CN108634090B - Chicken manure fermentation method with high true protein content - Google Patents
Chicken manure fermentation method with high true protein content Download PDFInfo
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- CN108634090B CN108634090B CN201810364725.7A CN201810364725A CN108634090B CN 108634090 B CN108634090 B CN 108634090B CN 201810364725 A CN201810364725 A CN 201810364725A CN 108634090 B CN108634090 B CN 108634090B
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/12—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes by fermentation of natural products, e.g. of vegetable material, animal waste material or biomass
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/10—Animal feeding-stuffs obtained by microbiological or biochemical processes
- A23K10/16—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions
- A23K10/18—Addition of microorganisms or extracts thereof, e.g. single-cell proteins, to feeding-stuff compositions of live microorganisms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
- A23K10/26—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from waste material, e.g. feathers, bones or skin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/37—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from waste material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
- A23K50/70—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds
- A23K50/75—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for birds for poultry
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
- A23V2400/11—Lactobacillus
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
- A23V2400/11—Lactobacillus
- A23V2400/113—Acidophilus
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2400/00—Lactic or propionic acid bacteria
- A23V2400/11—Lactobacillus
- A23V2400/141—Farciminis
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Abstract
The invention belongs to the field of waste recycling, and particularly relates to a chicken manure fermentation method with high true protein content. The technical scheme is as follows: mixing the pretreated chicken manure, the dry heat sterilized bran and the corn flour according to the mass part, and adjusting the water content to be about 50 percent; inoculating saccharomycetes for aerobic fermentation, and then inoculating lactic acid bacteria for anaerobic fermentation. Finally, the leavening with strong wine flavor and frankincense flavor and loose texture is obtained, the true protein content reaches 20%, the feeding value of the fermented chicken manure is greatly improved, the fermented chicken manure is applied to the feeding of fattening pigs, the feed-meat ratio can reach 2.45, and the fermented chicken manure has important practical significance.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of waste recycling, and particularly relates to a chicken manure fermentation method with high true protein content.
Background
In recent years, the breeding industry is rapidly developed, the breeding scale of laying hens and broilers is continuously enlarged, the quantity of chicken manure is continuously increased, and if the chicken manure is not timely treated or is not properly treated, the pollution to the farm and the surrounding environment can be caused. The digestive tract of the chicken is short, the retention time of the feed in the chicken is short, the digestion and utilization of the fed feed are insufficient, a large amount of nutrient substances are discharged along with the excrement, a considerable part of nutrient substances in the excrement are still not digested and utilized by organisms, the chicken excrement is mostly only used as compost at present, and rich nutrient substances are not fully utilized.
In the chicken manure of the broiler chicken, the content of crude protein is 25 to 30 percent, and the content of true protein is about 13 percent. Wherein, the crude protein contains more non-protein nitrogen, mainly comprising amide and urate, the uric acid content in the non-protein is up to half, if the chicken manure is directly used as feed, the animal utilization rate is low. In addition, chicken manure contains pathogenic bacteria, viruses, parasites and the like, and the diseases can also be caused by directly feeding the chicken manure to animals.
In conclusion, the chicken manure can not be directly used for feeding animals, and needs to be subjected to harmless treatment so as to achieve the purposes of improving the true protein content, deodorizing, sterilizing, dehydrating and the like, thereby improving the feeding value and the feeding effect. Most of the current feeds produced by fermenting the chicken manure pay attention to the change of crude protein and flavor before and after treatment, and the influence of the fermentation of the chicken manure on the content of true protein is rarely paid attention. The main non-protein nitrogen in the chicken manure is amide and uric acid, while true protein is the nutrient protein really needed by animals, especially monogastric animals.
Therefore, the fermentation method for improving the true protein content of the chicken manure after fermentation has important practical significance.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a chicken manure fermentation method with high true protein content.
