CN108722164B - 用于火力发电厂的零排放废气处理工艺 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了用于火力发电厂的零排放废气处理工艺,属于废气处理技术领域,包括如下步骤:①尾气经气固分离后进行换热,并将热量分别传递给后续设备;②通过喷淋去除硫氧化物;③进行气体分离;④通过二氧化碳对脱硫废水进行软化处理,然后去除软化废水中的沉淀物;⑤将软化废水通入到膜蒸馏设备中蒸发浓缩;⑥浓缩液通入到MVR设备中进行处理,得到含有硫酸钠的盐分产物和冷凝水。本发明所述的零排放废气处理工艺用于火力发电厂的废气处理,利用烟气的热量对后续设备进行加热并对脱硫后的气体进行了资源化利用,降低了系统的运行成本。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及废气处理技术领域,具体地指一种用于火力发电厂的零排放废气处理工艺。
背景技术
火力发电厂的废气/尾气处理一般只对其中的硫化物和氮氧化物进行处理,处理之后的尾气直接排放。在烟气除硫过程中会产生脱硫废水,针对脱硫废水的传统处理方式就是三联箱加药装置,主要是通过向脱硫废水中加入NaOH和Na2CO3来实现脱硫废水软化的目的,软化后的废水存在盐分较高的问题,无法直接进生化系统进行处理。
因此,有学者/工程师对脱硫废水的零排放工艺进行了研究,最常见的零排放工艺是将软化后的废水经过高压反渗透处理后,采用电渗析进行浓缩,而后进入到蒸发系统进行蒸发除盐。
此类工艺在软化的过程中投加的NaOH和Na2CO3在废水软化的过程中增加了水中的盐分含量,与此同时,与其配套的,无论是高压反渗透还是电渗析工艺,都存在能耗高和浓缩倍数有限的缺陷。
发明内容
针对上述技术问题,本发明所述的用于火力发电厂的零排放废气处理工艺用于火力发电厂的废气处理,利用烟气的热量对后续设备进行加热并对脱硫后的气体进行了资源化利用,降低了系统的运行成本。
为实现上述目的,本发明所设计的用于火力发电厂的零排放废气处理工艺,包括如下步骤:
①换热:尾气经气固分离后进入换热设备,并通过所述换热设备将热量分别传递给MVR设备和膜蒸馏设备;
未经脱硫的烟气温度通常为125~150℃,褐煤锅炉为160~180℃,尾气经烟气除尘后进入换热设备;
②脱硫:将换热后的尾气通过喷淋去除其中的硫氧化物,得到脱硫后的尾气和脱硫废水;
③气体分离:将脱硫后的尾气进行气体分离,分离后含有氮气较多的部分气体,称为回收气,含有二氧化碳较多的部分气体用于后续步骤,称为软化气;
回收气以氮气为主要成分,可回收做其他用途;
④软化:步骤②得到脱硫废水加入氢氧化钠调节pH值,将步骤③得到的含有二氧化碳较多的软化气通入到的调节pH值之后的脱硫废水中得到软化废水,然后经液固分离去除掉软化废水中的沉淀物;
⑤浓缩:将液固分离后的软化废水通入到步骤①中经加热的膜蒸馏设备中进行处理,得到浓缩液和蒸馏水,其中蒸馏水可回用;
⑥蒸发结晶:将步骤⑤得到的浓缩液通入到步骤①中经加热的MVR设备中进行处理,得到含有硫酸钠的盐分产物和冷凝水,其中盐分产物以硫酸钠为主要成分,可做其他用途,冷凝水可回用。
作为上述技术方案的优选,步骤①中所述换热设备包括一级换热器和二级换热器,其中,废气先经过所述一级换热器再经过所述二级换热器,所述一级换热器将废气的热量传导至所述MVR设备,所述二级换热器将废气的热量传导至所述膜蒸馏设备。
作为上述技术方案的优选,步骤①中采用过滤的方式实现气固分离过程。
作为上述技术方案的优选,步骤②中采用石灰乳对换热后的尾气进行喷淋。
作为上述技术方案的优选,步骤③中采用气体分离膜实现脱硫后尾气的气体分离过程。
作为上述技术方案的优选,步骤④中将步骤②得到脱硫废水加入氢氧化钠调节pH值至11~12。
作为上述技术方案的优选,步骤④中在调节pH值之后的脱硫废水中通入软化气,同时补充氢氧化钠以维持脱硫废水的pH值为11~12。
作为上述技术方案的优选,步骤④中采用管式超滤膜实现液固分离过程。
作为上述技术方案的优选,步骤①中经所述换热设备换热后的尾气温度为65-80℃。
作为上述技术方案的优选,步骤③中采用的气体分离膜是高分子-无机材料复合膜。
气体分离膜根据分离气体分子的种类,膜材料和膜结构不同,其分离机理主要包括多孔膜的微孔扩散机理和非多孔膜的溶解-扩散机理。气体分离膜的一般孔径为5-30nm,也有些非多孔膜的孔径较小,在0.5-1nm。该专利中所利用的N2/CO2分离技术主要是溶解扩散机理。它是一高分子---无机材料复合膜,其制作过程是在沸石---高分子膜材料上面涂覆一层200-300nm的聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)制成,不仅有较好的分离效果,而且稳定性较一般膜好。本发明与现有技术相比,具有以下优点及有益效果:
①本申请实施例对火力发电厂的废气热量进行二次利用,对MVR和膜蒸馏系统进行预热,最大程度利用了资源,节约了成本;
②本申请实施例采用膜蒸馏技术代替常规的高压反渗透和电渗析工艺,最终能将脱硫废水浓缩到更高的盐分,能耗更低且减少了MVR的投资和运行成本;
