取物0.6-0.8份、樟树果1-1.6份、柿叶2.8-3.6份、紫草1.2-1.8份、鹤草芽0.8-1.2份、血余炭0.2-0.24份、叶下珠5.2-5.6份、玫瑰叶2-2.6份、生姜2-4份、南沙参2.5-3.3份、白浆藤2.1-2.5份、瓜蒌2.8-3.6份。
所述当归叶提取物:取当归叶干燥粉碎,加入料液比为1:20的水,在50℃下水浴提取7h,过滤取滤液干燥。
所述葡萄籽提取物:将葡萄籽干燥粉碎过80目筛,加入料液比为1:20的蒸馏水,在50℃,225W下超声波作用15min,取出调节pH5.0,加入料液比为1:6.6由2%纤维素酶组成的纤维素酶溶液,在50℃下酶解2h,再调节pH7.0,加入1%中性蛋白酶,在50℃下酶解1.5h,然后在沸水浴中灭酶10min,经4000r/min离心20min,收集上层液干燥。
本发明具备以下有益效果:
本发明涉及一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,饲料中加入互花米草提取物后,黄鳝体内的大部分主要营养成分、微量元素的含量显著提高,通过调节黄鳝体内的化学成分结构来改善黄鳝肉质;
本发明将EM菌剂添加到饲料中,可以改善鱼体的微生态环境,促进鱼类的摄食、消化和吸收;使其增重效果增加,提高黄鳝肌肉的蛋白质含量,有效降低脂肪含量,且对肌肉氨基酸组成和鲜味氨基酸含量有显著提高;
本发明添加的植酸酶能够促进黄鳝对磷元素的吸收,磷是鱼类维持正常生理功能的必需常量矿物元素,能够显著促进黄鳝的生长速度,提高饲料利用率,改善骨骼生长,促进消化吸收,提高黄鳝体内脂肪利用效率,降低脂肪在肝脏中的沉积,从而有效降低蛋白质的消耗,促进蛋白质的积累,提高肉质和营养价值;
本发明当归叶提取物加入保健调节剂中具有促进黄鳝伤口愈合,显著提高黄鳝溶菌酶活性,增强黄鳝的抵抗力,能够满足黄鳝快速生长及机体代谢的需要,提高黄鳝成活率和增重率;
本发明葡萄籽提取物可通过免疫器官的发育增强黄鳝机体的免疫力,还能选择性抑制肠道中的治病微生物,促进肠道中双歧杆菌的增殖,具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤来达到提高免疫力的目的;
本发明将天然富硒生物原料添加适量的生物有机硒制成富硒饲料,能够使黄鳝含硒增加,不但提高了黄鳝的免疫力,还提高了黄鳝的营养价值,人体食用后能够安全吸收消化,达到健康安全补硒的目的;
本发明涉及的养殖方法为黄鳝生长发育提供丰富的营养,提高黄鳝对饲料的利用率,提高黄鳝日增重,有效预防黄鳝的疾病和寄生虫病,提高黄鳝人工养殖的成活率,对黄鳝生长,免疫能力,肠道消化效率和黄鳝肉质及其营养含量有显著的促进和改善作用。
具体实施方式
为了使本发明实现的技术手段、创作特征、达成目的与功效易于明白了解,下面结合具体实施例,进一步阐述本发明。
实施例1
一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)放养前8.5d,用生石灰200g/m2泼洒消毒池,控制水位17.5cm,水温25.5℃,水中含氧量3.5mg/L,pH=6.8,每隔2.5d换水1次;
(2)每平方米投放55条黄鳝,放养前用1.5%食盐水浸泡;
(3)放养2.5d内不投喂,3d后每天投喂2次,2周内饲料投喂量为鳝种重量的1.5%,17.5d后饲料投喂量增加到鳝种重量的2.5%。
本实施例一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,所述步骤(1)饲料是:将加硒饲料按比例混合,再加入总质量的1%的保健调节剂搅拌均匀,粉碎至100目,在包衣锅转速700r/min,包衣锅片床温度70℃,雾化压力0.8MPa,喷枪从底部斜向上喷液的条件下制备成包膜量内10%的乙基纤维素包膜的颗粒饲料。
上述加硒饲料为:互花米草提取物5.7份、EM菌剂1.2份、鱼粉5份、小麦25份、豆粕55份、大豆油4份、磷酸二氢钙1.3份、干蚯蚓10份、啤酒酵母5份、鱿鱼内脏粉5份、海带粉4份、食盐0.3份、胡萝卜粉4.4份、蛋氨酸硒2.6份;所述加硒饲料中还加入了植酸酶固体粉末7.3×104u/g。
上述互花米草提取物:取互花米草干燥粉碎过20目筛,加入料液比为1:16的85%乙醇溶液,在77℃下提取2次,每次1h,合并提取液,过滤取滤液干燥。