In order to achieve the purpose of the invention, the technical scheme adopted by the invention is as follows: a method for fermenting chicken manure with high true protein content comprises the following steps:
(1) chicken manure pretreatment: heat-treating the chicken manure for 0.5-2 hours at a high temperature of 70-100 ℃;
(2) pre-mixing fermentation substrates: uniformly mixing 5-7 parts of pretreated chicken manure, 1-2 parts of bran and 1-2 parts of corn flour according to parts by weight, and adjusting the water content to 50% to obtain a fermentation substrate;
(3) aerobic fermentation: inoculating yeast into a fermentation substrate according to the inoculation amount of 5%, carrying out aerobic fermentation for 24-48 h at the temperature of 20-35 ℃, and fermenting until: white hypha grows in the fermentation substrate visible to naked eyes to obtain an aerobic solid fermentation material;
(4) anaerobic fermentation: inoculating lactobacillus into the aerobic solid fermentation material according to the inoculation amount of 5%, performing sealed anaerobic fermentation for 48-96 h at the temperature of 20-35 ℃, and fermenting until: the pH value of the fermentation substrate is below 4, the fermentation substrate has strong wine flavor and frankincense flavor, the texture is loose, and the fermentation is completed.
Preferably, the aerobic fermentation time in the step (3) is 36 h.
Preferably, the yeast in step (3) is: three yeasts of abnormal Wilm's yeast, Candida tropicalis and Candida utilis are mixed according to the inoculation amount of 1 (2-3) and 2-3, and the concentration of each yeast is more than 1.0 multiplied by 109one/mL.
Preferably, the yeast in step (3) is: three yeasts of abnormal Wilm's yeast, Candida tropicalis and Candida utilis are mixed according to the inoculation amount of 1:2: 2.
Preferably, the anaerobic fermentation time in the step (4) is 60 hours.
Preferably, the lactic acid bacteria in step (4) are: mixing lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus plantarum and lactobacillus coli according to the inoculation amount of 1:1:1, wherein the concentration of each lactobacillus is more than 1.0 multiplied by 1010one/mL.
Correspondingly, the fermented chicken manure is applied to animal feed.
The invention has the following beneficial effects:
1. according to the invention, harmful microorganisms such as Shigella, salmonella, mould, Escherichia coli and roundworm eggs are killed or inhibited through two-step fermentation of heat treatment and aerobic-anaerobic fermentation, harmful substances are removed, the use safety of the fermented protein feed is ensured, beneficial bacteria are added, and the chicken manure is changed from waste into a feedable feed, so that the feed is environment-friendly and green and has low cost.
2. The method for fermenting the chicken manure provided by the invention is divided into two steps of aerobic fermentation and anaerobic fermentation, the contents of non-protein nitrogen such as ammonia nitrogen, uric acid and the like are extremely low, and the content of true protein in the fermented chicken manure is effectively improved.
3. The invention inoculates 5% lactobacillus mixed solution to the fermentation product after aerobic fermentation, and carries out anaerobic fermentation, wherein the lactobacillus comprises the following components: the lactobacillus acidophilus can adjust the balance of intestinal flora, inhibit the proliferation of undesirable microorganisms in the intestinal tract, has antagonistic effect on pathogenic bacteria and can tolerate low pH; the lactobacillus plantarum has good heat and acid stability, and the fermentation product has milk fragrance; lactobacillus Coli contains a substance with immunological activity. The fermented feed not only increases the frankincense flavor, but also can inhibit the propagation of undesirable microorganisms in the intestinal tract of the fed livestock and poultry, and has good feeding performance.
4. The method of firstly carrying out aerobic fermentation and then carrying out anaerobic fermentation is adopted, so that the true protein content in the chicken manure fermented feed is improved from 13.2 percent (132g/kg) to 20.6 percent (206g/kg) and is far higher than the true protein content (15.9 percent) in the chicken manure fermented feed after the single anaerobic fermentation.
5. Meanwhile, in the fermentation process, macromolecular substances such as crude fiber, crude protein, starch and the like are decomposed and converted into micromolecular nutrient substances such as glucose, amino acid and the like which are easy to digest and absorb, and the micromolecular nutrient substances such as abundant vitamins, organic acids, enzymes, polypeptides and the like can be generated.
