CN108677184A - 一种列车车轴的耐磨涂层及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种列车车轴的耐磨涂层及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开一种列车车轴的耐磨涂层及其制备方法，所述耐磨涂层采用的熔覆材料包括如下组分(质量百分比)：硼铁粉20～25％，硅铁粉12～20％，锰铁粉3～7％，钼铁粉2～4％，钛铁粉2～3％，纯Co粉10～14％，稀土粉末0.1～2％，纯铁粉30～45％，WC颗粒0.2～0.5％。制备方法包括三个步骤：激光熔覆、热处理、急冷处理。本发明制得的车轴的涂层的耐磨性大大提高。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种列车车轴的耐磨涂层及其制备方法，属于激光熔覆制备耐磨涂层的制造领域。
发明背景
激光熔凝过程是快速冷却的过程，金属材料组织不仅继承了原始奥氏体中的缺陷还会形成较多的缺陷，熔凝层组织内存在大量的晶界、位错等微观亚结构，从而减缓了再结晶过程、细化了亚结构，提高了位错密度和晶格中的应力，加强了硬化效果。由于激光熔凝处理时的能量密度较大，在激光的快速加热和快速冷却过程中，基体中的一次碳化物及网状的脆性碳化物充分溶解，冷却时碳和合金元素来不及析出，固溶于奥氏体中，其固溶度明显高于常规热处理组织。同时基体中的强碳化物形成元素Cr、Mo等可以提高α相的形核功和转变激活能，增加了γ相中的原子间结合力，从而使γ-Fe的自扩散激活能提高，增加了奥氏体的稳定性。其次，奥氏体中固溶的碳及合金元素是强碳化物形成元素，与碳原子的结合力较强，阻碍了碳的扩散、碳化物的析出及长大，可以提高奥氏体的分解温度，与传统的硬化技术相比，激光熔凝过程不需要使用外部冷却液，而且激光熔凝的温度循环时间一般为几百微秒到几秒，利用激光熔凝技术可以在钢件或零部件的表面形成较硬的耐磨层，这种技术特别适合尺寸较小、几何形状复杂的零部件的表面硬化。例如：CN103302287A公开了一种用于耐磨耐蚀涂层的铁基粉末及制备方法，各元素重量比组成：FeaCrbNicSidBeMnfCgMohNbiCujCokRel，该粉末按不同比例球磨混合，之后利用激光熔覆或热喷涂工艺在基材表面形成铁基涂层；CN104313531A采用等离子体喷涂工艺制备了铁基涂层，能提高锅炉管束的耐蚀耐磨及高温性能；CN103668177A利用Cr、Al、Cu、Ni粉末辅以激光熔覆方法，在碳钢表面得到涂层，大幅度提高了碳钢表面硬度、耐磨耐蚀性等。热处理的作用主要是针对非平衡加工工艺制备的涂层进行残余应力的消除和晶粒的改善。淬火是针对耐磨材料的表面进行的工艺。但现有技术制备的涂层存在涂层与基体结合不紧密，涂层耐 磨性能不好的缺陷。
发明内容
本发明目的在于提供一种由铁基合金粉末采用激光加工制备出的非晶涂层(耐磨涂层)，车轴的涂层性能优异且结合紧密。
本发明所述车轴的耐磨涂层采用的熔覆材料包括如下组分(质量百分比)：硼铁粉20～25％，硅铁粉12～20％，锰铁粉3～7％，钼铁粉2～4％，钛铁粉2～3％，纯Co粉10～14％，稀土粉末0.1～2％，纯铁粉30～45％，WC颗粒0.2～0.5％。
所述耐磨涂层制备方法包括以下步骤：
(1)激光熔覆：打磨基体表面，喷砂处理至粗糙度Ra 2.5-5.0μm，再用无水乙醇清洁晾干；用球磨机研磨熔覆材料，过200目筛，于50～100℃干燥2h；在基体上利用激光加工仪器对熔覆材料进行激光熔覆，得到涂层。激光加工参数：CO2气体激光器，激光波长：10.6μm，激光束输出功率：3～5kW，扫描速度200～400mm·min-1，光斑直径：2.5～4mm，正离焦量：20～60mm；
(2)热处理：将步骤(1)制得的涂层在400～650℃进行真空热处理；
(3)急冷处理：将步骤(2)热处理后的涂层进行激光淬火，得到“内韧外硬”的淬火涂层，即所述耐磨涂层。激光淬火的工艺是：CO2气体激光器，激光波长：10.6μm，激光束输出功率：3～5kW，扫描速度600～800mm·min-1，光斑直径：2.5～4mm，正离焦量：20～60mm。
本发明的优点在于：
