CN108767314A - 一种阻燃离子液体的制备及应用方法 - Google Patents

一种阻燃离子液体的制备及应用方法 Download PDF

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CN108767314A
CN108767314A CN201810335669.4A CN201810335669A CN108767314A CN 108767314 A CN108767314 A CN 108767314A CN 201810335669 A CN201810335669 A CN 201810335669A CN 108767314 A CN108767314 A CN 108767314A
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ionic liquid
fire
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diethyl
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窦伟
刘伟生
张国林
唐晓亮
王文杰
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Lanzhou University
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Abstract

本发明的目的在于提供一种阻燃离子液体的制备及包含该离子液体的电池电解液，该电解液可以使锂二次电池具有较高的安全性和电化学性能，包括优越的循环和高温储存性能，尤其是优异的阻燃性能。为了实现上述方面，本发明所提供的一种阻燃离子液体的制备及包含该离子液体的电池电解液，其包含电解质盐、二乙基次膦酸盐离子液体、非水有机溶剂(碳酸酯或者羧酸酯)。该二次电池电解液使用二乙基次膦酸盐离子液体全部或者部分取代碳酸酯或者羧酸酯以提高锂二次电池的阻燃性能和耐高压性能和安全性。

Description

一种阻燃离子液体的制备及应用方法
技术领域
本发明属于化学领域，具体涉及一种阻燃离子液体的制备及应用方法
背景技术
当前，全球汽车工业正加速向智能化、电动化的方向转变。世界各大汽车制造商于近期都制定了内燃机汽车退出时间表，我国。特斯拉电动汽车仅2013年10月-2014年7月就发生6 次电池燃烧事故。2016年10-11月两个月又发生四起电池起火。电动汽车的电源防火技术迫在眉睫。三星公司手机品牌的note7着火事件让三星公司损失大90亿美元以上。目前，针对电池阻燃的思路包括壳体保护和电池电解液阻燃两大思路，电池电解液的阻燃包括气相法和溶液法。气相法主要是在电解质溶液中添加氟代磷腈；溶液法主要是在电解质中添加有阻燃型的添加剂。离子液体本身具有较强的耐高温特性，具备一定的阻燃特性；
二乙基次磷酸盐是近几年用于高端阻燃领域的一类阻燃剂，由科莱恩公司开发并推向市场。二乙基次膦酸盐具有含磷量高、与有机物相容性好、耐高温等特点。但目前报道的二乙基次膦酸铝、二乙基次膦酸锌均为难溶难融的固体粉末，不能够在常见的有机溶液中作为可溶性电解质使用。本发明在离子液体中以二乙基次膦酸根为阴离子，烷基咪唑、季铵盐和季磷盐为阳离子，制备了一类二乙基次膦酸离子液体，并利用该类离子液体与有机溶剂、添加剂、锂盐配制成电解液，当离子液体含量超过10％时，阻燃性能优异。
发明内容
鉴于背景技术所存在的问题，本发明的目的在于提供一种阻燃离子液体的制备及包含该离子液体的电池电解液，该电解液可以使锂二次电池具有较高的安全性和电化学性能，包括优越的循环和高温储存性能，尤其是优异的阻燃性能。为了实现上述方面，本发明所提供的一种阻燃离子液体的制备及包含该离子液体的电池电解液，其包含电解质盐、二乙基次膦酸盐离子液体、非水有机溶剂(碳酸酯或者羧酸酯)。该二次电池电解液使用二乙基次膦酸盐离子液体全部或者部分取代碳酸酯或者羧酸酯以提高锂二次电池的阻燃性能和耐高压性能和安全性。
一种阻燃一种阻燃离子液体的制备及包含该离子液体的电池电解液，所述离子液体的通式为A+B-，其中，B-离子为二乙基次膦酸根，结构式如下所示：
,A+离子为如下结构中的一种：
上述结构式中，R1，R2，R3，R4相同或不同，R1，R2，R3，R4为CnH2n+1，n＝2-8.
本发明所述结构的离子液体的制备方法是：在无水无氧条件下，将A+盐酸盐或溴化盐与二乙基次膦酸钠盐在醇溶剂中反应，得到结构式为(I)的离子液体
A+X-+Na(C2H5)2PO2→A+(C2H5)2PO2 -+NaX。将市售的N，N'-二烷基咪唑氯化盐或溴化盐、或N-烷基吡啶氯化盐或溴化盐、或N,N'-二烷基哌啶氯化盐或溴化盐溶解于无水乙醇中，搅拌下，滴加无水二乙基次膦酸钠盐的无水乙醇溶液，搅拌1小时后，加热回流反应2-3小时，过滤析出的氯化钠或溴化钠沉淀，将滤液蒸除溶剂，得到无色残余物；残余物在真空烘箱中干燥过夜后，然后用无水四氢呋喃抽提得到的残余物，过滤，蒸除四氢呋喃，得到产品。
优选的，在离子液体的制备方法中，其特征在于，A+X-与二乙基次膦酸钠盐的比例为 1:1-1:1.1；
包含一种二乙基次磷酸离子液体的电解液，其特征在于，所述电解液中的电解质盐包括 LiPF6、LiBF4、LiTFSI、LiFSI、LiDFOB、LiClO4或LiBOB中的一种以上，电解质盐在电解液中的浓度为0.5～2mol/L