Detailed Description
The culture medium comprises the following components:
(1) liquid culture medium of yeast: 20g/L of glucose (food grade), 8g/L of peptone and 3g/L of yeast extract.
(2) Yeast solid culture medium: 20g/L of glucose (food grade), 8g/L of peptone, 3g/L of yeast extract and 1.5-2.0% agar.
(3) Lactic acid bacteria liquid culture medium: 20g/L of glucose (food grade), 5g/L of beef extract, 15g/L of peptone, 5g/L of yeast powder, 1g/L of sodium chloride, 0.05g/L of manganese sulfate and 0.5g/L, K of magnesium sulfate2HPO42g/L, 2g/L sodium acetate, 2g/L, Tween 801 ml g/L diammonium citrate and 50ml tomato juice.
(4) Lactic acid bacteria solid medium: 20g/L of glucose (food grade), 5g/L of beef extract, 15g/L of peptone, 5g/L of yeast powder, 1g/L of sodium chloride, 0.05g/L of manganese sulfate and 0.5g/L, K of magnesium sulfate2HPO42g/L, 2g/L sodium acetate, 2g/L, Tween 801 ml g/L diammonium citrate, 50ml tomato juice and 1.5-2.0% agar.
Secondly, the chicken manure fermentation method comprises the following steps:
(1) pretreatment of chicken manure: the chicken manure is subjected to heat treatment at the high temperature of 70-100 ℃ for 0.5-2 h, pathogenic bacteria and worm eggs are killed, and the use safety of the fermented protein feed is ensured.
(2) Pretreatment of bran and corn flour: the bran and the corn flour are both subjected to dry heat treatment for 5-8 hours at the temperature of 60-80 ℃.
(3) Mixing of fermentation substrates:
mixing the pretreated chicken manure, the bran and the corn flour according to the weight ratio of 5-7 parts of the chicken manure, 1-2 parts of the bran and 1-2 parts of the corn flour. Ensuring that the water content of the mixed mixture reaches 50%, and if the water content does not reach 50%, adding proper water for regulation; if the water content is too high, bran is properly added for regulation.
The method for ensuring that the water content of the mixed fermentation substrate reaches 50 percent comprises the following steps: (1) and (3) quantitative calculation: calculating the water content of the mixed material after mixing according to the water content and the addition amount of each raw material; (2) sensory judgment: the hand grips the mixed material, water drops exist among fingers but water drops cannot flow downwards, and the hand can be loosened and scattered when falling on the ground.
(4) Preparation of a microbial inoculum:
1) the yeast selects three strains: abnormal yeast such as Wilm's yeast, Candida tropicalis, Pichia pastoris; the lactic acid bacteria select three strains: lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus mesenteroides.
The above strains are respectively activated by the yeast solid culture medium and lactobacillus solid culture medium (activation method comprises taking out slant culture medium with strains from cold storage chamber, inoculating onto new solid culture medium, and culturing at 30 deg.C for 48 hr).
After activation, respectively taking 100mg of wet weight to inoculate into a liquid culture medium corresponding to a 500ml triangular flask for culture under aseptic conditions, and culturing at 28 ℃, 200rpm and 48 hours until: the viable count of each yeast cell reaches 1.0 × 109More than one lactobacillus has viable count of 1.0 × 1010More than one/mL.
2) The yeast strains are prepared by mixing the following yeast strains in a liquid volume ratio: abnormal yeast hawkem: candida tropicalis: mixing (2-3) and (2-3) of Pichia Jacobsteri as a microbial inoculum A;
the lactobacillus strains are prepared by the following steps of: lactobacillus acidophilus: lactobacillus plantarum: lactobacillus casei was mixed at 1:1:1 as inoculum B.
(5) Aerobic solid state fermentation:
adding the microbial inoculum A into the fermentation substrate in the step (2) according to the addition amount of 5% (v/w), fully mixing, uniformly mixing, putting into a fermentation container, covering with sterilized 4 layers of gauze, performing aerobic fermentation for 24-48 h at the temperature of 20-35 ℃, and fermenting until a large amount of white hyphae grow in the fermentation substrate visible to naked eyes to obtain an aerobic fermentation material.