1)熔覆粉末采用混杂铁粉等物质，拟得出多种硬质相共存的涂层，使涂层的耐磨性能大大提高；
2)车轴表面和混铁物质能产生结合良好的涂层；
3)激光熔覆拥有冷却速度快的特点，有利于非晶-纳米涂层。
附图说明
图1是各实施例摩擦磨损失重量的比较图。
具体实施方式
为了加深对本发明的理解，下面结合实施例对本发明作进一步详述，实施例仅用于解释本发明，并不构成对本发明保护范围的限定。
实施例1
所述耐磨涂层采用的熔覆材料包括如下组分(质量百分比)：硼铁粉20％，硅铁粉20％，锰铁粉7％，钼铁粉3％，钛铁粉2％，纯Co粉10％，稀土粉末1％，纯铁粉36.5％，WC颗粒0.5％。
制备方法：(1)激光熔覆：采用车轴为基体，打磨钢板表面，并用喷砂机处理表面，粗糙度Ra 5.0μm；再用无水乙醇洗拭车轴工作表面并晾干，待用；用球磨机研磨熔覆材料，并用200目筛网筛出细粉；将研磨后的混合粉放于烘箱，于50℃干燥2h；将车轴置于被加工区域，预置熔覆粉末，调整激光器坐标；将激光头和保护气嘴对准被加工的粉末，打开保护气Ar气，控制流速；打开激光器，控制加工速度和激光功率，得到涂层；激光加工参数：CO2气体激光器，激光波长：10.6μm，激光束输出功率：3kW，扫描速度340mm·min-1，光斑直径：3mm，正离焦量：40mm；
(2)热处理：将步骤(1)制得的涂层在400℃进行真空热处理；
(3)急冷处理：将步骤(2)热处理后的涂层进行激光淬火，得到“内韧外硬”的淬火涂层，即所述耐磨涂层。激光淬火工艺：CO2气体激光器，激光波长：10.6μm，激光束输出功率：3kW，扫描速度600mm·min-1，光斑直径：2.5mm，正离焦量：20mm。
将得到的耐磨涂层进行摩擦磨损实验，求得摩损量。实验结果如图1所示，失重量约为10mg。
实施例2
所述耐磨涂层采用的熔覆材料包括如下组分(质量百分比)：硼铁粉25％，硅铁粉12％，锰铁粉3％，钼铁粉4％，钛铁粉3％，纯Co粉14％，稀土粉末2％，纯铁粉36.5％，WC颗粒0.5％。
制备方法：(1)激光熔覆：采用车轴为基体，打磨车轴表面，并用喷砂机处理表面，粗糙度Ra 3μm；用无水乙醇洗拭车轴工作表面并晾干，待用；用球磨机研磨熔覆材料，并用200目筛网筛出细粉；将研磨后的混合粉放于烘箱，于70℃干燥2h；将车轴置于被加工区域，预置熔覆粉末，调整激光器坐标；将激光头和保护气嘴对准被加工的粉末，打开保护气Ar气，控制流速；打开激光器，控制加工速度和激光功率，得到涂层；激光加工参数：CO2气体激光器，激光波长：10.6μm，激光束输出功率：3.2kW，扫描速度300mm·min-1，光斑直径：2.5mm，正离焦量：40mm；
(2)热处理：将步骤(1)制得的涂层在450℃进行真空热处理；
(3)急冷处理：将步骤(2)热处理后的涂层进行激光淬火，得到“内韧外硬”的淬火涂层，即所述耐磨涂层。激光淬火工艺：CO2气体激光器，激光波长：10.6μm，激光束输出功率：4kW，扫描速度800mm·min-1，光斑直径：4mm，正离焦量：40mm。
将得到的耐磨涂层进行摩擦磨损实验，求得摩损量。实验结果如图1所示，失重量约为8mg。
实施例3
所述耐磨涂层采用的熔覆材料包括如下组分(质量百分比)：硼铁粉22％，硅铁粉18％，锰铁粉7％，钼铁粉3％，钛铁粉3％，纯Co粉12％，稀土粉末0.5％，纯铁粉34.2％，WC颗粒0.3％。
制备方法：(1)激光熔覆：采用车轴为基体，打磨钢板表面，并用喷砂机处理表面，粗糙度Ra 4μm；用无水乙醇洗拭车轴工作表面并晾干，待用；用球磨机研磨熔覆材料，并用200目筛网筛出细粉；将研磨后的混合粉放于烘箱，于80℃干燥2h；将车轴置于被加工区域，预置熔覆粉末，调整激光器坐标；将激光头和保护气嘴对准被加工的粉末，打开保护气Ar气，控制流速；打开激光器，控制加工速度和激光功率，得到涂层；激光加工参数：CO2气体激光器，激光波长：10.6μm，激光束输出功率：5kW，扫描速度400mm·min-1，光斑直径：3mm，正离焦量：60mm；
(2)热处理：将步骤(1)制得的涂层在500℃进行真空热处理；
(3)急冷处理：将步骤(2)热处理后的涂层进行激光淬火，得到“内韧外硬”的淬火涂层，即所述耐磨涂层。激光淬火工艺：CO2气体激光器，激光波长：10.6μm，激光束输出功率：5kW，扫描速度800mm·min-1，光斑直径：3mm，正离焦量：30mm。