包含一种二乙基次磷酸离子液体的电解液，，其特征在于，所述非水有机溶剂包括碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲乙酯、γ-丁内酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸丁酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丙酯或丙酸丁酯或以上溶剂的两种或多种的混合物，进一步优选的，使用碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)及碳酸丙烯酯 (PC)按照体积比2～3∶1～3∶1～2∶1～1.5组成。
包含一种二乙基次磷酸离子液体的电解液，其特征在于，其特征在于，所述二乙基次磷酸离子液体在电解液中的质量分数为5％～60％。
与现有技术相比，本发明的优势是：
(1)当电解液中添加二乙基次磷酸离子液体时，电解液阻燃性能优异，极大地提升了二次电池的安全性能，其中电解液中离子液体含量高于10％以上时具有明显的阻燃性能。
(2)当电解液中添加二乙基次磷酸离子液体时，可以明显提高锂二次电池的耐高压特性，循环和储存性能也明显改善。
(3)当电解液中添加二乙基次磷酸离子液，同时可以有效抑制高压锂二次电池的产气问题(4)能够有效改善SEI膜的性能
具体实施方式
实施例1
一、离子液体的制备
在无水无氧条件下，将14.66g 1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑盐酸盐(CAS代号1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑) 溶解于100mL无水乙醇中，搅拌下，滴加14.4g无水二乙基次膦酸钠盐的100mL无水乙醇溶液，常温搅拌1小时后，加热回流反应2小时，过滤析出的氯化钠沉淀，将滤液蒸除溶剂，得到无色残余物；残余物在真空烘箱中干燥过夜后，用无水四氢呋喃抽提得到的残余物，过滤，蒸除溶剂四氢呋喃，得到产品1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑二乙基次膦酸盐1A。
包含产品1A电解液1的成分比例为：六氟磷酸锂8wt％，有机溶剂含有55wt％％，1-乙基 -3-甲基咪唑二乙基次膦酸盐离子液体含量为37wt％；
实施例2：
在无水无氧条件下，将市售的1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑溴化盐(CAS代号85100-77-2)21.9g 溶解于150mL无水乙醇中，搅拌下，滴加15.0g无水二乙基次膦酸钠盐的100mL无水乙醇溶液，搅拌1小时后，加热回流反应2小时，过滤析出的溴化钠沉淀，将滤液蒸除溶剂，得到无色残余物；残余物在真空烘箱中干燥过夜后，用无水四氢呋喃抽提得到的残余物，过滤，蒸除四氢呋喃，得到产品1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑二乙基次膦酸盐2A。
包含阻燃离子液体2A的电解液2的成分比例为：六氟磷酸锂5wt％，有机溶剂含有45％， 1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑二乙基次膦酸盐离子液体含量为50％；
实施例3
在无水无氧条件下，将市售的N-己基吡啶溴化盐(CAS代号74440-81-6)48.8g溶解于 250mL无水乙醇中，搅拌下，用滴液漏斗滴加溶有31.0g无水二乙基次膦酸钠盐的230mL无水乙醇溶液，搅拌1小时后，加热回流反应2-3小时，过滤析出的溴化钠沉淀，将滤液蒸除溶剂，得到无色残余物；残余物在真空烘箱中干燥过夜后，用无水四氢呋喃抽提得到的残余物，过滤，蒸除四氢呋喃，得到产品N-己基吡啶二乙基次膦酸盐3A。
包含阻燃离子液体3A的电解液的成分比例为：六氟磷酸锂10wt％，有机溶剂含有57％， N-己基吡啶二乙基次膦酸盐3A含量为33％；；
实施例4
在无水无氧条件下，将市售的’1，1'-二甲基哌啶氯化盐14.87g溶解于100mL无水乙醇中，搅拌下，滴加15.2g无水二乙基次膦酸钠盐的120mL无水乙醇溶液，搅拌1小时后，加热回流反应2-3小时，过滤析出的氯化钠沉淀，将滤液蒸除溶剂，得到无色残余物；残余物在真空烘箱中干燥过夜后，用无水四氢呋喃抽提得到的残余物，过滤，蒸除四氢呋喃，得到产品1,1’- 二甲基哌啶二乙基次膦酸盐4A。
包含阻燃离子液体4A的电解液4的成分比例为：六氟磷酸锂12wt％，有机溶剂含有46％，1,1’- 二甲基哌啶二乙基次膦酸盐4A含量为42％；
实施例中电解液的可燃性及效率测试表：
电解液编号 首次效率 100次循环后 可燃性
1 84-91 55-70 不燃
2 80-85 50-67 不燃
3 77-88 55-61 不燃
4 80-87 53-65 不燃
最后应说明的是：以上所述仅为本发明的优选实施例而已，并不用于限制本发明，尽管参照前述实施例对本发明进行了详细的说明，对于本领域的技术人员来说，其依然可以对前述各实施例所记载的技术方案进行修改，或者对其中部分技术特征进行等同替换。凡在本发明的内容和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本发明的保护范围之内。