In the aerobic fermentation stage, the saccharomycetes are rapidly propagated under the aerobic condition, the thalli are large in quantity, soluble sugar, ammonia, uric acid and the like in the fermentation substrate can be efficiently utilized to synthesize mycoprotein, so that the true protein content in the fermentation substrate is improved, and the non-protein nitrogen content of ammonia, uric acid and the like is reduced.
(6) Anaerobic solid state fermentation: after the aerobic fermentation is finished, inoculating a microbial inoculum B accounting for 5% of a fermentation substrate into the fermentation material, carrying out sealed anaerobic fermentation for 48-96 h at the temperature of 20-35 ℃, and fermenting until: the fermentation substrate has pH value below 4, and has strong wine flavor and milk fragrance, and loose texture.
In the anaerobic fermentation process, lactic acid bacteria generate various secondary metabolic acidic substances, and the pH value of the aerobic solid fermentation material is reduced, so that the growth and the propagation of pathogenic microorganisms are inhibited; meanwhile, in the process, the yeast generates wine-flavor substances, and the lactic acid bacteria generate frankincense-flavor substances, so that the palatability is further improved.
(7) After the fermentation is finished, the chicken manure fermentation product is obtained, fresh fermentation product materials can be directly added into the feed according to actual conditions, and dry materials which are easy to store can be formed through dehydration treatment and then added into the feed when needed.
The present invention will be further described with reference to the following embodiments.
Example 1: screening of Yeast
The content of crude protein in the chicken manure is 25-30%, the crude protein contains more non-protein nitrogen, and the non-protein nitrogen mainly comprises amide and uric acid. Therefore, whether the carbon nitrogen compound in the chicken manure can be efficiently utilized to carry out rapid growth and propagation and whether the non-protein nitrogen can be efficiently converted into true protein is the key for selecting the yeast. Therefore, in this example, yeast was screened by using mixed nitrogen, amide and uric acid in chicken manure as the only nitrogen source.
1. Preparation of media with different nitrogen sources:
(1) small amount of mineral and trace element liquid (mg/L): CaCl2·2H20 17930；Na2HP4·H2O 6408；KH2PO4 4272；MgSO4·7H2O 4920；FeCl3·6H2O 290；CuSO4·5H2O 20；MnSO4·7H2O 110。
(2) Chicken manure extract culture medium:
chicken manure leachate: fresh chicken manure: and (3) fully stirring and filtering the mixture until the water ratio is 1:6, wherein the liquid is chicken manure leachate which contains both a carbon source and a mixed nitrogen source.
According to the weight portion, 9 portions of chicken manure leachate are taken, 1 portion of the small amount of mineral substance and trace element liquid is added, 18g/L of agar is added, the pH value is 6.5-7.0, and the chicken manure is sterilized for 30min at 121 ℃. Sterilizing, and making into plate, abbreviated as GU 1.
(3) Respectively at 4g/L of (NH)4)2SO4And 1.5g/L of uric acid as a nitrogen source, adding 10g/L of glucose and 100mL of the small amount of mineral and trace element liquid respectively, supplementing water to 1L and 18g/L of agar, wherein the pH value is 6.5-7.0, and sterilizing at 121 ℃ for 30 min. Sterilizing, and making into flat plates, which are respectively referred to as solid 2 and solid 3.
(4) The liquid culture media with three different nitrogen sources have the same components as the solid culture medium except that agar is not added, and are respectively referred to as liquid 1, liquid 2 and liquid 3 below.
2. Selection of Yeast strains
(1) Selection of yeasts
The following 8 kinds of yeast are selected in total:
hanm anomala yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus (number A); candida utilis (Cyberlindnera jadinii, No. B); the above 2 strains were purchased in CGMCC.
Candida tropicalis (Candida utilis, numbered C); saccharomyces cerevisiae 1(Saccharomyces cerevisiae, No. E), Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2(Saccharomyces cerevisiae, No. JS); hansenula debaryensis (Debaryomyces hansenii, numbered JRJ); pichia kudriavzevii (Pichia kudriavzevii, numbered GJ); the grape juice contains Hanseniaspora uvarum (number PCJ), and the above 6 strains of yeast are isolated and stored in the laboratory.