上述EM菌剂为:取EM菌在由麸皮55%,玉米皮17.5%,玉米粉11.5%,米糠8%,棉籽粕4%,豆粕8%,无机盐2%制成的培养基,pH=6.5,温度32℃,含水量50%,接种量10%的条件下进行固态发酵48h;所述无机盐为硫酸铵:磷酸二氢钾:硫酸镁=14:5:1。
上述保健调节剂为:当归叶提取物0.05份、葡萄籽提取物0.7份、樟树果1.3份、柿叶3.2份、紫草1.5份、鹤草芽1份、血余炭0.22份、叶下珠5.4份、玫瑰叶2.3份、生姜3份、南沙参2.9份、白浆藤2.3份、瓜蒌3.2份。
上述当归叶提取物的制备:取当归叶干燥粉碎,加入料液比为1:20的水,在50℃下水浴提取7h,过滤取滤液干燥。
上述葡萄籽提取物的制备:将葡萄籽干燥粉碎过80目筛,加入料液比为1:20的蒸馏水,在50℃,225W下超声波作用15min,取出调节pH=5.0,加入料液比为1:6.6由2%纤维素酶组成的纤维素酶溶液,在50℃下酶解2h,再调节pH=7.0,加入1%中性蛋白酶,在50℃下酶解1.5h,然后在沸水浴中灭酶10min,经4000r/min离心20min,收集上层液干燥。
实施例2
一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)放养前7d,用生石灰200g/m2泼洒消毒池,控制水位15cm,水温23℃,水中含氧量2mg/L,pH=6.5,每隔2d换水1次;
(2)每平方米投放50条黄鳝,放养前用1%食盐水浸泡;
(3)放养2d内不投喂,3d后每天投喂2次,1周内饲料投喂量为鳝种重量的1%,15d后饲料投喂量增加到鳝种重量的2%。
本实施例一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,所述步骤(1)饲料是:将加硒饲料按比例混合,再加入总质量的1%的保健调节剂搅拌均匀,粉碎至100目,在包衣锅转速700r/min,包衣锅片床温度70℃,雾化压力0.8MPa,喷枪从底部斜向上喷液的条件下制备成包膜量内10%的乙基纤维素包膜的颗粒饲料。
上述加硒饲料为:互花米草提取物5.6份、EM菌剂1.1份、鱼粉2份、小麦22份、豆粕48份、大豆油3份、磷酸二氢钙1.2份、干蚯蚓8份、啤酒酵母4份、鱿鱼内脏粉4份、海带粉3份、食盐0.2份、胡萝卜粉4份、蛋氨酸硒2.4份;所述加硒饲料中还加入了植酸酶固体粉末7.3×104u/g。
上述互花米草提取物:取互花米草干燥粉碎过20目筛,加入料液比为1:16的85%乙醇溶液,在77℃下提取2次,每次1h,合并提取液,过滤取滤液干燥。
上述EM菌剂为:取EM菌在由麸皮40%,玉米皮10%,玉米粉3%,米糠2%,棉籽粕1%,豆粕2%,无机盐0.5%制成的培养基,pH=5,温度26℃,含水量40%,接种量10%的条件下进行固态发酵48h;所述无机盐为硫酸铵:磷酸二氢钾:硫酸镁=14:5:1。
上述保健调节剂为:当归叶提取物0.04份、葡萄籽提取物0.6份、樟树果1份、柿叶2.8份、紫草1.2份、鹤草芽0.8份、血余炭0.2份、叶下珠5.2份、玫瑰叶2份、生姜2份、南沙参2.5份、白浆藤2.1份、瓜蒌2.8份。
上述当归叶提取物的制备:取当归叶干燥粉碎,加入料液比为1:20的水,在50℃下水浴提取7h,过滤取滤液干燥。
上述葡萄籽提取物的制备:将葡萄籽干燥粉碎过80目筛,加入料液比为1:20的蒸馏水,在50℃,225W下超声波作用15min,取出调节pH=5.0,加入料液比为1:6.6由2%纤维素酶组成的纤维素酶溶液,在50℃下酶解2h,再调节pH=7.0,加入1%中性蛋白酶,在50℃下酶解1.5h,然后在沸水浴中灭酶10min,经4000r/min离心20min,收集上层液干燥。
实施例3
一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,包括以下步骤:
(1)放养前10d,用生石灰200g/m2泼洒消毒池,控制水位20cm,水温28℃,水中含氧量5mg/L,pH=7.2,每隔3d换水1次;
(2)每平方米投放60条黄鳝,放养前用2%食盐水浸泡;
(3)放养3d内不投喂,3d后每天投喂2次,2周内饲料投喂量为鳝种重量的2%,20d后饲料投喂量增加到鳝种重量的3%。