将得到的耐磨涂层进行摩擦磨损实验，求得摩损量。实验结果如图1所示，失重量约为7mg。
实施例4
所述耐磨涂层采用的熔覆材料包括如下组分(质量百分比)：硼铁粉20％，硅铁粉12％，锰铁粉7％，钼铁粉3％，钛铁粉2％，纯Co粉10％，稀土粉末0.5％，纯铁粉45％，WC颗粒0.5％。
制备方法：(1)激光熔覆：采用车轴为基体，尺寸为20mm×20mm×10mm，打磨钢板表面，并用喷砂机处理表面，粗糙度Ra 2.5μm；用无水乙醇洗拭车轴钢板工作表面并晾干，待用；用球磨机研磨熔覆材料，并用200目筛网筛出细粉；将研磨后的混合粉放于烘箱，于100℃干燥2h；将车轴置于被加工区域，预置熔覆粉末，调整激光器坐标；将激光头和保护气嘴对准被加工的粉末，打开保护气Ar气，控制流速；打开激光器，控制加工速度和激光功率，得到涂层；激光加工参数：CO2气体激光器，激光波长：10.6μm，激光束输出功率：4kW，扫描速度200mm·min-1，光斑直径：4mm，正离焦量：20mm；
(2)热处理：将步骤(1)制得的涂层在650℃进行真空热处理；
(3)急冷处理：将步骤(2)热处理后的涂层进行激光淬火，得到“内韧外硬”的淬火涂层，即所述耐磨涂层。激光淬火工艺：CO2气体激光器，激光波长：10.6μm，激光束输出功率：3kW，扫描速度700mm·min-1，光斑直径：3mm，正离焦量：60mm。
将得到的耐磨涂层进行摩擦磨损实验，求得摩损量。实验结果如图1所示，失重量约为11mg。
通过上述实验分析：车轴的耐磨性较差，其磨损最大，如图1所示，而经过本发明设计的工艺，涂层的耐磨性提高，特别是实施例3的试样，涂层耐磨性最好。
Claims (4)
1.一种用于制备列车车轴耐磨涂层的熔覆材料，其组分以质量百分比计如下：硼铁粉20～25％，硅铁粉12～20％，锰铁粉3～7％，钼铁粉2～4％，钛铁粉2～3％，纯Co粉10～14％，稀土粉末0.1～2％，纯铁粉30～45％和WC颗粒0.2～0.5％。
2.一种车轴的耐磨涂层的制备方法，包括以下步骤：
(1)激光熔覆：打磨车轴表面，喷砂处理至粗糙度Ra 2.5-5.0μm，再用无水乙醇清洁晾干；用球磨机研磨熔覆材料，过200目筛，于50～100℃干燥2h；在基体上对熔覆材料进行激光熔覆，得到涂层；
(2)热处理：将步骤(1)制得的涂层在400～650℃进行真空热处理；
(3)急冷处理：将步骤(2)热处理后的涂层进行激光淬火，得到淬火涂层，即所述耐磨涂层。
3.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(1)中激光熔覆工艺参数为：CO2气体激光器，激光波长：10.6μm，激光束输出功率：3～5kW，扫描速度200～400mm·min-1，光斑直径：2.5～4mm，正离焦量：20～60mm。
4.根据权利要求2所述的制备方法，其特征在于，步骤(3)中激光淬火工艺参数为：CO2气体激光器，激光波长：10.6μm，激光束输出功率：3～5kW，扫描速度600～800mm·min-1，光斑直径：2.5～4mm，正离焦量：20～60mm。
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| CN111621779A (zh) * | 2020-05-19 | 2020-09-04 | 北京工业大学 | 用于修复飞机起落架内壁的梯度材料的激光复合处理方法 |
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| CN109989059A (zh) * | 2019-03-06 | 2019-07-09 | 莆田学院 | 一种TiBw-Ti复合层及其激光原位制备方法 |
| CN111621779A (zh) * | 2020-05-19 | 2020-09-04 | 北京工业大学 | 用于修复飞机起落架内壁的梯度材料的激光复合处理方法 |
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