(2) Growth in Yeast solid Medium
Activating the above 8 strains of yeast, inoculating a ring of the activated yeast to a plate culture medium of yeast, and culturing at 28 deg.C for 36 hr. Inoculating a strain of bacteria to the single colonies of yeast respectively in 5mL liquid culture medium, culturing at 28 deg.C and 180rpm for 36 h. Inoculating the cultured liquid yeast to the solid 1, solid 2 and solid 3, culturing at 28 deg.C for 72 hr, and observing the utilization and growth of different yeast on different nitrogen sources.
And (4) according to the colony size, grading the growth conditions of the yeasts in the three culture media. The specific method comprises the following steps: measuring the diameter of the bacterial colony by using a vernier caliper, wherein the diameter is not less than 3mm and is 4 minutes; the diameter is 3 minutes within 3-2 mm; 2 minutes is 2-1 mm in diameter; 1 minute is 1-0.5 mm in diameter; the diameter is less than 0.5mm and is 0 min. The growth of each yeast on solid media with different nitrogen sources is scored as shown in table 1. Specifically, the results are shown in Table 1.
TABLE 1 growth of different yeasts on various solid media
| Strain numbering | Solid 1 | Solid 2 | Fixing 3 |
| A | 4 | 4 | 3 |
| B | 4 | 4 | 3 |
| C | 4 | 4 | 2 |
| E | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| JS | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| JRJ | 2 | 1 | 0 |
| GJ | 2 | 1 | 3 |
| PCJ | 2 | 0 | 0 |
As can be seen from table 1: A. b, C, E was better on each solid medium, with A, B, C being relatively optimal.
(3) Growth in Yeast liquid Medium
Inoculating 1 ring of the above yeast into 3 liquid culture media, culturing at 28 deg.C for 36 hr, and measuring OD value. The higher the OD value, the better the bacterial content, the results are shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2 OD of each yeast on each liquid medium540nmValue of
| Bacterial strain | Liquid 1 | Liquid 2 | Liquid 3 |
| A | 0.121 | 1.108 | 1.122 |
| B | 0.124 | 1.200 | 1.128 |
| C | 0.109 | 1.116 | 1.108 |
| E | 0.095 | 0.983 | 1.102 |
| JS | 0.063 | 0.420 | 0.532 |
| JRJ | 0.061 | 0.558 | 0.601 |
| CJ | 0.071 | 0.815 | 0.973 |
| PCJ | 0.066 | 0.601 | 0.651 |
(4) Analysis of results
In Table 2, the OD values of the respective bacteria of liquid 1 were generally low, probably because the culture medium of the chicken manure extract was darker and the blank value and the color of the bacteria-containing chicken manure extract were very close, so that the measured values were less significantly changed by this method.
According to the growth conditions of various yeasts on solid culture media and liquid culture media with three different nitrogen sources, the comparison and selection results are sorted as follows: A. b, C, E, GJ, PCJ, JRJ and JS, the first three strains (A, B, C) grow better on solid culture media and liquid culture media with three different nitrogen sources. The corresponding bacterial names are respectively as follows according to the numbers: a is abnormal yeast of Wilkholderia, C is candida tropicalis, B is candida utilis, and the three yeasts are used as strains for fermentation.
3. Preference of yeast combination
(1) The combinations and the numbers according to different proportions of the inoculation amount are as follows:
treatment 1: inoculating only abnormal yeast Wickerhamia; and (3) treatment 2: only inoculating candida utilis; and (3) treatment: only inoculating candida tropicalis;
and (4) treatment: 1/3 Hanm vulgare +1/3 Candida utilis +1/3 Candida tropicalis;
1/5 abnormal yeast Weikehan yeast +2/5 Candida utilis +2/5 Candida tropicalis;
2/5 abnormal yeast Weikehan yeast +1/5 Candida utilis +2/5 Candida tropicalis;
and (7) treatment: 2/5 Hanm vulgare +2/5 Candida utilis +1/5 Candida tropicalis.