③本申请实施例采用二氧化碳代替碳酸钠进行软化除钙,不给水中带来更多的杂质,同时也能为后续的浓缩工艺减轻运行负荷;
④本申请实施例经过换热后的尾气温度较低,在喷淋除硫过程的效率更高。未经过换热降温的尾气经过湿法脱硫,脱硫效率在80~95%,换热过的尾气脱硫效率提高到90~98%。
附图说明
图1为零排放废气处理工艺流程示意图。
图中:气固分离设备1、一级换热器2-1、二级换热器2-2、MVR设备3、膜蒸馏设备4、脱硫塔5、气体分离膜组件6、软化容器7、管式超滤膜8。
具体实施方式
下面结合附图和具体实施例对本发明作进一步的详细描述:
实施例1:用于火力发电厂的零排放废气处理工艺,为了解决现有技术运行成本和能耗高的缺陷,其包括有如下步骤:
①换热:尾气首先经陶瓷膜组构成的气固分离设备1去除固体颗粒杂质,然后进入一级换热器2-1和二级换热器2-2,其中,尾气先经过所述一级换热器2-1再经过所述二级换热器2-2,所述一级换热器2-1将废气的热量传导至MVR设备3,所述二级换热器2-2将废气的热量传导至膜蒸馏设备4,经换热后的尾气温度为80℃;
②脱硫:将换热后的尾气通过脱硫塔5采用石灰乳对换热后的尾气进行喷淋去除其中的硫氧化物,得到脱硫后的尾气和脱硫废水;
③气体分离:将脱硫后的尾气通入气体分离膜组件6进行气体分离,所述气体分离膜为高分子-无机材料复合膜,经分离后含有氮气较多的部分气体,称为回收气,含有二氧化碳较多的部分气体用于后续步骤,称为软化气;
④软化:步骤②得到脱硫废水加入氢氧化钠调节pH值至11,将步骤③得到的含有二氧化碳较多的软化气通入到的调节pH值之后的脱硫废水中得到软化废水,同时在软化容器7内补充氢氧化钠以维持脱硫废水的pH值为11~12,充分软化后经管式超滤膜8进行液固分离以去除掉软化废水中的沉淀物;
⑤浓缩:将液固分离后的软化废水通入到步骤①中经加热的膜蒸馏设备中进行处理,得到浓缩液和蒸馏水;
⑥蒸发结晶:将步骤⑤得到的浓缩液通入到步骤①中经加热的MVR设备中进行处理,得到含有硫酸钠的盐分产物和冷凝水。
该实施例利用尾气热量对MVR和膜蒸馏系统进行预热,最大程度利用了资源,节约了成本,同时采用膜蒸馏技术代替常规的高压反渗透和电渗析工艺,最终能将脱硫废水浓缩到更高的盐分,进一步减少了MVR的投资和运行成本;
该实施例采用二氧化碳代替碳酸钠进行软化除钙,不给水中带来更多的盐分,同时也能为后续的膜蒸馏浓缩工艺减轻运行负荷;
该实施例经过换热后的尾气温度较低,在喷淋除硫过程的效率更高。
实施例2:用于火力发电厂的零排放废气处理工艺,与实施例1的不同之处在于:步骤④中将步骤②得到脱硫废水加入氢氧化钠调节pH值至12。
实施例3:用于火力发电厂的零排放废气处理工艺,与实施例1的不同之处在于:步骤①中经换热后的尾气温度为65℃。
Claims (6)
1.用于火力发电厂的零排放废气处理工艺,其特征在于,包括如下步骤:
①换热:尾气经气固分离后进入换热设备,并通过所述换热设备将热量分别传递给MVR设备和膜蒸馏设备;
②脱硫:将换热后的尾气通过石灰乳喷淋去除其中的硫氧化物,得到脱硫后的尾气和脱硫废水;
③气体分离:将脱硫后的尾气进行气体分离,采用气体分离膜实现脱硫后尾气的气体分离过程,所述气体分离膜为高分子-无机材料复合膜,孔径为0.5-30nm,分离后含有氮气较多的部分气体,称为回收气,含有二氧化碳较多的部分气体用于后续步骤,称为软化气;
④软化:步骤②得到脱硫废水加入氢氧化钠调节pH值,将步骤③得到的含有二氧化碳较多的软化气通入到调节pH值之后的脱硫废水中,同时补充氢氧化钠以维持脱硫废水的pH值为11~12,得到软化废水,然后经液固分离去除掉软化废水中的沉淀物;
⑤浓缩:将液固分离后的软化废水通入到步骤①中经加热的膜蒸馏设备中进行处理,得到浓缩液和蒸馏水;
⑥蒸发结晶:将步骤⑤得到的浓缩液通入到步骤①中经加热的MVR设备中进行处理,得到含有硫酸钠的盐分产物和冷凝水。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于火力发电厂的零排放废气处理工艺,其特征在于:步骤①中所述换热设备包括一级换热器和二级换热器,其中,废气先经过所述一级换热器再经过所述二级换热器,所述一级换热器将废气的热量传导至所述MVR设备,所述二级换热器将废气的热量传导至所述膜蒸馏设备。
3.根据权利要求1所述的用于火力发电厂的零排放废气处理工艺,其特征在于:步骤①中采用过滤的方式实现气固分离过程。
4.根据权利要求1所述的用于火力发电厂的零排放废气处理工艺,其特征在于:步骤④中将步骤②得到脱硫废水加入氢氧化钠调节pH值至11~12。
5.根据权利要求1或4所述的用于火力发电厂的零排放废气处理工艺,其特征在于:步骤④中采用管式超滤膜实现液固分离过程。
6.根据权利要求1所述的用于火力发电厂的零排放废气处理工艺,其特征在于:步骤①中经所述换热设备换热后的尾气温度为65℃~80℃。
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