本实施例一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,所述步骤(1)饲料是:将加硒饲料按比例混合,再加入总质量的1%的保健调节剂搅拌均匀,粉碎至100目,在包衣锅转速700r/min,包衣锅片床温度70℃,雾化压力0.8MPa,喷枪从底部斜向上喷液的条件下制备成包膜量内10%的乙基纤维素包膜的颗粒饲料。
上述加硒饲料为:互花米草提取物5.8份、EM菌剂1.3份、鱼粉8份、小麦28份、豆粕62份、大豆油5份、磷酸二氢钙1.4份、干蚯蚓12份、啤酒酵母6份、鱿鱼内脏粉6份、海带粉5份、食盐0.4份、胡萝卜粉4.8份、蛋氨酸硒2.8份;所述加硒饲料中还加入了植酸酶固体粉末7.3×104u/g。
上述互花米草提取物:取互花米草干燥粉碎过20目筛,加入料液比为1:16的85%乙醇溶液,在77℃下提取2次,每次1h,合并提取液,过滤取滤液干燥。
上述EM菌剂为:取EM菌在由麸皮70%,玉米皮25%,玉米粉20%,米糠14%,棉籽粕7%,豆粕14%,无机盐3.5%制成的培养基,pH=8,温度38℃,含水量60%,接种量10%的条件下进行固态发酵48h;所述无机盐为硫酸铵:磷酸二氢钾:硫酸镁=14:5:1。
上述保健调节剂为:当归叶提取物0.06份、葡萄籽提取物0.8份、樟树果1.6份、柿叶3.6份、紫草1.8份、鹤草芽1.2份、血余炭0.24份、叶下珠5.6份、玫瑰叶2.6份、生姜4份、南沙参3.3份、白浆藤2.5份、瓜蒌3.6份。
上述当归叶提取物的制备:取当归叶干燥粉碎,加入料液比为1:20的水,在50℃下水浴提取7h,过滤取滤液干燥。
上述葡萄籽提取物的制备:将葡萄籽干燥粉碎过80目筛,加入料液比为1:20的蒸馏水,在50℃,225W下超声波作用15min,取出调节pH=5.0,加入料液比为1:6.6由2%纤维素酶组成的纤维素酶溶液,在50℃下酶解2h,再调节pH=7.0,加入1%中性蛋白酶,在50℃下酶解1.5h,然后在沸水浴中灭酶10min,经4000r/min离心20min,收集上层液干燥。
对比例1
与实施例1的区别在于,加硒饲料中不添加EM菌剂。
对比例2
与实施例1的区别在于,加硒饲料中不添加互花米草提取物。
对比例3
与实施例1的区别在于,加硒饲料中不添加植酸酶。
效果评价
选择有常年流水的地方建池,池为水泥池,池面积60m3,池壁高80-100cm,在对角处设进水口和出水口,均装好防逃设备,消毒放水后堆土,在池中堆若干条宽1.5条,厚25厘米的土畦,畦与畦之间距离20厘米,四周与池壁也保持20厘米距离,所堆的土为含丰富有机质的壤土,方便蚯蚓繁殖,黄鳝钻洞和藏身。按上述实施例1~3、对比例1~3的方法进行黄鳝的养殖饲喂,养殖后对成年黄鳝宰杀,相关结果记录如下:
注:黄鳝肉新鲜度的标准是:肉中带的血是鲜红色的,不是紫红;肚内血块成丝条凝结状;肉质细腻,富有弹性;表皮黑中透亮,皮色光洁,而不是灰而黯淡。
由上表分析可得,实施例1~3之间的数据相差不大,在黄鳝的新鲜度、净肉率和鳝肉的理化含量指标均比对比例的要好,说明要达到实施例那样的效果,本发明中的加硒饲料成分缺一不可;
对比例1~3与实施例1的差别分别是缺乏了EM菌剂、互花米草提取物、植酸酶。
这三种物质对增加鳝肉重量和质量都有着不同程度的作用,其中M中含有各种有益微生物如光合细菌、乳酸菌、酵母菌等,以及丰富的维生素、大量的类胡萝卜素、促生长因子和提高机体免疫能力的生理活性物质等,通过饲料进入鱼体后,可以改善鱼体的微生态环境,促进鱼类的摄食、消化和吸收,从而具备较高的抗逆性,并具较快的生长发育,使得其净肉比率显著增加,提高黄鳝肌肉的蛋白质含量,有效降低脂肪含量,且对肌肉氨基酸组成和鲜味氨基酸含量有显著提高作用;互花米草提取物具有丰富的营养元素和活性物质,可以提高黄鳝体内、肌肉的大部分主要营养成分、微量元素的含量,调节肌肉中的鲜味氨基酸,多不饱和脂肪酸的组成和含量,从而改善黄鳝味道的鲜美程度和肉质;植酸酶是通过促进黄鳝对磷元素的吸收,合成磷脂、蛋白质及各种酶,提高黄鳝的生长速度和饲料利用率,改善黄鳝的骨骼生长,促进黄鳝的消化吸收,提高黄鳝体内脂肪利用效率,降低脂肪在肝脏中的沉积,从而有效降低蛋白质的消耗,促进蛋白质的积累和营养价值。