Blank control group: the yeast is not inoculated, and other fermentation components and culture conditions are the same.
(2) Respectively fermenting the same amount of the chicken manure by using the yeasts according to the aerobic solid state fermentation method for fermenting the chicken manure, wherein the heat treatment conditions of the chicken manure are as follows: 60min at 85 ℃; 7kg of chicken manure, 1.5kg of bran and 1.5kg of corn flour; fermenting for 36h at 30 ℃. Adding fermentation substrate into the 7 treatment components according to the total inoculation amount of 5% (v/w), and carrying out aerobic fermentation for 36h at 30 ℃.
The effect of fermentation of the chicken droppings of each group was measured and is shown in table 3.
TABLE 3 comparison of the treated chicken manure components of each group
| Numbering | Ammonia nitrogen content (g/kg) | Uric acid content (g/kg) | True protein content (g/kg) |
| Process 1 | 1.21 | 9.11 | 171 |
| Treatment 2 | 0.62 | 7.23 | 198 |
| Treatment 3 | 0.93 | 7.54 | 189 |
| Treatment 4 | 0.87 | 7.94 | 179 |
| Treatment 5 | 0.70 | 7.01 | 201 |
| Treatment 6 | 0.92 | 8.03 | 198 |
| Treatment 7 | 0.81 | 7.66 | 188 |
| Blank control group | 4.01 | 59 | 145 |
The inventor finds that under the technical scheme of the invention, the yeast combined fermentation with specific combination can produce unknown assistance effect, and is more beneficial to the formation of true protein in the chicken manure fermentation. The true protein content of the treatment group 2 is also higher, but in practice, the treatment group 5 is found to have higher true protein content, better flavor and preference for animals to eat, so the strain proportion used in the treatment group 5 is selected.
Example 2: screening of lactic acid bacteria
(1) The chicken manure was subjected to aerobic fermentation at 30 ℃ for 36 hours using the method of treating group 5 fermented chicken manure in example 1. Wherein the heat treatment conditions of the chicken manure are as follows: 60min at 85 ℃; 70kg of chicken manure, 15kg of bran and 15kg of corn flour; the fermented product is divided into 5 parts with the same amount.
(2) Three lactic acid bacteria: lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, and Lactobacillus coli, respectively.
Taking 100mg of wet weight under aseptic condition, inoculating the wet weight into a 500ml triangular flask for liquid culture at 200rpm for 48h, and culturing until: the viable count of each lactobacillus reaches 1.0 × 1010More than one/mL.
(3) According to different inoculation ratios, the treatment groups are as follows:
treatment 1: inoculating lactobacillus acidophilus only; and (3) treatment 2: inoculating lactobacillus plantarum only; and (3) treatment: inoculating lactobacillus casei only; and (4) treatment: 1/3 Lactobacillus acidophilus +1/3 Lactobacillus plantarum +1/3 Lactobacillus mesenteroides; and (4) treatment 5:1/5 Lactobacillus acidophilus +2/5 Lactobacillus plantarum +2/5 Lactobacillus mesenteroides; and (6) treatment: 2/5 Lactobacillus acidophilus +1/5 Lactobacillus plantarum +2/5 Lactobacillus mesenteroides; and (7) treatment: 2/5 Lactobacillus acidophilus, 2/5 Lactobacillus plantarum, and 1/5 Lactobacillus mesenteroides.
Blank treatment group: the same procedure as in the treatment group was carried out without inoculating lactic acid bacteria.
The above treatment groups and blank control group were inoculated to the chicken manure having undergone aerobic fermentation in step (1) in an inoculum size of 5% (v/w), respectively, and fermentation was carried out by the anaerobic fermentation method in the fermented chicken manure, and the results are shown in table 4.