Claims (8)

1.一种阻燃离子液体，其特征在于，所述离子液体的通式为A+B-，其中，B-离子为二乙基次膦酸根，结构式如下所示：，
A+离子为如下结构中的一种：
上述结构式中，R1，R2，R3，R4相同或不同，R1，R2，R3，R4为CnH2n+1，n＝2-8。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种阻燃离子液体,其特征在于，包含该阻燃离子液体的电解液包括电解质盐、二乙基次膦酸盐离子液体、非水有机溶剂。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种阻燃离子液体,其特征在于，所述结构的离子液体的制备方法是：在无水无氧条件下，将A+盐酸盐或溴化盐与二乙基次膦酸钠盐在醇溶剂中反应，滤除沉淀，将滤液蒸除溶剂，再进行提纯后得到结构式为(I)的离子液体
A+X-+Na(C2H5)2PO2→A+(C2H5)2PO2 -+NaX
其中X＝Cl-或Br- 。
4.根据权利要求3所述的一种阻燃离子液体,其特征在于，所述结构的离子液体的制备方法中，其特征在于，A+X-与二乙基次膦酸钠盐的比例为1:1-1：1.1。
5.根据权利要求2所述的包含阻燃离子液体的电解液中所使用的锂盐电解质，包括LiPF6、LiBF4、LiTFSI、LiFSI、LiDFOB、LiClO4或LiBOB中的一种或一种以上，电解质盐在电解液中的浓度为0.5-2mol/L。
6.根据权利要求2所述的包含阻燃离子液体的电解液,所使用的非水有机溶剂包括碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸丙烯酯、碳酸二甲酯、碳酸二乙酯、碳酸甲乙酯、γ-丁内酯、乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、乙酸丁酯、丙酸乙酯、丙酸丙酯或丙酸丁酯及其混合物组成；优选的由碳酸乙烯酯、碳酸甲乙酯、碳酸二甲酯及碳酸丙烯酯按照体积比2-3∶1-3∶1-2∶1-1.5组成。
7.根据权利要求1所述的一种阻燃离子液体,其特征在于，该离子液体在电池电解液中的应用。
8.根据权利要求7所述的一种阻燃离子液体,其特征在于，阻燃离子液体在电解液中的质量分数为5％～60％。
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