以上所述实施例仅表达了本发明的几种实施方式,其描述较为具体和详细,但并不能因此而理解为对本发明专利范围的限制。应当指出的是,对于本领域的普通技术人员来说,在不脱离本发明构思的前提下,还可以做出若干变形和改进,这些都属于本发明的保护范围。
Claims (8)
1.一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,其特征在于,包括以下步骤:
(1)放养前7-10d,用生石灰200g/m2泼洒消毒池,控制水位15-20cm,水温23-28℃,水中含氧量2-5mg/L,pH6.5-7.2,每隔2-3d换水1次;
(2)每平方米投放50-60条黄鳝,放养前用1-2%食盐水浸泡;
(3)放养2-3d内不投喂,3d后每天投喂2次,1-2周内饲料投喂量为鳝种重量的1-2%,15-20d后饲料投喂量增加到鳝种重量的2-3%。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,其特征在于,所述步骤(1)饲料是:将加硒饲料按比例混合,再加入总质量的1%的保健调节剂搅拌均匀,粉碎至100目,在包衣锅转速700r/min,包衣锅片床温度70℃,雾化压力0.8MPa,喷枪从底部斜向上喷液的条件下制备成包膜量内10%的乙基纤维素包膜的颗粒饲料。
3.根据权利要求2所述的一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,其特征在于,所述加硒饲料:互花米草提取物5.6-5.8份、EM菌剂1.1-1.3份、鱼粉2-8份、小麦22-28份、豆粕48-62份、大豆油3-5份、磷酸二氢钙1.2-1.4份、干蚯蚓8-12份、啤酒酵母4-6份、鱿鱼内脏粉4-6份、海带粉3-5份、食盐0.2-0.4份、胡萝卜粉4-4.8份、蛋氨酸硒2.4-2.8份;所述加硒饲料中还加入了植酸酶固体粉末7.3×104u/g。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,其特征在于,所述互花米草提取物:取互花米草干燥粉碎过20目筛,加入料液比为1:16的85%乙醇溶液,在77℃下提取2次,每次1h,合并提取液,过滤取滤液干燥。
5.根据权利要求3所述的一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,其特征在于,所述EM菌剂:取EM菌在由麸皮40-70%,玉米皮10-25%,玉米粉3-20%,米糠2-14%,棉籽粕1-7%,豆粕2-14%,无机盐0.5-3.5%制成的培养基,pH5-8,温度26-38℃,含水量40-60%,接种量10%的条件下进行固态发酵48h;所述无机盐为硫酸铵:磷酸二氢钾:硫酸镁=14:5:1。
6.根据权利要求2所述的一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,其特征在于,所述保健调节剂:当归叶提取物0.04-0.06份、葡萄籽提取物0.6-0.8份、樟树果1-1.6份、柿叶2.8-3.6份、紫草1.2-1.8份、鹤草芽0.8-1.2份、血余炭0.2-0.24份、叶下珠5.2-5.6份、玫瑰叶2-2.6份、生姜2-4份、南沙参2.5-3.3份、白浆藤2.1-2.5份、瓜蒌2.8-3.6份。
7.根据权利要求6所述的一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,其特征在于,所述当归叶提取物:取当归叶干燥粉碎,加入料液比为1:20的水,在50℃下水浴提取7h,过滤取滤液干燥。
8.根据权利要求6所述的一种改善黄鳝肉质的养殖方法,其特征在于,所述葡萄籽提取物:将葡萄籽干燥粉碎过80目筛,加入料液比为1:20的蒸馏水,在50℃,225W下超声波作用15min,取出调节pH5.0,加入料液比为1:6.6由2%纤维素酶组成的纤维素酶溶液,在50℃下酶解2h,再调节pH7.0,加入1%中性蛋白酶,在50℃下酶解1.5h,然后在沸水浴中灭酶10min,经4000r/min离心20min,收集上层液干燥。
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