TABLE 4 comparison of chicken manure components for each group
According to the teaching of the prior art, the content of lactic acid is the key of bacteriostasis of fermented feed, and the rapid generation of lactic acid finally forms lower pH which is particularly important in feed fermentation; the pH is less than or equal to 4.5, the acetic acid content is less than 40mmol/L, and the lactic acid content is more than 150mmol/L, which is the basic characteristic of successful lactic acid fermentation. As can be seen from Table 4, the treatment groups all fermented successfully except for the treatment group 3 which had a slightly lower lactic acid content; wherein, the lactic acid content of the treatment group 4 is obviously higher than that of other groups, the acetic acid content is obviously lower than that of other groups, the pH is relatively lower, and the fermentation effect is optimal.
The inventors speculate that this may be due to the unknown synergistic effect of several lactic acid bacteria when used in combination in a specific ratio, which is more beneficial for the fermentation of chicken manure. Therefore, the 3 kinds of lactic acid bacteria are selected comprehensively and mixed according to the proportion of 1:1:1 for use.
Example 3: chicken manure fermentation effect display
1. Inoculum A was prepared as described in treatment group 5 of example 1 above and inoculum B was prepared in treatment group 4 of example 2. Wherein, according to the liquid volume ratio, the abnormal Wickhamia yeast: candida tropicalis: candida utilis is 1:2: 2; lactobacillus acidophilus: lactobacillus plantarum: lactobacillus casei 1:1: 1.
2. Pretreatment of fermentation bottom materials: collecting 1-2 d fresh chicken manure discharged by healthy chickens, and dividing the chicken manure into 4 groups with the same quantity for heat treatment after picking out foreign matters such as large chicken feathers and the like: heat-treating chicken manure at 100 deg.C for 2 h; the bran and corn flour are dry heat treated at 80 deg.C for 6 h. Three of them served as treatment groups and the fourth group as anaerobic control group.
3. Mixing fermentation base materials: mixing chicken manure, bran and corn flour with water content of 50% and pre-treated and cooled to 35 deg.C. The water content of the mixture of the bran and the water is adjusted to 50 percent by properly adjusting the amount of the bran and the water.
4. For each treatment group, adding the microbial inoculum A into a fermentation substrate according to 5% (v/w), placing the inoculated fermentation substrate in a ventilated place for solid fermentation for 36h, and fermenting until white hyphae grow in materials visible to naked eyes to obtain aerobic fermentation materials. After the aerobic fermentation is finished, mixing the aerobic fermentation material with 5% (v/w) of lactobacillus agent, loading into a plastic bag or other closed container, compacting layer by layer to remove air, and sealing for anaerobic fermentation at 28 ℃. Fermenting until: the pH value is below 4, the wine flavor and the frankincense flavor are rich, the texture is loose, namely the fermentation is successful, and the fermented chicken manure is obtained.
5. For the anaerobic control group, the microbial inoculum A is added into the fermentation substrate according to 5% (v/w) and the microbial inoculum B is added into the fermentation substrate according to 5% (v/w), the mixture is uniformly mixed and then is loaded into a plastic bag or other closed containers, the plastic bag or other closed containers are compacted layer by layer to remove air, and the anaerobic solid fermentation is carried out in a sealed manner at the temperature of 28 ℃.
6. The heat treatment conditions of the chicken manure, the addition amount of each raw material, the temperature and time of aerobic fermentation, and the temperature and time of anaerobic fermentation in each treatment group and anaerobic control group are specifically shown in table 5.
Table 5 specific conditions for each group
7. Result detection
(1) The composition ratio before and after fermentation of the chicken manure of each treatment group and anaerobic control group is shown in table 6.
TABLE 6 table of change of components of chicken manure
As can be seen from the above table, after the chicken manure is fermented, compared with the anaerobic control group, the ammonia nitrogen content, the uric acid content and the mould group of the treatment group are obviously reduced, and the true protein content is obviously improved. Among these, treatment group 1 had the least mold.
(2) Sensory evaluation was performed on the samples after completion of fermentation, and the samples were scored separately from odor, texture and color, with a score of 20 being full, and divided into 4 grades: superior (16-20 points), still good (10-15 points), moderate (5-9 points), and rotten (0-4 points).
The scores of each treatment group and anaerobic control group are shown in table 7.
TABLE 7 quality score comparison
(3) Feeding effect
Adding the fermented chicken manure of each treatment group and the anaerobic control group into feed for feeding, wherein the feed comprises the following specific components in parts by weight: 25 parts of fermented chicken manure, 30 parts of soybean meal, 20 parts of corn flour, 5 parts of fish meal, 0.03 part of compound amino acid, 0.003 part of compound trace element and 0.003 part of compound vitamin.
Meanwhile, the same components are used, fermented chicken manure is not added, and 12.5 parts of soybean meal and 12.5 parts of corn flour are used for replacing 25 parts of fermented chicken manure to serve as a blank control group.
The compound amino acids, compound microelements and compound vitamins for pigs are all purchased from Shandong Qihong biological technology limited.
The fattening pigs (the growing white pigs, 2 months old, initial average body weight of 20kg, 10 replicates per treatment, body weight ± 1kg between replicates) were fed with the above respective group of feed. The feeding times and single feeding amount of each group are the same. Stopping feeding when the weight of the feed reaches slaughter weight (100kg +/-2 kg), recording feeding days, and calculating the feed-meat ratio according to the weight and the feed amount.
Specific results are shown in table 8.
TABLE 8 comparison of the feed conditions of the various groups of fermented chicken droppings
As can be seen from the table above, the feed added with the treatment group fermented chicken manure has good palatability, animals like to eat, and no adverse symptoms after eating; and can generally produce the livestock breeding stock at the age of 5 months, 20 days earlier than the anaerobic control group and about 25 days earlier than the blank control group; greatly saving the feeding cost.
In addition, the inventor finds that the fermented chicken manure can be used as fresh feed, and can also obtain good feeding effect when being dehydrated and then fed to pigs, cattle and sheep. And will not be described in detail herein for reasons of space.
Claims (5)
1. A method for fermenting chicken manure with high true protein content is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) chicken manure pretreatment: heat-treating the chicken manure for 0.5-2 hours at a high temperature of 70-100 ℃;
(2) pre-mixing fermentation substrates: uniformly mixing 5-7 parts of pretreated chicken manure, 1-2 parts of bran and 1-2 parts of corn flour according to parts by weight, and adjusting the water content to 50% to obtain a fermentation substrate;
(3) aerobic fermentation: inoculating yeast into a fermentation substrate according to the inoculation amount of 5%, carrying out aerobic fermentation for 24-48 h at the temperature of 20-35 ℃, and fermenting until: white hypha grows in the fermentation substrate visible to naked eyes to obtain an aerobic solid fermentation material; the yeast is as follows: abnormal yeast of Wickham,The three yeasts of candida tropicalis and candida utilis are mixed according to the inoculation amount of 1 (2-3) to 2-3, and the concentration of the yeast is more than 1.0 multiplied by 109Per mL;
(4) anaerobic fermentation: inoculating lactobacillus into the aerobic solid fermentation material according to the inoculation amount of 5%, performing sealed anaerobic fermentation for 48-96 h at the temperature of 20-35 ℃, and fermenting until: the pH value of the fermentation substrate is less than 4, and the fermentation substrate has strong wine flavor and frankincense flavor and loose texture; the lactic acid bacteria are: mixing lactobacillus acidophilus, lactobacillus plantarum and lactobacillus coli according to the inoculation amount of 1:1:1, wherein the concentration of each lactobacillus is more than 1.0 multiplied by 1010one/mL.
2. The method of chicken manure fermentation according to claim 1, characterized in that: the aerobic fermentation time in the step (3) is 36 h.
3. The method of chicken manure fermentation according to claim 1, characterized in that: the yeast in the step (3) is as follows: three yeasts of abnormal Wilm's yeast, Candida tropicalis and Candida utilis are mixed according to the inoculation amount of 1:2: 2.
4. The method of chicken manure fermentation according to claim 1, characterized in that: the anaerobic fermentation time in the step (4) is 60 hours.
5. Use of chicken manure fermented according to the method of any one of claims 1 to 4 in animal feed.
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